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Carbohydrates (saccharides)

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ((saccharidesaccharides) s)

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates (saccharides)

• A carbohydrate is an organic compound that

consists only of carbon, hydrogencarbon, hydrogen, and , and oxygenoxygen, usually with a hydrogen : oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water);

in other words, with the empirical formula CCmm((HH22OO))nn

• The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide.

• The carbohydrates are divided into 3 chemical groups: monosaccharidesmonosaccharides, ,

oligooligosaccharidessaccharides and and

polysaccharidespolysaccharides

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MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

consist of : 3 to 6 carbon atoms,

typically a carbonyl group (aldehydealdehyde or or ketoneketone)

several hydroxyl groups

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AldosesAldoses

AldosesAldoses are monosaccharides

• with an aldehydealdehyde groupgroup

• with many hydroxyl (─ OH) groups

triose (3 C atoms)

tetrose (4 C atoms)

pentose (5 C atoms)

hexose (6 C atoms)

OO

║║

CC─H─H aldosealdose

│

H─ C─OH

│

H─ C─OH

│

CH2OH

Erythose, an aldotetrose

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KetosesKetoses

KetosesKetoses are monosaccharides

• with a ketoneketone groupgroup

• with many hydroxyl (─ OH) groups

triose (3 C atoms)

tetrose (4 C atoms)

pentose (5 C atoms)

hexose (6 C atoms)

CH2OH

│

C=C=O O ketoseketose

│

H─ C─OH

│

H─ C─OH

│

H─C─OH

│

CH2OH

Fructose, a ketohexose

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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

• are produced by photosynthesis in plants

• such as glucose are synthesized in plants from CO2, H2O,

and energy from the sun

• are oxidized in living cells (respiration) to produce CO2,

H2O, and energy

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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

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The reactions in which NADNAD + is

converted in NADHNADH andand GDPGDP toto

GTPGTP andand FADFAD toto FADHFADH22 means

that energy has been released and

that this energy is stored in these

formed compounds. This energy

can be used for a lot of purposes.

citratecitrate cyclecycle schematicallyschematically

the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the

Krebs cycle,

or the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle

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Categories of CarbohydratesCategories of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are also known as simple sugars, or simple carbohydrates, and polysaccharides are also known as complex carbohydrates.

•• Simple Carbohydrates: Simple Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and DisaccharidesMonosaccharides and Disaccharides

The term "saccharide" means sugar, so monosaccharide literally means one (i.e. "mono")

sugar (i.e. "saccharide") molecule. Monosaccharide sugar molecules are also referred to

as simple sugars or simple carbohydrates. Glucose,Glucose, also known as blood sugar, and

fructosefructose, also known as fruit sugar, are examples of monosaccharide sugar molecules.

A disaccharide is composed of two monosaccharides (i.e. two sugar molecules). MaltoseMaltose,

for example, is a disaccharide composed of two glucose monosaccharides, and sucrosesucrose

(or table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of a glucose monosaccharide and a fructose

monosaccharide.

•• Complex Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Polysaccharides, also known as complex carbohydrates, are made up of many ("poly" means many) glucose molecules. Examples of polysaccharides include starch,starch, glycogen,glycogen, andand cellulose,cellulose, all of which are composed of just glucose molecules but differ in the manner in which the glucose molecules are linked together.

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Monosaccharides

Glucose

fruits, mel

Fructose

fruits, mel

Galactose

milk sugar

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open aldehyde structure for glucose into a cyclic hemiacetal,

called a glucopyranose

http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/carbhyd.htm 14

Disaccharides

Saccharose two glucoses

Beta vulgaris,

Saccharum officinarum,

fruits

maple syrup

Lactose - milk sugar,

(glucose and galactose)

milk, dairy products,

milk products

Maltose (glucose and fructose )

seed-germ

Cellobiose : 4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose

Maltose : 4-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose

Gentiobiose : 6-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose

Trehalose : α-D-Glucopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 16

Polisaccharides

Amilose

(starch, linear

glucose polymer)

potato, cereals

Amilopectin (starch, branched

glucose polymer)

potato, cereals

Glikogen (glycogen, branched

glucose polymer)

liver, meat (muscle)

Inulin (fructose polymer)

artichoke, sweet potato

starch consists of two fractions:

About 20% is a water soluble material called amylose. Molecules of amylose are linear chains of

several thousand glucose units joined by alpha C-1 to C-4 glycoside bonds.

