capital as power
TRANSCRIPT
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2004 52712014 11143
()
1996.9.16. 10-1338 120-828 220-55 1
(312) (02) 322-1845 (02) 322-1846E-MAIL [email protected]
()
Shimshon Bichler & Jonathan Nitzan, 2004
ISBN 89-91097-04-9 03300
15,000
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1. Capital As Power
. Global Political Economy of
Israel (London: Pluto, 2002)
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3. .
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(equilibrium)
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1990,
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1950
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restructuring). ,
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(Social Structure of Accumulation)
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008-033- 2015.1.29 3:28 PM 25 704-3065
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The Global Political Economy of Israel(London:
Pluto Press, 2002)
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The Global Political Economy of Israel
. http://www.arts.yorku.ca/politics/
nitzan/bnarchives/index.html
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1,
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 35 704-3065
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1:
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 42 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 43 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 44 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 45 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 56 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 62 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 69 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 77 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 78 704-3065
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, (
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 79 704-3065
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.
.
.
1957 (Samuelson)
.
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2.
. (Shaw)
(Marxolaters)
.(1957: 891892, Howard and King 1992: 242
)
.
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.
(Sweezy 1942: 129),
.( Mattick 1972;
Laibman 19731974; Baumol 1974; Fine and Harris 1979: Ch. 2; Harvey
80 | 1 ,
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 80 704-3065
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1982: 3538) ,
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3, | 81
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 81 704-3065
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.(
Fine and Harris 1979: 4142)
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.(ibid.)
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82 | 1 ,
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 82 704-3065
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Change) 1958AFL-CIO ,
3, | 83
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 83 704-3065
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.
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84 | 1 ,
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 84 704-3065
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.
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nomie: 592f, Marcuse 1964: 3536)
.
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 85 704-3065
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1942: 270274; Howard and King 1992: 282)
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 86 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 87 704-3065
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4
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 88 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 89 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 90 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 91 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 92 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 93 704-3065
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94 | 1 ,
2) Court (1939), Ulmer (1949), Stone (1956), Lancaster (1971)
. Griliches (1971), Berndt and Triplett (1990), Boskin et al.
(1996).
3) , x1, x2
.
.
(1) p = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + u,
p, b0, b1 b2
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 94 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 95 704-3065
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. .
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(Marx 1971: 297 ) .
.
, (Braverman) (Labor
and Monopoly Capital, 1975) .
,
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1979) . (Cor-
nelius Castoriadis)
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1: General Introduction) ,
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96 | 1 ,
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 96 704-3065
-
.
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(Hasek 1937)(The Good Soldier Sch-
weik),
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4 | 97
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 97 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 98 704-3065
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034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 99 704-3065
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100 | 1 ,
034-100-1 2015.1.29 3:29 PM 100 704-3065
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101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 101 704-3065
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101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 102 704-3065
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5
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(Thorstein Veblen) (Lewis Mumford)
.
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103
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 103 704-3065
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104 | 2
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over) . (Lukes)
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. Lukes 1974; 1977; 1978)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 104 704-3065
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.
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.
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5 | 105
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 105 704-3065
-
.
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(machine process),
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, (entrepreneur)
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.(Veblen 1908a: 326329) ,
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64)
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106 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 106 704-3065
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.
(synchronization)
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[revised sequence]
.)
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workmanship) ,
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5 | 107
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 107 704-3065
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. ,
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108 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 108 704-3065
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101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 109 704-3065
-
.
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1958; 1967) ,
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110 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 110 704-3065
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5 | 111
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 111 704-3065
-
. 20
, ,
, 21
.
,
.
(Marshall 1920) (organization)
,
. (Wicksell),
.(1935, Vol. 1: 107)
(Grundrisse)
.
.
(
), /
. ( [quasi-observation])
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//
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.
112 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 112 704-3065
-
,
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5 | 113
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 113 704-3065
-
, .
20
.
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114 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 114 704-3065
-
,
.
(vested interest).
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.(1923: 6667)
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5 | 115
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 115 704-3065
-
.( husband baal
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116 | 2
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3) 17 (John Locke) .
