Canada and Canada and WW2WW2

The Canadian Parliament The Canadian Parliament declared war on declared war on Sept. 10, Sept. 10, 19391939, and by the end of the , and by the end of the first month 70 000 Cdns. first month 70 000 Cdns. had signed up. (One million had signed up. (One million would serve by the end of would serve by the end of the war)the war)

in 1940 the in 1940 the BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg struck struck Denmark and Norway and Denmark and Norway and by May both had fallen to by May both had fallen to the Nazis. The Germans the Nazis. The Germans then conquered the then conquered the Netherlands and Belgium Netherlands and Belgium and pushed into France.and pushed into France.

Retreating British soldiers Retreating British soldiers were trapped in the French were trapped in the French coastal town of coastal town of DunkirkDunkirk..

Hitler ordered the Hitler ordered the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe (German air force) to bomb (German air force) to bomb the Br. forces, while the Br. forces, while ordering the ordering the Wermacht Wermacht (Ger. army) to pull back; (Ger. army) to pull back; this would prove to be this would prove to be one one of Hitler's costly errorsof Hitler's costly errors..

Miracle of DunkirkMiracle of Dunkirk Fortunately a dense fog pinned Fortunately a dense fog pinned

the the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe to the ground to the ground giving the British troops a giving the British troops a chance to escape Dunkirk.chance to escape Dunkirk.

A call went out to all British A call went out to all British vessels to cross the English vessels to cross the English Channel and rescue the men. Channel and rescue the men. 900 boats - ferries, fishing 900 boats - ferries, fishing boats, pleasure boats- joined boats, pleasure boats- joined the British destroyers.the British destroyers.

It was believed that only It was believed that only 10 000 men could be rescued, 10 000 men could be rescued,

but by the end 340 000 but by the end 340 000 soldiers were rescued from soldiers were rescued from certain destruction.certain destruction.

Many historians believe that Many historians believe that "the Miracle of Dunkirk" "the Miracle of Dunkirk" prevented Hitlerprevented Hitler from winning from winning in 1940.in 1940.

Meanwhile, the French Meanwhile, the French army had fallen. On army had fallen. On June 14, 1940 the June 14, 1940 the Nazis marched into an Nazis marched into an undefendedundefended Paris and 3 Paris and 3 days later France days later France surrendered.surrendered.

Hitler had conquered Hitler had conquered most of w. Europe. Only most of w. Europe. Only the Soviet Union the Soviet Union remained to the East remained to the East and the British Isles to and the British Isles to the West.the West.

The German plan to invade Britain was code named The German plan to invade Britain was code named Operation Sea LionOperation Sea Lion

they were going to land they were going to land 25 divisions along the 25 divisions along the south coast of England south coast of England and make a quick and make a quick thrust forward to take thrust forward to take London.London.

tank divisions and tank divisions and infantry troops could infantry troops could only reach Br by shiponly reach Br by ship

Germany would have to Germany would have to control the ocean; they control the ocean; they could do that only by could do that only by controlling the air. (Br. controlling the air. (Br. defences were limited, defences were limited, apart from the Royal apart from the Royal Navy)Navy)

The Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain July 1940: Hitler unleashed a July 1940: Hitler unleashed a

savage air attack on British savage air attack on British ships in the English Channel. ships in the English Channel. By mid Aug., 2000 German By mid Aug., 2000 German aircraft were in the skies over aircraft were in the skies over Britain.Britain.

The British The British RAFRAF was small in was small in comparison to the German comparison to the German Luftwaffe Luftwaffe (LW). At first the LW (LW). At first the LW was very successful, knocking was very successful, knocking out air fields and supply out air fields and supply factories.factories.

Then the LW tried to break the Then the LW tried to break the will of Britain by targeting will of Britain by targeting cities/civilians (“cities/civilians (“BlitzBlitz”)”)

(The Germans feared that (The Germans feared that winter might delay the winter might delay the planned invasion.) planned invasion.)

In response, PM In response, PM ChurchillChurchill ordered bombing raids on ordered bombing raids on Berlin. Hitler was Berlin. Hitler was outraged with what he outraged with what he called "terror bombings”called "terror bombings”

German air attacks German air attacks peaked on Sept 15, 1940 peaked on Sept 15, 1940 when 1000 LW bombers when 1000 LW bombers and 700 fighters flew and 700 fighters flew over London in a daylight over London in a daylight raid.raid.

RAF RAF SpitfiresSpitfires and and HurricanesHurricanes climbed high climbed high to meet them, and to meet them, and spectacular air battles spectacular air battles took placetook place..

The LW losses were great The LW losses were great and Germany realized and Germany realized that their tactics were that their tactics were not working. Operation not working. Operation Sea Lion was abandoned Sea Lion was abandoned ((another of Hitler's another of Hitler's errorserrors). By 1941, Hitler ). By 1941, Hitler had redeployed the LW to had redeployed the LW to the Balkans and later the the Balkans and later the Russian front. For Br. the Russian front. For Br. the worst was over.worst was over.

The Reasons for the Br. The Reasons for the Br. victory: victory: radarradar insular geographyinsular geography ability to hold outability to hold out RAF ("Never have so many RAF ("Never have so many

owed so much to so few.")owed so much to so few.")

