www.iihs.org

Cars, Crashes and Countermeasures

The Basic Principles of Risk Management and Insurance: Insurance 101 for State Legislators

Columbus, OH ● August 20, 2011

David S. Zuby

www.iihs.org

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety,

founded in 1959, is an independent, nonprofit, scientific, and educational

organization dedicated to reducing the losses — deaths, injuries, and

property damage — from crashes on the nation's highways.

The Highway Loss Data Institute,

founded in 1972, shares and supports this mission through scientific

studies of insurance data representing the human and economic losses

resulting from the ownership and operation of different types of vehicles

and by publishing insurance loss results by vehicle make and model.

Both organizations are wholly supported by auto insurers.

www.iihs.org

Motor vehicle crashes2009

• 5,498,000 police-reported crashes

• 2,242,000 injured

• 33,808 killed

• Additional crashes are not reported to police but result in

insurance costs

www.iihs.org

Insurance losses from motor vehicle crashes15 million crashes resulting in 22 million claims in 2009

• $50 billion in property damage claim losses

– $30 billion in 1st party damage (collision coverage)

– $20 billion in 3rd party damage (property damage liability)

• $35 billion in injury claim losses

– $11 billion in 1st party injuries

$7 billion in PIP coverage

$4 billion in MedPay coverage

– $24 billion in 3rd party injuries (BI coverage)

www.iihs.org

0

20

40

60

80

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

1950 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05

Motor vehicle crash deaths and deaths per billion vehicle miles traveled1950-2009

motor vehicle deaths

deaths per billion vehicle miles traveled

11.3 per billion

33,808

www.iihs.org

Haddon matrixRecognizing opportunities to make a difference

crash phase

changes in… before during after

people

•graduated licensing

•impaired driving laws

•licensing laws

•belt use

•helmets

•alcohol

vehicles

•lane departure warning

•daytime running lights

•electronic stability control

•airbags

•vehicle structure

•bumpers

•OnStar

•fuel system integrity

environment

•roundabouts

•red light cameras

•speed cameras

•trouble spot treatment

•roundabouts

•breakaway poles

•speed cameras

•emergency medical

sservices

www.iihs.org

Teenage drivers

www.iihs.org

10

20

30

40

50

1996 1997 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Fatal crashes per 100,000 peoplePassenger vehicle drivers, by driver age, 1996-2009

-68%

-52%

-43%

-39%

-33%

www.iihs.org

Percent reduction in crash ratesamong drivers 15-17 years oldBy graduated licensing component

0 5 10 15 20

30 hours of practice driving

teen passengers limited to 0 or 1

9 pm driving restriction

1 year delay in license age

1 year delay in permit age

fatal crashes per population

collision claim frequencies

www.iihs.org

21 percent potential reduction in teens’ fatal crash rate in North Carolina if adopted New York provisions

New York North Carolina

minimum permit age 16 15

hours of

practice driving50 0

license age 16½ 16

nighttime restriction9 pm;

lifted age 17

9 pm;

lifted age 16½

passenger

restriction

no more than 1;

lifted age 17

no more than 1;

lifted age 16½

www.iihs.org

36 percent potential reduction in teens’ fatal crash rates in North Dakota if some provisions were added

current

provisions

hypothetical

changes

minimum permit age 14 14

hours of

practice driving-- 50

minimum intermediate

license age14½ 14½

nighttime restriction --10 pm;

lifted age 17

passenger restriction --no passengers;

lifted age 17

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19 percent potential reduction in teens’ fatal crash rate in Ohio if adopted New York provisions