.
.(1963, 22: 324; 36: 334)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 116 704-3065
-
. ,
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,
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(captains of industry)
()
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5 | 117
4) (Camus 1958).
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 117 704-3065
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, ,
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118 | 2
5) .
() (fictitious capital)
.(Perlman 1990 ) 20
(Hilferding)(Bukharin)
,
. (Baran), (Sweezy),
(Magdoff) .
6) .
1928 (Red Line Agreement)
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(Calouste Gulbenkian. 5)
. (Yergin 1991: 206)
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? . . . 59
(Talleyrand).
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101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 118 704-3065
-
.
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(1908a),
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5 | 119
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 119 704-3065
-
,
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120 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 120 704-3065
-
.
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.
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(DAT)(
) ,
.
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,
.(20 45
100. Barnet 1980, Ch. 2.)
5 | 121
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 121 704-3065
-
1990
.
.
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.
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( 7))
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122 | 2
7) .
,
7090 .(
100
. . ,
100?
. , .
)
.
25 (1972:
474), (Blair 1972: 474)(Foster 1986: Ch. 5)
. ,
10,
.(U.S. Congress 1991: 38).
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 122 704-3065
-
.
,
,
,
1930
. ,
(1923: 373)
,
.8) .
.
.
( )
. 5.1.
. .
5 | 123
8) ?
. (Financial Times)
.
. .
(
)
.
.(June 2, 1999)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 123 704-3065
-
().
.
.(5.1)
.(
)
,
. [5.1]
,
124 | 2
5.1
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)
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101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 124 704-3065
-
.
.
()
.
,
.
5.1
.
.
, ,
(conscentious with-
drawal of efficiency).
5.2
. ,
,
() .
, 19402
.
. [5.2]
5 | 125
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 125 704-3065
-
.
. .
.
.
126 | 2
5.2 :
02468101214161820222426
(%)
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
/
(%)
1933
1995
1943
1948
5 .: The US Department of Commerce.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 126 704-3065
-
.
.
.
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,
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5 | 127
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 127 704-3065
-
.
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128 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 128 704-3065
-
.
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.
1890 7(1930 5.7)
.
.
, ,
.(Branson 1989: 188;
Parkin and Bade 1986: 282283)(1984
. ,
(Orwellian twist).)
?
5 | 129
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 129 704-3065
-
,
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130 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 130 704-3065
-
.
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19
.()
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, , , ,
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,
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.(Blair 1976)
,
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. (+)
5 | 131
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 131 704-3065
-
,
.
,
.
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,
. (
)
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132 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 132 704-3065
-
,
.(
, .)
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. (Joan Robinson)
,
5 | 133
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 133 704-3065
-
.
.(Robinson 1971: 20)
(Robinson 1967: 60; 1975: 115116),
.
, ()
.
,
.
.(1923: 66)
.
.
.
,
.
, (Knight
1921: 188189)
.
,
.
134 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 134 704-3065
-
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
(Samuelson, Nordhaus and McCallum 1988: 453).
,
.
.
.,
.
.
,
5 | 135
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 135 704-3065
-
.
,
. 1890
,
.(Edwards 1979: 217218; Scherer 1975: 334336)
, .
.
(outsourcing).
(putting out system)
,
.
,
.
,
.
5.3
. 1790
3.
20 2.2, 20
136 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 136 704-3065
-
1.6. 19
.
118601.220
3. [5.3]
19
10.
.
5 | 137
5.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s
(%)
*
* Frickey index FRB index . : U.S. Department of Commerce.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 137 704-3065
-
(markup)
. .
.
,
, .
.
.
.
. (pools)
(trust).
.
(Olson 1965; 1982)
,
.(Chandler 1977: 317318; Cochran and Miller 1961: 140146)
.
.
,
.
138 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 138 704-3065
-
.
. 1890
, ,
.
.
, .
. 5.3 ,
.
.
.
. . ,
. ,
.
.9)
5 | 139
9) (Robber Barrons),
(watering)
(diluting). (Matthew Josephson)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 139 704-3065
-
, ,
.
