carbon nanotubes and their economic feasibility
Post on 19-Oct-2014
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These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes is becoming better through developing new forms of carbon nanotubes, new methods of synthesis, and increasing the scale of production equipment. New forms of carbon nanotubes continue to be developed; new ones include carbon nanobuds, doped carbon nanotubes, and graphenated carbon nanotubes, each of which includes many variations. The large number of variations suggests that carbon nanotubes will likely experience improvements in performance and the number of applications will continue to grow.TRANSCRIPT
Group Members Chia Ding Shan A0098525U Dhanasekar Rajagopal A0103317W Du Yao A0040527N Feng Houyuan A0098526R Han Jiong A0082244L Vishwak Vajendar A0102831W Wu Runqi A0040053B Zhang Zhengchang A0104438L
For information on other new technologies that are becoming economically feasible, see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
• Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes
• Growth Drivers Development of Synthesis methods
Advancement in CNTs materials
Increasing Market demands
• Entrepreneurial opportunities Synthetic Skin
Self Healing
• Q & A
• Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes
• Growth Drivers Development of Synthesis methods
Advancement in CNTs materials
Increasing Market demands
• Entrepreneurial opportunities Stretchable Artificial Skin
Self Healing
• Q&A
What is Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a
cylindrical nanostructure.
Diameter: from less than 1 nm up to 50 nm.
Length: few microns to few centimeters.
Wang, X., et al, "Fabrication of Ultralong and Electrically Uniform Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Clean Substrates". Nano Letters 9 (2009): 3137–3141 http://www.nanocyl.com/CNT-Expertise-Centre/Carbon-Nanotubes
Types of CNTs SWNT
Wrapping of a 2-D graphene sheet into a seamless cylinder.
Characterized by how it is wrapped, and varies in properties, e.g. metallic vs. semiconducting
MWNT
Multiple rolled layers of graphene.
Russian Doll model: multiple concentric cylinders
Parchment model: single sheet rolled in around itself
http://www.nanocyl.com/CNT-Expertise-Centre/Carbon-Nanotubes
Mechanical Properties of CNTs
The strongest and most flexible molecular material
Young’s modulus (E) of over 1 TPa vs. 70 GPa for Aluminum, 700 GPa for C-fiber
Strength to weight ratio 500 times greater than Al
Maximum Strain ~10% , much higher than any material
http://www.nanocyl.com/CNT-Expertise-Centre/Carbon-Nanotubes
Conductivity Properties of CNTs Thermal conductivity ~3000 W/m.k in the axial direction
with small values in the radial direction
Electrical conductivity as efficient as that of Copper
Very high current carrying capacity
Excellent field emitter
http://www.nanocyl.com/CNT-Expertise-Centre/Carbon-Nanotubes
• Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes
• Growth Drivers Development of Synthesis methods
Advancement in CNTs materials
Increasing Market demands
• Entrepreneurial opportunities Synthetic Skin
Self Healing
• Q & A
CNTs Growth Drivers
Development of Synthesis
methods
Advancement in CNTs
materials
Increasing Market
Demand
Existing Synthesis Methods for CNTs
1991
1995
1993
Under development
Current standard
1995
Jan Prasek et. al., Methods for carbon nanotubes synthesis—review, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 15872
Extensive Research Extensive research has been performed during the past 2
decades
Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications, Qing Zhang, ed. 2012.
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Nanotechnology by Ben Rogers, Sumita Pennathur, Jesse Adams, CRC Press, 2011 New Method for Continuous Production of Carbon Nanotubes, Science Daily, Apr. 10, 2012z
Improved CVD: HiPco
1991: Arc D Discharge 1995: Laser Ablation 1993: Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
CNTs Price vs. Synthesis Methods New Synthesis methods lead to significant price drop
Improved CVD: Continuous
Rotation Reactor
Improved CVD: CoMoCAT
CNTs Growth Drivers
Development of Synthesis
methods
Advancement in CNTs
materials
Increasing Market
Demand
Improvements in CNTs and its Impact Improvement Property Performance
improved Potential Application
Carbon Nanobud Field Emission Characteristics
3X reduced Field threshold
Electronics – FET
Graphenated Carbon nanotubes
Energy Storage 7.3X increase in Capacitance/unit area
Supercapacitor
Doped Carbon nanotubes
Energy Storage Triple capacity in batteries
Batteries
Carbon Nanobud Synthesis of both CNTs and Fullerenes
Exhibit properties of both CNTs and Fullerenes
Improved field emission compared to SWNT or Fullerenes alone
Field thresholds of about 0.65 V/μm than compared to 2 V/μm for SWNT
Synthesis of Fullerenes with CNTs
Nasibulin, Albert G. et al. (2007). "A novel hybrid carbon material". Nature Nanotechnology
Graphenated Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid structure of Graphene foliates grown along the length
of aligned CNTs
Specific capacitance increased by 5.4 times of CNTs’
7.3 times increase in capacitance per unit area
Potential application in supercapacitors
Hsu, Hsin-Cheng, et. al, (2012), "Stand-up structure of graphene-like carbon nanowalls on CNT directly grown on polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber paper as supercapacitor". Diamond and Related Materials 25: 176–9
Synthesis of Graphenated CNTs
Nano-scale Supercapacitor
Doped Carbon Nanotubes
Improve CNTs properties by doping (e.g. Nitrogen, Boron, Silicon, Iodine etc)
Doping of Nitrogen with CNTs increases the capacity by providing more favorable binding
Boron doped nanotubes also increases the batteries with triple capacity
Doping of Nitrogen in CNTs
Nitrogen-Doped Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Storage with Extremely High Capacity Weon Ho Shin, Hyung Mo Jeong, et. al ,2012, 2283-2288 http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/02/14/doped_nanotubes_lithium_battery/
CNTs Growth Drivers
Development of Synthesis
methods
Advancement in CNTs
materials
Increasing Market
Demand
Expanding Global CNTs Market The global CNTs industry turned over : $668.3 million in 2010
MWNTs $631.5 million & SWNTs $36.8 million
Forecast to grow to $1.1 billion by 2016 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.5%.
