carbohydrates (sugars) classified based on # of simple sugars c h o in 1:2:1 ratio major nutrients...
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Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Classified based on # of simple sugars
• C H O in 1:2:1 ratio
• Major nutrients for cells; ie glucose
• Produced by photosynthetic organisms
• Store energy in chemical bonds
• C skeletons raw materials for other organic compounds
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Carbohydrates-disaccharides
Disacch.Monomers
Maltose glu + glu
Lactose glu + galac
Sucrose glu + fru
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Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
• 2 Important biological functions:– Energy storage (starch, glycogen)– Structural support (cellulose, chitin)
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Storage Polysaccharides
• Starch = glucose polymer, for energy storage in plants– Helical glucose polymer– Most animals have enzymes to hydrolyze it– Major sources in
human diet are potatoes
and grains
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Storage Polysaccharides
• Glycogen = glucose polymer, for energy storage in animals
• Branched molecule
• Stored in muscle
and liver of humans
and other vertebrates
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Structural Polysaccharides
• Cellulose = linear unbranched polymer – Major structural component of plant cell walls– Differs from starch in its monomer linkage– Cannot be digested by most organisms
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Structural Polysaccharides
• Chitin = structural polysacch.; a polymer of an amino sugar (nature’s plastic)
• Forms exoskeleton of Arthropods
• Found as cell walls in fungi
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Lipids
Diverse group of organic compounds that are
insoluble in water
Includes animal fats,
plant oils, steroids,
phospholipids
Made of fatty acids
and glycerol
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Fat
• Saturated• All single bonds
• Solid at room temp• Animal fats
• Unsaturated• One or more double
bonds between carbons• Liquid at room temp• “Vegetable” or plant oils
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Useful functions of fat
• Energy storage
• More compact fuel reserve than carbo.
• Cushions vital organs in mammals
• Insulates against heat loss
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Phospholipids
• Component of cell membranes (bilayer)
• 2 fatty acids & phosphate group
• Amphipathic behavior in water
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Steroids
• Lipids w/ 4 fused carbon rings and various functional groups
• Cholesterol important as precurser to other steroids; and enhance membrane fluidity
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Proteins
• Complex polymers of amino acids
• Abundant: make up 50% or more of dry wt
• Varied functions in cell: structure, metabolism, transport, signaling, movement, defense
• Each has unique 3-D shape
• Made of only 20 different amino acids
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Amino Acid Structure
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Nucleic Acids
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Can replicate itself and be passed from one generation of cells to the next
• Genes are segments of DNA that code for protein
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Functions as mediator between genotype and phenotype
• 3 functional forms carry out “protein synthesis”
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Nucleic Acids
DNA, the Genetic Code RNA the Trait Maker
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Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids
• Pentose, a 5C sugar
• Nitrogen Base
• Phosphate