(equity) (debt)
. (Captains of Industry)
,
. (Captains of
Liquidity).
,
,
/
.
,
,
.
. ,
,
,
140 | 2
.
.(1934: 72)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 140 704-3065
-
.
.
, . .
.
.((Bayer)
.)
.
.
.
,
.
, (new-new things)
, .
(Lewis 2000: xvii)
,
.
( , ,
SAP, [Computer Associates] )
, , ,
5 | 141
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 141 704-3065
-
, , ,
.
.
,
? .
.
.
.(Lewis 2000: 186)10)
,
.
.
142 | 2
10) (Budd Schulberg)?(What
Makes Sammy Run?, 1941) ,
. MS-DOS QDOS
. (Tim Peterson),
5
. (Steven Jobs)
, .
(Xerox) ,
.
(Jim Clark),
(Marc Andreessen)
, (Healtheon)
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 142 704-3065
-
,
(downsize)
.
,
.
, (goodwill) .(
[buy-and-rationalize]
1980,
[junk bonds].)
,
.
().11)
. (equity)
.
, ,
5 | 143
11)
. ,
.
.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
2(: , 1989), 303304.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 143 704-3065
-
,
(),
.12)
?
,
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? .
.
.
.
.
.
.
, (OPEC)
, ,
.
.
. .
, ,
144 | 2
12) (John Commons)
, . John Commons,
Legal Foundations of Capitalism (New York: Macmilan, 1924) 2.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 144 704-3065
-
.
,
.
.
,
, (
).
.
,
. ,
(
) .
,
. ,
.
.
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. .
5 | 145
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 145 704-3065
-
,
.
,
(maturity) (proxy)
. .
, ,
.
,
. (Frankel 1980)
.
.
.
(debt)
.
(),
.
146 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 146 704-3065
-
(+).
, 5.4
. 1930
()
.
.
,
5 | 147
5.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
* ( (capital consumption allowance) (inventory valuation adjustment) ) . : U.S. Department of Commerce; DRI.
*
(%, )
(%, )
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 147 704-3065
-
?
.
.
,
.
5.4
.[5.4]
1930 1940 ,
. 19501980
.
,
.
,
. 1980
(globalization)
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
. ,
148 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 148 704-3065
-
. MCPPCM
, ( M) ( C)
(, P)
(P)(C)
( M).
19,
. 3
,
.
.
.
, .
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
5 | 149
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 149 704-3065
-
,
.
.
, , (),
,
. .
.
?
,
,
.
, , (conglomerate)
, , , , , ,
?
.(United States.
Bureau of Economic Analysis 1986: xiv) ,
, .
(national account),
.
150 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 150 704-3065
-
!
. (non-arms length transactions), ,
(transfer pricing) .
,
.
.
,
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.
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5 | 151
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 151 704-3065
-
6
.
.
.
.
,
.
. (Parkin 1971: 46)
.
.
.
.
,
.
152 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 152 704-3065
-
.
(Lewis Mumford 1934; 1961; 1967
1970).
()
. .
.
, (
)
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.
.
.
.
(Homo Faber),
.
.
6 | 153
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 153 704-3065
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154 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 154 704-3065
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6 | 155
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 155 704-3065
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,
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(total loss)
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156 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 156 704-3065
-
, .
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6 | 157
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 157 704-3065
-
.
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(mega-machine)
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158 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 158 704-3065
-
, .
, .
,
. (
50), ,
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. (Franz
Reuleaux)
.(Mumford 1967: 191)
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6 | 159
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 159 704-3065
-
.
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(capital punishment), (, caput)
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160 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 160 704-3065
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. , ,
6 | 161
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 161 704-3065
-
.
, 1933
.
, ,
.
.(Mumford 1970: 213)
,
.
. ,
,
. .
,
.
,
.
(Galbraith 1967; 1983),
, (technostructure)
.
.
162 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 162 704-3065
-
.
(Berle and Means 1932)
(The Modern Corporation And Private Property)(Burnham
1941) (The Managerial Revolution)
.
