BiochemistryChapter 2 Sections 3 & 4

Carbon Why is carbon so special?

Atomic # 6 4 valence electrons

Electrons in outermost shell that are available for bonds

Can make up to 4 covalent bonds When electrons are shared

Building block for the biomolecules of life!

4 MacromoleculesPeopleLoveChicken Nuggets

ProteinsLipidsCarbohydrates Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules Every macromolecule has

Monomer Single unit of a whole

Polymer Many units or monomers bonded together

DELICIOUS CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

Unique 1:2:1 pattern Used for energy mostly and sometimes

for structure in plants Monomer: monosaccharide 2 monomers: disaccharide Polymer: polysaccharide

Units of Carbs There are 3 monosaccharides

Glucose – our energy source Fructose - sweetener Galactose – not as common

There are 3 polysaccharides Glycogen – how we store carbs Starch – how plants store carbs Cellulose – structure in plants

Links https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/gene

ral-education/anatomy-and-physiology1/ap13104/biomolecules-the-carbohydrates

http://www.tv411.org/science/tv411-whats-cooking/carbohydrates-science-lesson/activity/1/1

LIPIDS (FATS & OILS)

Lipids Made of carbon & hydrogen Does not dissolve in water Four types of lipids

Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Steroids

Triglycerides - FATS Saturated Fat

Have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains – maximum # of H atoms Straight chain

Usually animal fats Solid at room temperature

Triglycerides

Triglycerides – OILS Unsaturated Fat

Have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chain Forms a kink in the chain

Usually oils and from plants Liquid at room temperature

Pho

spho

lipid

Phospholipid Two fatty acid chains Found in all cells Makes up the cell membrane 2 layers of phospholipids lipid

bilayer

Phospholipid Bilayer

Wax One fatty acid chain to a glycerol Makes cells waterproof Create protective layer in animals and

plants

Steroids No fatty acid chain Four carbon rings linked together Usually our hormones Ex: Cholesterol is found in our cell

membranes

Links http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/

obesity/obesity_molecular/01.html http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/

ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204

NUCLEIC ACID

Nucleic Acids Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen, and phosphorus

Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide

5 carbon sugar Phosphorous group Nitrogenous base

Properties Store genetic information Two kinds of nucleic acids

DNA RNA

PROTEIN

Protein Macromolecules with carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Monomer: amino acid 2 monomers: dipeptide Polymer: polypeptide

Amino Acids Each amino acid has three main groups

Amino group Carboxyl group R group (changes)

Change the shape and properties of the amino acid

Amino Acid

Glycine

R group The R group makes each amino acid

different There are 20 possible amino acids

based off this one group The R group is = variable

Proteins Covalent bond in proteins

is called a peptide bond Links amino acids

together For every peptide bond,

one molecule of water is formed

Links http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=va0DNJId_CM https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/

general-education/anatomy-and-physiology1/ap13304/biomolecules---the-proteins

Chemical Reaction A process the changes

one set of chemicals into another

Reactants Elements or compounds

that enter or start a chemical reaction

Products Elements or compounds

that leave or end a chemical reaction

Reactants Products

Energy Sources Organisms need to carry

our reactions that require energy Plants make their energy

from the sun, animals get their energy from foods eaten

Activation energy The energy needed to

start a reaction

Enzymes Enzyme is a type of protein that is a

catalyst Catalysts start a reaction

Without enzymes, reactions would take happen too slow to sustain life’s functions

Three functions Start a reaction Speed up a reaction Lower activation energy

Enzymes Each enzyme has an area known as the

active site Where a specific molecule binds and a

reaction occurs The molecule binding is called a

substrate Similar to a lock and key

Enzyme conditions Enzymes work at a specific conditions

Temperature pH

If not in desired conditions, this causes enzyme to change shape and lose its function Called denaturation

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html

Fold it! Help scientists figure out protein folding This game is open to the public The first hundred puzzles are known

proteins But many proteins are not decoded and

scientists are asking for our help to figure them out

http://fold.it/