New York Ohio

minimum permit age 16 15½

hours of

practice driving50 50

license age 16½ 16

nighttime restriction9 pm;

lifted age 17

12 am;

lifted age 17

passenger

restriction

no more than 1;

lifted age 17

no more than 1;

lifted age 17

www.iihs.org

Recent press conference on STANDUP Act

www.iihs.org

Proposed STANDUP ActSafe teen and novice driver uniform protection

Learner’s phase

• Minimum age 16

• 6 month duration

• Cellphone and nighttime driving restrictions

Intermediate phase

• At least 6 months; graduate no younger than age 18

• Cellphone, nighttime driving, and passenger restrictions

www.iihs.org

Red light cameras

www.iihs.org

www.iihs.org

stop sign34%

other7%

no traffic control27%

7,358 deaths at intersections in 2009Distribution by type of traffic control

red light

running

crash

deaths

9%

23%

signal light

32%

www.iihs.org

red light running driver36%

occupants of vehicles that didn’t

run light46%

pedestrian, bicyclist, other

6%

676 deaths in red light running crashes in 2009Distribution by type of road user

12%

passengers in

red light running vehicles

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Reductions in red light violations at intersections with signal lightsWith and without cameras, per 10,000 vehicles

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

Fairfax, VA Oxnard, CA

with cameras

without cameras

www.iihs.org

www.iihs.org

US communities with red light cameras1992-2011

0

100

200

300

400

500

1992 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

www.iihs.org

Study cities with and without red light cameras,by population in 2004-08

red light cameras

no cameras

www.iihs.org

Percent change in fatal crash rates in large cities with and without red light cameras2004-08 vs. 1992-96

cities with

red light

cameras

cities without

red light

cameras

rate of red light

running fatal

crashes

-35 -14

rate of fatal

crashes at

intersections

with signal lights

-14 +2

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Percent difference in actual fatal crash ratesduring 2004-08 in cities with red light camerasvs. expected rates without cameras

-30

-20

-10

0

red light running fatal crashes

fatal crashes at intersections with signal lights

www.iihs.org

Crash testing andvehicle crashworthiness

www.iihs.org

IIHS Crashworthiness EvaluationsFront and side crash tests, roof strength and whiplash mitigation