,
,
. (Zeitlin 1974) ,
,
(pseudofact) .
. (Baran and Sweezy
1966) (Screpanti 1999)
,
.1)
6.1
.
.
.
, ()
6 | 163
1) Moore (1983) Scott (1997).
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 163 704-3065
-
1920 .(
.)
(
).
.
,
(managerialists),
. . [6.1]
164 | 2
6.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
* (capital consumption allowance) (inventory valuation adjustment) .: U.S. Department of Commerce; DRI.
*
(%)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 164 704-3065
-
.
.
, 1984
,
. .
/
,
.
, , , , ,
.
, .
21
, ,
.
, ,
.
6 | 165
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 165 704-3065
-
. .
.
.
. (Traven)
(White Rose) (Mr. Collins)
.
.(1979: 34)
.
.
, .
.
.
.
,
.
.
(lean and mean)
.
166 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 166 704-3065
-
.(
.)
,
, ,
,
.
.
, , , ,
. , , ,
,
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
6 | 167
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 167 704-3065
-
.
, .
, -
-
.
,
.
,
.
.
, .
. ,
.
,
.
,
168 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 168 704-3065
-
.
,
.2)
,
.
(Robert Gilpin).
1970
. ,
.(Gilpin 1975) 1980
,
.(Gilpin 1987)
.
?
,
?
,
?
.3)
6 | 169
2)
. ,
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 169 704-3065
-
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
(Giovanni Arrighi)
.(Arrighi 1993;
1994; Arrighi and Silver 1999)
170 | 2
3) Poulantzas (1967; 1969), Miliband
(1969; 1970), Clarke (1991), Jessop (1990) .
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 170 704-3065
-
,
.
. , , (Arrighi, Barr and Hisaeda, 1999:
98)
,
. 17 18
,
. 19
.
.
.
,
. 20
,
6 | 171
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 171 704-3065
-
, .
()
,
. ,
,
.
.
.
, .
. ,
,
(systematic chaos) .
,
. ,
.
172 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 172 704-3065
-
.
.
.
.
. 1
.
,
,
.
,
.
, , , . 17
, ,
, .
. ,
6 | 173
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 173 704-3065
-
.
.(Marx 1909, Vol. 1: 823824)
.
.
,
, (manufacture)
.
. ()
.
.
. ,
.(ibid.: 827)
,
.( [own] ,
[owe] .
174 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 174 704-3065
-
.)
,
.
.
,
, , ,
. ,
.(ibid.)
, ,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.4)
.
.
6 | 175
4) 4
. .
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 175 704-3065
-
-. 17
(Westphallia)
.
.
,
. ,
.
(high finance),
.
. .
. ,
.
. ,
(Rothschild) .
80
,
.
.
. .
,
200 .(Elon 1996: 166171)
176 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 176 704-3065
-
.
.
. .
,
,
.
.
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
6 | 177
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 177 704-3065
-
.
,
.
.
178 | 2
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 178 704-3065
-
3
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 179 704-3065
-
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 180 704-3065
-
7
.
. .
, .
.
.
. .
.
.
, .
, .
?
181
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 181 704-3065
-
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
. , , (Bowles, Gordon
and Weisskopf 1986; 1990)
.
, ,
.(Kotz 1994)
. ,
. ,
.
182 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 182 704-3065
-
.1)
.
,
.2)
.
()
,
.
. , ,
. ,
. ,
7 | 183
1) .
(Henwood 1997: 4) . 1/2
90, 10
4 3.,
. , ,
.
.
2) (Shaikh and Tonak 1994)
, , 1
.(Appendix
J: 337343) 4
,
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 183 704-3065
-
.
,
.
. ,
.
,
.3)
184 | 3
3) ,
.
. (Hall and Hitch 1939) ,
.
(mark-up pricing:
,
,
)
.( , Brown 1924; Kaplan, Dirlam, and Lanzillotti
1958; Blair 1972) .
(Machlup 1946) ,
.
.(Robinson 1966: 7879)
,
.
. ( )
? (Cournot 1838) ,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 184 704-3065
-
.
.
.