Amylose solutions are actually dispersions of hydrated helical micelles.

The majority of the starch is a much higher molecular weight substance, consisting of nearly a

million glucose units, and called amylopectin.

Molecules of amylopectin are branched networks built from C-1 to C-4 and C-1 to C-6 glycoside

links, and are essentially water insoluble.

For exampleFor example

•• blood sugar blood sugar is the monosaccharide glucose,

•• table sugar table sugar is the disaccharide sucrose, and

•• milk sugar milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose (see illustration)

• Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms:

Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy (e.g., starch and

glycogen), and as structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants

and chitin in arthropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an

important component of coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD, and NAD) and

the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA. The related

deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Saccharides and their

derivatives include many other important biomolecules that play key

roles in the immune system, fertilization, preventing pathogenesis,

blood clotting, and development

• In food science and in many informal contexts, the term

carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the

complex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals, bread, and pasta) or

simple carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams, and

desserts)

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• Complex oligosaccharides are common components of numerous biologically

important macromolecules. In many of these systems aminosaccharides,

deoxysaccharides and C9 glyconic acids are found linked to more common sugar units

• Cyclodextrins: An interesting class of non-reducing oligosaccharides composed of glucopyranose

rings joined 1-4 by alpha-glycosidic bonds are called cyclodextrins. - the interior of the cyclodextrin ring is relatively hydrophobic, these remarkable compounds are able to encapsulate small nonpolar molecules - they have been used as catalysts and aqueous transport agents

MONOSACCHARIDESMONOSACCHARIDES

inin crudecrude drugsdrugs

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HoneyHoney, , melmel

a sweet food made by bees using nectar from flowers

mixture of sugars and other compounds

carbohydrates: is mainly fructose fructose (38.5%) and glucose glucose (31.0%)

water (10 -20%)

dextrin

essential oils

acids (tartaric acid, malic acid, formic acid)

wax

pigment

vitamin B2

acetylcholin

aminoacids

enzyms (invertase, amylase)

mineralelements

Apis mellifica L. - the nectar of flowers collected by honey bees ( Apidae),

in the bowels of processed liquid

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ApitherapyApitherapy: :

uses the bee products like:

honey,

pollen,

propolis,

royal jelly, and

bee venom

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PropolisPropolis • is a resinous mixture that honey bees

• collect from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources

• it is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive

• propolis is used for small gaps while larger spaces are usually filled with beeswax

• its color depending on its botanical source, the most common being dark brown

Contents:

has approximately 50 constituents

primarily resins and vegetable balsams (50%), waxes (30%, essential oils (10%),

and pollen (5%). Propolis also contains persistent lipophilic acaricides, a natural

pesticide that deters mite infestations

- prenylated acids such as 4-hydroxy-3,5-diprenyl cinnamic acid

- sinapinic acid, isoferulic acid, caffeic acid

- isoflavonoids, flavonoids

Uses: bactericidal, anti-fungal, anaesthetic and healing proprieties

"possibly effective" for treating cold sores, genital herpes, and post-surgery mouth

pain 23

Royal jelly Royal jelly - garatmirigyváladéka the worker bees, - bee milk - fed the young worker bees - royal jelly gets to eat the womb can ovulate

Main components:Main components:

- rich in amino-acids,

- trace elements and vitamins (Vitamin B-s)

- mineral- and trace elements

- therapeutically: stimulating, invigorating and exhilarating, restabilizes

(a positive effect on the nerves) and generally revitalizes .

restore the appetite

action on anaemia

strong antibiotic action

action on some skin troubles

cardiovascular and circulatory systems (anaemias, low blood

pressure, arteriosclerosis) 24

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bee venombee venom

Venom, medically known as an 'api-toxin‘,

is a bitter colorless liquid

• has about 40 ingredients

• melittin, an anti-inflammatory drug 100 times stronger

than hydrocortisol

• also enzymes, peptides (They seem to reduce swelling and increase blood

circulation)

