carbon compounds chapter 2 section 3 part 2. objectives describe the unique qualities of carbon ...
TRANSCRIPT
Carbon CompoundsChapter 2 Section 3
Part 2
Objectives Describe the unique qualities
of carbon Describe the structures and
functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules
Important Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Protein Amino acid
Functional Groups
Are a cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecule they are attached to
They also play a role in the type of reactions a molecule participates in
Most Common Functional Groups
Other Functional Groups
Other Functional Groups
Hydroxyl Group
-OH Makes molecules polar Is hydrophilic, which means “water
loving” Molecules with this group are
water soluble An alcohol is an organic compound
that has a hydroxyl group attached
Carboxyl Group
-COOH The carbon atom is attached to an
oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond
Organic compounds that contain this group are called carboxylic acids
Amino Group -NH2
Found in amino acids and amines Makes compounds water
soluble and have a higher boiling point
Phosphate Group
-PO4
Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and ecology
Inorganic phosphates are mind to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry
Most phosphates are not water soluble
Nucleic Acids Are very large & complex molecules They store & transfer important
information in the cell Composed of monomers called
nucleotides 2 types:
DNA
RNA
Nucleotides
• Three parts to a nucleotide:• A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
& a nitrogenous base
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2 strands Composed of 4 types of nucleotides &
a sugar-phosphate backbone Contains all the information that
determines the characteristics of an organism
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid 1 strand Composed of 4 nucleotides & a sugar-
phosphate backbone Stores and transfers information
from DNA to make proteins They also act as enzymes
RNA vs DNA
Proteins Are composed mainly of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen They are made up of monomers known
as amino acids There are 20 different amino acids Amino acids are connected to each other
with peptide bonds Control the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes Important in cell structures and
transportation of disease fighting substances in or out of cells
Amino Acids All 20 amino acids share a basic
structure
Dipeptides
2 amino acids hooked together by a peptide bond
Formed through a condensation reaction
Polypeptides
Are amino acids in really long chains
Proteins are often made of 1 or more polypeptides
Because they are so big, they fold into special forms: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Protein Structures