, . 5
. 30
15 .
.
,
.
(Fortune), ,
(Far Eastern Economic Review), (Euro-money),
(Forbes) .
.
.
, , , ,
.
,
.
7 | 185
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 185 704-3065
-
.
,
.
,
,
. (
[capitalization] )
,
.
.
.
, . ,
.
.
. ,
,
186 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 186 704-3065
-
.
.4)
.
.
.
.
1. (differential
power of capital, DPK)
.
500 50 1,000
DPK .
1,000
.
2. , (differential accumulation, DA)
DPK,
. DA, ,
(), , .
7 | 187
4) (Kalecki)(degree of monopoly)
.(1943) .
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 187 704-3065
-
3. DA
.
.
.
.
.
,
().
,
.
(1909, Vol. III: 516),
.
.
.
.
188 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 188 704-3065
-
. ,
(Standard Oil)
.
. .
.
, (Olson)
.(1965; 1982)
.
.
.
.
(dominant capital)
.
.
.
.
7 | 189
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 189 704-3065
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(George Orwell),
.
, .
(1948: 211)
. ,
( )
.
,
.
(hype).
190 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 190 704-3065
-
.(Nitzan, 1995; 1996)
.
(book value).
.
.
,
.
. 7.1
.
500, 1954
500. 500
50
.
.(1994500
. 1993.)
,
500500.
(proxy)
,
7 | 191
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 191 704-3065
-
.
(The US Internal Revenue Service) .(
, 1954=100
.)[7.1][7.2]
7.2 500
(differential power of capital, DPK)
. ,
.
(logarithm) DPK
192 | 3
7.1 ( )
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
500
: Fortune ; U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
1954=100
1993 ( ) 500: 4,740
: 13 : 5.5
1954 ( ) 500: 274
: 1.5 : 1.1
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 192 704-3065
-
.
(DA).
? ,
40
.
2( )
.
3.8. 3.8
7 | 193
7.2
100
1,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
: Fortune ; U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
DPK : 500 /
DPK : 500 /
: DA = 3.8%
: DA = 2%
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 193 704-3065
-
. . ,
500
, 3
.
,
. 500
,
.
,
.
.
? . (SSA)
, 1960
.
?
. ()
. 7.3
.
, (
194 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 194 704-3065
-
)
. [
7.3][7.4]
. 7.4
2
, 1980 .
7 | 195
7.3 ? . . .
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
* (private gross capital formation) .** ( (capital consumption allowance) (inventory valuation adjustment) ).: 3 .: U.S. Department of Commerce; DRI.
**( %, )
*(GDP %, )
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 195 704-3065
-
.
, .
.
?
.
196 | 3
7.4. . . ?
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
* ( (capital consumption allowance) (inventory valuation adjustment) .** .: 3 . : U.S. Department of Commerce; U.S. Internal Revenue Service;Fortune; DRI.
DPK :
500 / ** ()
*( %, t)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 196 704-3065
-
.
,
.( 5.2.)
.
,
.(7.4)
.
(1
)
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
,
. 5
.
()
,
7 | 197
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 197 704-3065
-
.(.)
.
,
.
1. .
, ,
.
2. .
,
.
.
198 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 198 704-3065
-
8
,
.
,
. ,
.1) (equilibrium)
. .
.
, .
199
1) -(Georgescu-Roegen 1979: 321),
.
,
. [] ,
.
. .
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 199 704-3065
-
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
(Fernand Braudel 1985) (limit of the
possible). ,
.
.
20
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
200 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 200 704-3065
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
()
.
, , ,
.
,
,
.
(, , ).
-
.
.
,
8 | 201
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 201 704-3065
-
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
? 1
.
.
, .
,
1.2)
202 | 3
2) 1
.
,
. ,
()
( ) .
1 ( )
, .
.
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 202 704-3065
-
,
,
1,
,
.3) ,
.
: (green field investment)
.
, ()
.4)
,
.
8 | 203
3) , (+)
(+).
. .
4)
.
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 203 704-3065
-
1
.
:
.
. (
) ( )
. (
) .
(
).