• treatment for: multiple sclerosis,

chronic fatigue syndrome,

arthritis, rheumatism,

back pain and

skin diseases

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AdulterationAdulteration of of honeyhoney byby artificialartificial invertinvert sugarsugar

- honeyhoney is carefully mixed with chloroform in a porcelain mortar

- the mixture is filtrered trought filter paper into a porcelain disk and the

chloroformic phase is evaporeted on water bath

- to the residue a few drops of freshly prepared resorcinolresorcinol solutionsolution is added

- the color can be temporarily pinkishpinkish oror lightlight orangeorange, but should not be red

for a longer period of time (1-2 hours)

Explanation of the reaction:

PentosePentose typetype sugarssugars cancan bebe transformedtransformed intointo furfurolfurfurol ((hexoseshexoses intointo

oxymethyloxymethyl--furfurolfurfurol)) byby heatingheating withwith hydrochlorichydrochloric acidacid.. FurfurolFurfurol reactsreacts withwith

resorcinolresorcinol atat acidicacidic pH,pH, thethe reactionreaction productproduct ((triphenyltriphenyl--methanemethane typetype

moleculemolecule)) isis redred inin colorcolor.. ItIt hashas toto bebe notednoted thatthat certaincertain amountamount ofof furfurolfurfurol maymay

bebe formedformed alsoalso inin genuinegenuine honeyhoney byby prolongedprolonged heatingheating oror lengthylengthy storagestorage..

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OLIGOSACCHARIDSOLIGOSACCHARIDS

number of sugars

Disaccharids - maltose (C12H22O11) - genciobiose 2 glucose - cellobiose - saccharose glucose + fructose (saccharose the most important saccharide of plants)

Trisaccharids - gencianose (C18H32O16)

Tetrasaccharids - manneotetrose 27

disaccharidedisaccharidess consists of two monosaccharides

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides DisaccharideDisaccharide

Glucose + glucose maltose + H2O

Glucose + galactose lactose + H2O

Glucose + fructose sucrose + H2O

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MaltoseMaltose

• a disaccharide also known as malt sugar

• composed of two D-glucose molecules

• obtained from the hydrolysis of starch

• linked by an -1,4-glycosidic bond formed from the −OH on C1 of

the first glucose and −OH on C4 of the second glucose

• used in cereals, candies, and brewing

• found in both the - and β - forms

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LactoseLactose

• a disaccharide of β-D-galactose and α- or β-D-glucose

• contains a β -1,4-glycosidic bond

• is found in milk and milk products

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• Hydrolysis of sucrose produces an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose, that is sweeter than sucrose itself.

• the resulting glucose fructose mixture is called invert sugar

• Honey is similar to invert sugar, consisting roughly of 38% fructose, 31% glucose,

9% disaccharides such as maltose and 17% water.

SSucroseucrose DISACCHARIDESDISACCHARIDES

1. oneself

2. unit of polysaccharides

3. sugar part of glycosides

Saccharide (cane sugar , beet sugar)

Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) tropic

Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae) Europe

Acer saccharum var.nigrum (Aceraceae) N-America

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MannaManna -- Fraxinus ornus L. (Oleaceae) – Manna Ash exudation (in july – august: transverse cuts ) Manna canellata Manna in granis (without damage) Manna in lacrimis (without damage) Manna communis (contaminated soil)

constituens: mannit (70-90%) mannotriose (6-15%) glucose, fructose, mannose fraxin (cumarin)

C

C

CH OH

OH

OH

CH OH

C

C

H

H

H

H

HO

HO

2

2

Medicinal uses: in pediatric: laxative

for adults: diuretic effect

mannitolmannitol

o o

H CO

HO

O glü

2

fraxinfraxin

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Drog: evergreen tree in Africa, leaves are evergreen, bright green in color, elliptical ovular, At night, the leaflets close up. The fruit is an indehiscent legume, sometimes called a pod, 12 to 15 cm in length, with a hard, brown shell. The fruit has a fleshy, juicy, acidulous pulp. Costituents: - 10-15% organic acids: tartaric-, acetic-, citric-, formic-, malic-, succinic acid; - amino acids (alanine, leucin, phenylalanine, prolin, serine), - invert sugar (25-30 %), - pectin, - flavonoids Medicinal uses: laxans (osmotic)

