Carbon Compounds

VERSITILE CARBONCarbon has a valence of 4

which makes it capable of entering into 4 covalent bonds.

VERSITILE CARBON Carbon has a valence of 4 which makes it

capable of entering into 4 covalent bonds.

Carbon binds with many different atoms to form complex molecules.

Compounds that are composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

Shape is ImportantThe shape of a molecule is important to

it’s function in a living cellShape is determined by overlapping

electron orbitals.

Isomers

Two chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but differ

in structural formula are called isomers.

 

Which pair of compounds are Isomers?

Isomers are Biologically significantThere are three types isomers Structural isomers

Same molecular formula different structural shape.

Geometric Isomers Different arrangement of groups of atoms about

the double bond between the carbons. Enantiomers

Mirror images of each other Right and left handed forms.

Thalidomide

» Structural

» Geometric

» Enantiomers

Estradiol versus Testosterone

Functional GroupsThe components of organic molecules

that most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

Functional groups give molecules unique characteristics.

Types of Functional GroupsHydroxyl group (OH)

Alcohols Soluble in water

Carbonyl Group (C=O) Aldehyde

Occur on the end of the molecule Ketone

Occur in the middle of the molecule

Types of Functional GroupsCarboxyl Group (COOH)

Carboxylic acids Acts like an acid (donates protons) Found in all amino acids

Amino Group (NH2) Amines Acts like a base (accepts protons) Found in all amino acids

Types of Functional Groups Sulfhydryl Group (SH)

Thiols Form cross bridges that stabilize proteins.

Phosphate Group (PO4) Has a negative charge Transfers energy between organic molecules ATP