.
.
(
).
,
.
:
.
204 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 204 704-3065
-
.
(
),
.
:
.
,
.
,
.
.5)
()
.
()
8 | 205
5)
. ,
,
() .
(Kalecki 1943)(the degree of monopoly) /
.(
Ochoa and Glick, 1992)
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 205 704-3065
-
.
()
.
?
.
. .
(regime),
.
8.
1.
.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
2. .
. ,
206 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 206 704-3065
-
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
3.
.
.
.6)
.
4.
.
.
8 | 207
6) (Kalecki 1971), (Steindl 1952), (Baran and Sweezy
1966)
.
. GDP2
(+)
.(Nitzan and Bichler 2000a) ,
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 207 704-3065
-
.
5. ,
.
,
, .
.
6. .
. ,
,
.
.
7.
.
.
.
, .
8. .
.
208 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 208 704-3065
-
,
.
.
, ,
() .
. 20
.
,
. .
,
() ,
.
, .
8 | 209
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 209 704-3065
-
9
( )
, ()
.
.
,
.
.
( ) (
) .
.
,
210 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 210 704-3065
-
.
9.1 .(
.) , 1926
3.6
72.(
.)1) .
1920 1940 20
, 2
.
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,
. [9.1]
9 | 211
1) .
()
( ) .
17.
72 67 .
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 211 704-3065
-
.
.
,
.
. ,
212 | 3
9.1 , ,
10
100
1,000
10,000
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
* .** .: US Internal Revenue Service; US Department of Commerce.
*
1926=100
**
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 212 704-3065
-
.
.
, .
.
, .
9.2.
,
.
.(
.) [9.2]
,
. ,
.( 3) 19
1.
200.
3
.
,
9 | 213
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 213 704-3065
-
.
.2)
.
?
214 | 3
9.2 : vs.
0
1
10
100
1,000
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
* .: .
: 2.9%
- *( %)
1998:190%
18950.6%
2) . ,
. ,
(divestitures)
. .
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 214 704-3065
-
?
?
.
. (Marshall 1920)
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
9 | 215
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 215 704-3065
-
.(Coase 1937, p. 96)
.
, (Cisco)(Exxon)
,
.( Williamson 1986, 1985 .)
.
, ,
.
.
, .
,
. ,
.
.
, .
?3)
216 | 3
3) Knoedler (1995).
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 216 704-3065
-
.
,
,
.
(Fukuyama 1999)
, -(E-Lance Ecomony.
)
.(Malone and Laubacher
1998) .
,
.
?
?
? 5
.
(the minimum efficient scale of production,
MES) , (,
) 100.
.
,
,
.
(corporate governance)
9 | 217
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 217 704-3065
-
. (Manne 1965), (Jensen
and Ruback 1983), (Jensen 1987)
,
.
,
.
1940
1980 ,
.(
.) .
.
,
.(Ravenscraft and Scherer 1987; Bhagat, Shleifer,
Vishny 1990; Caves 1989)
.
.
.
, .
.( Ravenscraft and Scherer 1989;
Ravenscraft 1987; Scherer and Ross 1990, Ch. 5)
,
218 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 218 704-3065
-
.
()
, .
, .
.
. 31
, 32
? (Veblen
1923),
.
, ,
.4)
. -(earnings to price ratio), ,
, ,
.
,
9 | 219
4) 5 8.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 219 704-3065
-
.
,
.
.
,
, (),
.
.
(3 ), 100
.
.
, .
9.2
.( 4.) 20
. 1920
, .
220 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 220 704-3065
-
1920
. 1950 1960
(conglomerate) .
1980
,
.
.
?
,
?
,
.
(Tobin and Brainard, 1968,
1977). ,
,
. ,
(replacement cost), Q(Tobins Q)
.
, .
.
. 9.3.
9 | 221
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 221 704-3065
-
,
. , (
)
.(
.) .
![9.3]
,
.
.
.
,
.
, .5)
.
.
(Lebowitz 1985) .
222 | 3
5) /.
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 222 704-3065
-
(Sweezy)
.