Pulpa tamarindorum - TamarindusTamarindus indicaindica L. L. (Caesalpiniaceae)

TamarindTamarind

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POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDES

• are polymers of D-glucose

• include amylose and amylopectin, starches made of α-D-glucose

• include glycogen (animal starch in muscle), which is made of α-D-glucose

• include cellulose (plants and wood), which is made of β-D-glucose

O

CH2OH

OHOH

OH

OH

α-D-glucose 35

POLISACCHARIDESPOLISACCHARIDES

HomopolisaccharidesHomopolisaccharides

Pentoses - xylan hemicellulose

Hexoses - glükozánok starches, cellulose

fruktozánok inulininulin, triticin

mannozánok

galaktozánok red algae (agarose)

Polyuronids - polygalacturonide pectins

HeteropolisaccharidesHeteropolisaccharides

*mixed sugars - mannogalactan, mannofructosan (fruits)

mixed uronicacids - alginic acid (brown algae)

________________

mixed sugars + uronicacids gums, *mucilages

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STARCHESSTARCHES

or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined

by glycosidic bonds

this polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store

Official: in Ph.Eur. and in VIII. Hungarian Ph.

Solani amylum - potato

Maydis amylum - maize

Tritici amylum - wheat

Orizae amylum - rice Medically: Orizae amylum is the most important (4 – 6 µm) Tropical and subtropical countries: Maranth - /Maranta arundinacea/ Tapioca - /Manihot esculenta/

Sago - /Metroxylon species/

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Amylose

Amylopectin

2 fractions: amilose 30 % amilopectin 70 %

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StarchesStarches -- depositionaldepositional centerscenters, , stratificationstratification

Potato Wheat

Rice Marantha

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CeluloseCelulose • a polysaccharide of glucose units in unbranched chains

• has β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

• cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down

β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

Lana gossypii - Cotton Gossypium species /Malvaceae/ -90% cellulose - the seeds are contained in a capsule called a "boll", each seed

surrounded by fibres of two types

- official in the Ph. Hg. VIII.

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LichenLichen islandicusislandicus - IcelandIceland moss moss Lichenin 60 - 200 glucose unit - 1 : 3 or/and - 1 : 4 bound Izolichenin 42 - 49 glucose unit - 1 : 3, - 1 : 4 bound UsesUses:: strongly antibiotic and expectorant. It soothes irritated tissues, especially mucous membranes and is often used in cough medications.

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DextransDextrans • Dextran is a complex, branched glucan (polysaccharide made of

many glucose molecules) composed of chains of varying lengths

(from 3 to 2000 kilodaltons).

• It is used medicinally as an antithrombotic (anti-platelet), to reduce

blood viscosity, and as a volume expander in anemia.

• The straight chain consists of α-1,6 glycosidic linkages between

glucose molecules, while branches begin from α-1,3 linkages.

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MANNANSMANNANS Mannan is one of the major constituent groups of hemicellulose in the wall of

higher plants. Plant polysaccharide that is a linear polymer of the sugar

mannose. Plant mannans have β(1-4) linkages. It is a form of storage

polysaccharide.

Occurrence: - in Fabaceae seeds,

- conifers

SALEP TUBER - (ORCHIDACEAE)

Orchis morio L. or Orchis militaris

Constituens: 50 % not soluble mannans

24 % starch

fatty, albumin

Uses:

Mucilago salep: inflamed bowel involvement surfaces

Aldurelation: Colchici tuber

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FRUCTOSESFRUCTOSES sweet taste POLISACCHARIDES

POLYFRUCTOSANES = INULIN DRUGS

CichoriiCichorii radix radix -- ChicoryChicory rootroot GraminisGraminis rhizomarhizoma -- CouchCouch grassgrass TaraxaciTaraxaci radix radix -- DandelionDandelion rootroot

INULINS - mainly fructoses

CICHORII RADIX – Cichorium intibus L.