Global carbon nanotubes market - industry beckons, Vivek Patel, 2011 http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=23118.php
High Market Demand
http://www.electronics.ca/presscenter/articles/1204/1/Market-Applications-of-Carbon-Nanotubes/Page1.html
Current Market Applications of CNTs Most of the CNTs applications are
still in R&D phase
http://www.electronics.ca/presscenter/articles/1204/1/Market-Applications-of-Carbon-Nanotubes/Page1.html
Huge potential
in the future
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CNTs Price vs. Production Capacity Market
Demands
Higher Production
Capacity Price Drop
Nanotechnology by Ben Rogers, Sumita Pennathur, Jesse Adams, CRC Press, 2011 New Method for Continuous Production of Carbon Nanotubes, Science Daily, Apr. 10, 2012 Michael De Volder et al, 2013. Carbon Nanotubes: present and future commercial applications, Science 339 (535)
Most of the CNTs applications are in Research phase and need market application
Improving production process Increase production
efficiency
Lower cost for more commercialized applications
Challenges Ahead
• Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes
• Growth Drivers Development of Synthesis methods
Advancement in CNTs materials
Increasing Market demands
• Entrepreneurial Opportunities Synthetic Skin
Self Healing
• Q & A
Wide Range of Applications for CNTs
http://www.cnanotechnology.com/
Wide range of unique properties
Breakthrough performance improvements in various applications
CNTs-based Synthetic Skin (Introduction Video)
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJHZylgWeJw
Click to Play video
Attributes of CNTs in Synthetic Skin
http://www.cnanotechnology.com/
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN SKIN PROPERTIES OF CNTs SYNTHETIC SKIN
Strength and Elasticity Mechanically resistant but elastic at the same time1
Sensitivity Thermally and Electrically conductive1,2
Self Healing Self – Healing process of CNTs induced by electronic excitations2
Biological structure Carbon-based (Biocompatibility)3
Similarities between Human Skin and CNTs-based Synthetic Skin
Transparent and Elastic conductors are essential components of electronic and optoelectronic devices that facilitate human interaction and biofeedback
Conducting thin CNTs films with these properties could lead to the development of skin-like sensors Stretch reversibly
Sense pressure (not just touch)
Flexible - Bend into hairpin turns
Integrate with collapsible, stretchable and mechanically robust displays and solar cells
Wrap around non-planar and biological surfaces such as skin and organs, without wrinkling.
CNTs-based Synthetic Skin
CNTs-based Synthetic Skin Strain and Electrical conductivity
Evidence that the electronic properties of the device are undamaged after significant repeated physical deformations ) of sprayed coated SWNT on PDMS thin films.
The images show the device unstrained (the LCR meter displays a capacitance of 5.3 pF), strained to 50%, in a direction 45° diagonal with respect to the grid of CNTs lines (6.5 pF), and returned to 0% strain (5.5 pF).
The difference between capacitances recorded before and after stretching is within the noise level of the device*
STRAIN (%)
CAPACITANCE Pico farad (pF)
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*0.2 difference
CNTs-based Synthetic Skin Strain and Electrical Resistivity (Sensitivity)
Graph A : Changes in Resistance versus time in response to 4 cycles of stretching Graph B: Resistance versus number of stretches over 12,500 cycles of stretching to 25%
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Attributes of CNTs in Synthetic Skin
http://www.cnanotechnology.com/
Self Healing
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(a) Number of atoms surrounding the damage* versus time at temperature 3000 K. The time span between two adjacent points is 1 ps. (b)–(g) Structural evolution during the self-healing procedure. * Lesser number of surrounding atoms implies damage site is getting smaller / healing.
Self-Healing Properties of CNTs by Heat treatment
• When a vacancy (defect) happens in the nanotube, the three neighbor atoms can create new bonding. A new bonding takes about 200 femtoseconds* after atoms are excited1.
*A femtosecond is the SI unit of time equal to 10−15 of a second
Self-Healing Properties of CNTs by Excitation
Challenges Ahead
Improving mechanical properties Better durability
Improving biocompatibility / biostability
Safe – Human Trials Electrical stimulations to relay to human nervous system.
Improving self healing methods
Faster healing methods “Natural” healing methods Room temperature healing Healing in the absence of light or electric excitations Healing in the absence of catalysts