www.iihs.org

TOP SAFETY PICKHelps consumers identify safest models

• 2006 criteria

– Gold: Good front, side and rear ratings

– Silver: Good front & side ratings plus acceptable rear rating

• 2007/08 criteria

– Good front, side & rear ratings

– Available with ESC

• 2009/10 criteria

– Good front, side, rear and roof strength ratings

– Available with ESC

www.iihs.org

2011 TOP SAFETY PICK winners, as of August 2011Large cars

Buick LaCrosse

Buick Regal

BMW 5 series

Cadillac CTS sedan

Chrysler 300

Dodge Charger

Ford Taurus

Hyundai Equus

Hyundai Genesis

Infiniti M37/M56

Lincoln MKS

Mercedes E class

Saab 9-5

Toyota Avalon

Volvo S80

Midsize carsAudi A3

Audi A4 sedan

Chevrolet Malibu

Chrysler 200

Dodge Avenger

Ford Fusion

Hyundai Sonata

Kia Optima

Lincoln MKZ

Mercedes C class

Subaru Legacy

Subaru Outback

Volkswagen CC

Volkswagen Jetta sedan

Volkswagen Jetta SportWagen

Volvo C30

Volvo S60

Small carsChevrolet Cruze

Chevrolet Volt

Ford Focus

Honda Civic 4-door

Hyundai Elantra

Kia Forte

Kia Soul

Lexus CT 200h

Mazda 3 sedan/hatchback

Mini Cooper Countryman

Mitsubishi Lancer

Nissan Cube

Nissan Juke

Nissan Leaf

Scion tC

Scion xB

Subaru Impreza

Toyota Corolla

Toyota Prius

Volkswagen Golf

Volkswagen GTI

MinicarFord Fiesta

MinivansHonda Odyssey

Toyota Sienna

Large SUVsBuick Enclave

Chevrolet Traverse

GMC Acadia

Volkswagen Touareg

Large pickupsFord F-150

Toyota Tundra

Midsize SUVsAudi Q5

Cadillac SRX

Chevrolet Equinox

Dodge Durango

Dodge Journey

Ford Edge

Ford Explorer

Ford Flex

GMC Terrain

Hyundai Santa Fe

Infiniti EX35

Jeep Grand Cherokee

Kia Sorento

Lexus RX

Lincoln MKT

Lincoln MKX

Mercedes GLK

Saab 9-4X

Subaru Tribeca

Toyota Highlander

Toyota Venza

Volvo XC60

Volvo XC90

Small SUVsHonda Element

Hyundai Tucson

Jeep Patriot

Kia Sportage

Subaru Forester

Volkswagen Tiguan

www.iihs.org

Low-speed vehiclesType defined by NHTSA in 1998

“to make short trips for shopping, social, and recreational

purposes primarily within retirement or other planned

communities with golf courses”

• 4 wheels and top speed of at least 20 mph but not more

than 25 mph

• Exempt from most federal motor vehicle safety standards

• Not required to meet any criteria for vehicle crashworthiness

• Must be equipped with headlights, taillights, stoplights,

reflectors, mirrors, parking brake, windshield, and safety belts

www.iihs.org

Low-speed vehicles

www.iihs.org

Roads where low-speed vehicles are permittedAugust 2011

MD

DE

DC

MA

OR

RINJ

NH

ME

PA

WV

NC

SC

GA

FL

OH

MI

INIL

WI

IA

MO

LA

NM

CO

SD

ID

CA

WA

TN

VT

MS

MT ND

NV

AZ

UT

WY

NE

KS

OK

TX

AR

MN

AL

KY VA

NY

CT

AK

HI

25 mph or less

30 mph or less

35 mph or less

45 mph or less

doesn’t impede traffic

local option

no state law

www.iihs.org

Truck underride testing

www.iihs.org

www.iihs.org

www.iihs.org

Crash avoidance technologies

www.iihs.org

Examples of crash avoidance technology

lane departure prevention blind spot detection

forward collision warning

and auto braking

adaptive headlights

www.iihs.org

Update: annual crashes potentially prevented or mitigated, 2004-08By type of system

all injury fatal

forward collision

warning1,162,000 66,000 742

lane departure warning 179,000 37,000 7,529

blind zone detection 395,000 20,000 393

adaptive headlights 142,000 29,000 2,484

total unique crashes 1,863,000 148,000 10,106

www.iihs.org

Percent of crashes that potentially could be prevented or mitigated, 2004-08

all injury fatal

all crashes 5,825,000 698,000 33,035

total unique crashes 1,863,000 148,000 10,106

percent of crashes 32% 21% 31%

www.iihs.org

www.hldi.org

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Property damage liability claim frequencies for 2010 Volvo XC60With City Safety vs. other 2009-10 midsize luxury SUVs

www.hldi.org

Bodily injury claim frequencies for 2010 Volvo XC60With City Safety vs. other 2009-10 midsize luxury SUVs

0

20

40

60

80

100

www.hldi.org

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Collision claim severities for 2010 Volvo XC60With City Safety vs. other 2009-10 midsize luxury SUVs

www.hldi.org

Volvo XC60 City Safety

vs. other Volvosclaim

frequency

claim

severity

overall

losses

property damage liability -24.5% -19.2% -13.7% $488 $646 $794 -$5 $2 $7

bodily injury -62.3% -49.2% -31.4%

collision -20.2% -16.7% -13.0% -$362 -$147 $58 -$72 -$53 -$36

vs. other midsize

luxury SUVs

claim

frequency

claim

severity

overall

losses

property damage liability -29.3% -26.6% -23.9% $174 $270 $362 -$21 -$17 -$125

bodily injury -58.9% -51.1% -41.8%

collision -23.8% -22.0% -20.1% -$645 -$517 -$392 -$109 -$98 -$86

www.iihs.org

Dedicated to reducing deaths, injuries,and property damage on the highway