Asteraceae / Compositae /

Constituens: 20-82 % inulin lactukopicrine, laktucine 0,1 -2 % cicoriin /bitter taste/ Uses: coffee substitutes, antibilious tea 44

Inulin’sInulin’s drugsdrugs

InulinInulin

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CICHORII RADIX – Cichorium intibus L. Asteraceae / Compositae /

Constituens: • 20-82 % inulin • lactukopicrine, laktucine • 0,1 -2 % cicoriin /bitter taste/ Uses:

- used as a coffee substitute and additive - may help humans with weight loss, constipation, improving bowel function, and general health (contains inulin)

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TaraxacumTaraxacum officinaleofficinale -- common dandelioncommon dandelion Asteraceae (Compositae)

Uses:Uses:

- used in herbal medicine as a mild diuretic and laxative

- for increasing appetite, and for improving digestion

- liver disease

- diabetes

- rheumatic problems

- blood purifier

main main componentscomponents::

- inulin

- taraxacin,

- acrystalline, bitter substance TaraxacinTaraxacin

bitterbitter glycosideglycoside

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Agropyron repens Agropyron repens L. L. -- couch grasscouch grass (Poaceae)

a very common perennial species of grass native to most of Europe, Asia

Constituens:Constituens:

- 3-8% polyfructane (inulinszerű triticin),

- 10% mucilage- polysaccharide

- saponin

- 2-3% mannitol, inozitol

- 0,01-0,05% essential oils

- agropyren poliin,

Medical use:Medical use:

- to treat inflamed bladders

- painful urination and

- water retention

- also has antiseptic properties

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HeteropolysaccharidesHeteropolysaccharides Ph. Hg.VIII.

• Various red algae Agar-agar Carragen

• Poliuronids (brown algae) pectins alginic acids

*mixture of sugars - mannogalactane, mannofructosane

uronic acids – alginacid (brown algae) ________________

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Fucus versiculusFucus versiculus –– brown algaebrown algae --

alginates

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HeteropolysaccharidesHeteropolysaccharides

gums and *mucilages

Gums Gums andand mucilage mucilage have similar constitutions and on

hydrolysis yield a mixture of sugars mixture of sugars and and uronicuronic acidsacids

GumsGums:: are considered to be pathological products

MucilageMucilage:: is formed by normal metabolism

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GUMSGUMS - considered to be pathological products (formed by injury of the plant)

- soluble in water and gives a viscous, sticky solution

- consist of Ca, Mg and K-salts of polyuronides

- hydrolysed: mixture of sugars and uronic acids

- sugars = monosaccharides (mainly galactose, arabinose, xylose)

- Families: Leguminosae Rosaceae Sterculiaceae Rutaceae

Drugs:

Tragacanth gum

Sterculia gum

Acacia gum

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MucilagesMucilages

- generally normal products of metabolism formed within the cell (intracellular

formation)

- water storage reservoir, protection for germinating seeds

- found in: epidermal leaf cells (Senna)

seed coats (linseeds, psyllium)

roots (marshmallow)

barks (Slippery elm)

- plants: Althaea officinalis Tussilago farfara

Malva officinalis Plantago psyllium

Verbascum phlomoides Plantago lanceolata

Linum usitassimus Trigonella foenumgraecum

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Pyrus cydonia

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mucilagemucilage drugsdrugs Althaeae radix et folium - Marshmallow Ph. Hg. VIII.

Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae)

root: 30% mucilage (glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galaktose) 30% starches 10% free sugar 10% pectin folium: 9-10% mucilage medicinal uses: teamixtures, bronchitis irritable coughs ulcus

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Malvae folium et Malvae folium et flosflos -- commoncommon mallowmallow

Malva silvestris L. - Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr. - Malvaceae

Content: 8% mucilage

tannin

flos: antocyanin pigment, malvin (malvidin-3,5-diglucoside)

O

OCH

OH

OCH

OH

OH

HO3

3

+

Malvidin

Uses: demulcents and emollients

expectorant properties

laxative

Spec. althaeae

Spec. pectorales

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Verbasci flos – Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum phlomoides L.

Verbascum densiflorum Bert.

Content: Amino acids,

phenolic acids

8% mucilage

10% sugar

caffeic acid esters,

verbascocide and forsythoside B.

acidic saponins,

bitter substances (iridoids)

krocetin / pigment/

3,8% flavonoid - hesperidin, rutin

essential oils

fatty oils

O

O rutinóz

OH

OH

OH O

HO

(ramnóz + glükóz)

rutin

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Ph.Hg. VIII.