,
, (, the One),
.
9 | 223
9.3 Q?
1
10
100
1,000
1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
- ( %, )
Q(
, )
: 5 . : Q DRI (Flow of Funds codes: BS103164003L, BL102090005L) Federal Reserve Board . - .
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 223 704-3065
-
, , (conglomerate) ( 9.2
) ,
.
.
, .
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
. , .
, /
,
.6) ,
224 | 3
6)
. ()
,
. .
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 224 704-3065
-
.
,
.
.
.
?
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.7)
.
. .
9 | 225
7) .
.
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 225 704-3065
-
.8)
. ,
.
(pool) .
.
.
( ),
.
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
.9)
226 | 3
8)
( . Mitchell and Mulheirn 1996, Weston, Chung and Siu 1998 Winston
1998). ,
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 226 704-3065
-
, .
.
,
.(
Penrose 1959.)
, ,
.10)
,
9 | 227
9) . 1980
. 1981 (Nabisco) (Standard Brands) 19
(Nabisco Brands) ,
(R.J. Reynolds) 49 (R.J.R. Nabisco)
. (Beatrice) 62 KKR 30
6 ,
. (Nestle)
(Carnation, 29 ) (Rowntree, 45 ), (Grand
Metropolitan) (Pilsbury, 57 ) (Guinness, 160 ),
(Phillip Morris)(General Foods, 57)(Kraft, 134),
(BCI Holdings) (Beatrice) (61 ), (Rhone-
Poulenc) (Hoechst, 219 ) . 1980
. ,
.
.1990 149
. (Unilever)
(Bestfood)
. (Arkansas) (Benton-ville.
) . ,
.(Edgecliffe-Johnson 2000)
10) 1933 (Glass-Steagall Act)
, .
, 1990,
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 227 704-3065
-
,
.(4)
?
?
.
.
,
.(5)
.
.
(combines)
, ,
.
,
(con-
glomerates) .
, .11)
228 | 3
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 228 704-3065
-
()
, ,
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
.12)
.
9 | 229
11) .
[] 1994
.
,
.(Plender and Mallet 2000)
, , Nitzan and Bichler (1996) Nitzan and
Bichler (2001).
12) (Cisco), (Lucent), (Microsoft),
(AOL-Time Warner), (NewsCorp), (Hutchison), (Vivendi)
( )()
()(, , , )()
, (Carnival Cruise)
. (General Electric)
(Philip Morris)
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 229 704-3065
-
.
, ,
(Olson
1982) (jurisdictional integration)
.
, , ,
. .
, .
,
.13)
. .
1980
,
19 20
.(Taylor 1996)
(Unholy
230 | 3
13) , .
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 230 704-3065
-
Trinity) . ,
,
, .(Cohen
1993; Fleming 1962; Mundell 1963)14) 1
.
. 2
(Bretton Woods) ()
. 1970
,
.
,
()
? ,
?
.15)
9 | 231
14)
.
, (accommodate)
.
.
.
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 231 704-3065
-
.
(embedded liberalism)
.
.
,
.
.
(Helleiner 1994)
.
,
.
(Frieden 1988)
.
. 1970
232 | 3
15) Cerny (1993), Helleiner (1994), Sobel (1994), Cohen
(1996).
101-274-2 2015.1.29 3:37 PM 232 704-3065
-
. (Goodman and Pauly 1995),
.
,
.
? .
.
.16) ,
,
.(Magdoff 1969)
(Doremus et al. 1998)
,
.17)
, (net) ,
.
9 | 233
16) Gordon (1988), Du Boff et al. (1997),
Sivanandan and Wood (1997), Burbach and Robinson (1999), Hirst and Thompson
(1999), Radice (1999), Sutcliffe and Glyn (1999), Mann et al.(2001-2002) .
17) (World Investment Report) , GDP
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1969) (Historical Statistics of the United States, U.S.
Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census 1975, Vol. 2, Table
V3840, p. 914).
.(Markham 1955)
19301966 (1975, Vol. 2, Table V38
40, p. 914) (the US Federal Trade
Commission) .
273
101-2