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86 theorizing ‘African’ female genital cutting and ‘Western’ body modifications: a critique of the continuum and analogue approaches Car oly n Pedwell abstract Making links between different embodied cultural practices has become increasingly common within the feminist literature on multiculturalism and cultural difference as a means to counter racism and cultural essentialism. The cross-cultu ral compar ison most commonly made in this context is that between ‘African’ practices of female genital cutting (FGC) and ‘western’ body modifications. In this article, I analyse some of the ways in whi ch FGC and other body -al ter ing procedures (suc h as cosmetic surg ery , intersex ope rations and 19th cen tury Ame rican clitoridectomies) are compar ed within this feminist literature. I identi fy two main stra teg ies of linkin g such practices, which I have termed the ‘continuum’ and ‘analogue’ approaches. The continuum approach is emp loy ed to ima gin e FGC alongside other body-altering procedures within a single ‘continuum’, ‘spectrum’ or ‘range’ of cross-cultural body modifications. The analogue approach is used to set up FGC and other body-altering practices as analogous through highlighting cross-cultural similarities, but does not explicitly conceive of them as forming a single continuum. Two key critiques of the continuum and analogue approaches are presen ted. Firs t, because the se models privilege gender and sexuality, they tend to efface the operation of other axes of embodied differentiation, namely race, cultural difference and nation. As such, the continuum and analog ue appr oaches often rep roduce prob lematic relations hip s between race and gender while failing to address the implicit and problematic role which race, cultural dif fer ence and nation continue to play in suc h models. Thi s erasure of th ese axes, I contend, is linked to the constructi on of a ‘western’ empathetic gaze, which is my second key critique. The desire on the part of theorists working in the West to establish cross-cultural ‘empathy’ through models that stress similarity and solidarity conceals the continuing operation of geo-political relations of power and privilege. f eminist r eview 86 2007 (45–66) c 2007 Feminist Review. 0141-7789/07 $30 www.feminist-review.com 45

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