Lini semen - Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) Constituens:

3-5% mucilage / the outer layer of the seed coat / : galactose, ramnose,

xilose,

galakturonicacid,

mannuronic acid

lignans

30-40 % fatty acids

linolacid

linoleinic acid

arachidonic acid

F- vitamin /linol-, linoleinic-arachidonic acid/

sterols and triterpens

25% protein

uses: teamixtures Ph.Hg.VIII. Oleum Lini – for burn

laxative due to its dietary fiber content

controlling levels of cholesterol and blood sugar

lignans of flaxseed possess in vitro antioxidant and estrogen-like properties

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CyamopsidisCyamopsidis seminisseminis pulvispulvis

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus L. (Fabaceae)

Guar

Middle East, India , Africa

Seed pods , which won Guar gum

Main component: galactomannan - guaran

uses: - high viscosity

- apetite

- in diabetes

- fatty and cholesterine level

- meal and cosmetic industry 58

CydoniaeCydoniae semensemen et et fructusfructus

Pyrus cydonia L. Rosaceae

tartalmaz: - equal to the carbohydrate content of the apple

- rich in vitamin C - pectin and tannin (pericarpium and semen)

semen : 20% mucilage, pectin uses: -used to treat sore throat and to relieve cough - pectin – antidotum - rheuma - digestion - Don Quijote Sancho Panza used for stomac pain - a symbol of fertylity

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Farfarae folium et flos Farfarae folium et flos

Tussilago farfara L. - Asteraceae – Coltsfoot

Content of folium:

- 7-8% mucilage

(30% fructose, 24% galactose, 21% arabinose

15% glucose, 6% uronic acid)

- tannins, salts, sterols and inulin

medicinal uses:

- beneficial effects on bacteria in the digestive track

- cough suppressant". bevonószer, csökkenti a köhögési ingert, légúti

gyulladásoknál a hígabb váladékot fellazítja, megkönnyíti a köhögést.

Side effect: toxic pyrrolizidine (senecionine) alkaloids dangeres for liver

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Psyllii semen - Ispaghula Plantago psyllium L. Plantaginaceae

Content:

10-12% mucilage

xilose, arabinose, ramnose, galacturonic acid

Uses: laxative

reducing blood cholesterol levels (dietary fiber)

preparation: Agiolax

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Isabgol (Plantago

ovata)

DABUR

Plantago Ovata (Isabgol)

bran, Emblica Officinalis

(Amla)

Husk Plantago ovata

husk W. Ratje Frøskaller ApS,

Denmark

Agiolax granulátum

(MADAUS GmbH)

Plantago ovata semen and

husk, and

sennae fructus

PlantagoPlantago ((laxanslaxans) ) productsproducts

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PlantagoPlantago lanceolatalanceolata L.L. ((PlantaginaceaePlantaginaceae))

The plant is a rosette-forming perennial herb, with leafless, silky, hairy flower stems

Components: aukubin glikoside

iridoids;

flavonoids such as aspigenin, scutellarin, caicalein, nepetin and

plantagoside;

triterpenes;

polysaccharides;

plant acids such as fumaric and benzoic acid;

fatty acids such as oleic acid, ursolic, phosphoric and chlorogenic acids

mucilage

vitamin - C

tannin

SiO2, K, Zn

Uses: antibacterial

cooling inflammation

inflammatory diseases of the respiratory

antitussivum, expectorans

laxative

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FoeniFoeni--graecigraeci semensemen -- FenugreekFenugreek

Trigonella foenumgraecum L. Fabaceae

-Papirus Ebers

-breeding

-China: food, medcine, cosmetic

-lactatio

Ingredients: - 30-38% mucilage

- 0,38% trigonellin / quaternary alkaloid /

Uses: - blood glucose reducing

- anti - diabetic and cholesterol-lowering effect is indicated by clinical trials

- (4 - hidroxyizoleucin) prevention of diabetes

- steroids positively affect the menstrual cycle

- Anabolic effect of bodybuilders used to develop the muscles

- Chinese folk medicine to treat impotence and other sexual problems

N

COO-

CH3

+

trigonellin

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ThanksThanks forfor youryour attentionattention !! 65