Germany's Invasion of the Soviet UnionGermany's Invasion of the Soviet Union On June 22,1941 On June 22,1941

Hitler attacked the Hitler attacked the Soviet Union. This Soviet Union. This was was Operation Operation BarbarossaBarbarossa. The . The Soviet Union found Soviet Union found itself in the allied itself in the allied camp. camp.

What would have What would have motivated motivated Hitler/Ger. to attack Hitler/Ger. to attack the USSR?the USSR?

At first, the Soviets At first, the Soviets were unable to stop were unable to stop the German the German blitzkriegblitzkrieg and and suffered over 1 suffered over 1 million casualties.million casualties.

But the Soviet army just kept But the Soviet army just kept retreating into the massive land retreating into the massive land area area

By late fall, the Ger. soldiers By late fall, the Ger. soldiers were headed for Moscow. They were headed for Moscow. They did not get there before winter, did not get there before winter, and suffered great hardships – and suffered great hardships – temps. as low as -50 c, no warm temps. as low as -50 c, no warm clothing, no anti-freeze, no oils clothing, no anti-freeze, no oils suitable for winter operation of suitable for winter operation of their tanks....their tanks....

Siberian troops were brought in Siberian troops were brought in to defend Moscow. Hitler's to defend Moscow. Hitler's gamble failed and a quick, gamble failed and a quick, decisive victory did not occur. It decisive victory did not occur. It would be a longwould be a long, , hard fought hard fought war.war.

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Relations b/n Japan and Relations b/n Japan and

Western nations had Western nations had reached a breaking point.reached a breaking point.

Japan was hard hit by US Japan was hard hit by US tariffstariffs and had begun to and had begun to build its empire in the build its empire in the Pacific (the Pacific (the Greater East Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Asia Co-Prosperity SphereSphere), having invaded ), having invaded Korea and ChinaKorea and China

The U.S. had stationed a The U.S. had stationed a naval fleet in Hawaii in naval fleet in Hawaii in case of war in the Pacificcase of war in the Pacific

Britain wanted to help. Britain wanted to help. but could not spare the but could not spare the troops. Canada helped by troops. Canada helped by sending soldiers to Hong sending soldiers to Hong Kong. Kong.

The Attack on Pearl HarborThe Attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. and Japan were trying to U.S. and Japan were trying to

sign a peace treaty. Secretly, sign a peace treaty. Secretly, Japan was planning an attack Japan was planning an attack because they wanted the because they wanted the West's coloniesWest's colonies

Admiral Isoroku Admiral Isoroku YamamotoYamamoto planned a surprise attack planned a surprise attack using fighter planes launched using fighter planes launched from Japanese aircraft from Japanese aircraft carriers.carriers.

Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941 – the attack – the attack began… Japan had not began… Japan had not declared war (it was late) declared war (it was late) and the U.S. was caught off and the U.S. was caught off guard.guard.

After 2 hrs. the U.S. fleet was After 2 hrs. the U.S. fleet was destroyed and 1000s were destroyed and 1000s were killed…killed…

The U.S. immediately The U.S. immediately declared war. (Dec. 8, declared war. (Dec. 8, 1941- "1941- "A day that will live A day that will live in infamyin infamy") ")

The US was the richest The US was the richest nation in the world and nation in the world and could invest enormous could invest enormous amounts of $ and pop. to amounts of $ and pop. to the war effort. (the war effort. (The US The US became the "became the "Arsenal of Arsenal of DemocracyDemocracy") – Japan had ") – Japan had awoken the “awoken the “sleeping sleeping giantgiant””

The Canadians at Hong KongThe Canadians at Hong Kong A few hrs. after Pearl Harbor, A few hrs. after Pearl Harbor,

Japan invaded Hong KongJapan invaded Hong Kong Every Canadian soldier there Every Canadian soldier there

was killed or taken prisoner. was killed or taken prisoner. The battle was considered a The battle was considered a "death trap”:"death trap”:

1. More than 50 000 Japanese 1. More than 50 000 Japanese soldiers were stationed 50 km from soldiers were stationed 50 km from Hong KongHong Kong

2. The Japanese were well-2. The Japanese were well-equipped and experiencedequipped and experienced

3. Plans for the Japanese attack 3. Plans for the Japanese attack had been drafted 1 yr. earlier-code had been drafted 1 yr. earlier-code name was name was Hana-Saku Hana-Saku —"flowers in —"flowers in bloom”bloom”

4. Canadian troops were 4. Canadian troops were insufficiently trained - 30% of insufficiently trained - 30% of them had not even fired a gunthem had not even fired a gun

5. Can & Br. troops did not total 5. Can & Br. troops did not total more than 14 000, including nurses more than 14 000, including nurses and civilian volunteers.and civilian volunteers.

On Dec. 8, 1941, Japan On Dec. 8, 1941, Japan launched its attack on launched its attack on Hong Kong. Their air Hong Kong. Their air force destroyed docks, force destroyed docks, military barracks, military barracks, airplanes etc. airplanes etc.

Dec. 19, 1941- Japanese Dec. 19, 1941- Japanese soldiers attacked. soldiers attacked. Canadians were Canadians were outnumbered 10 to 1.outnumbered 10 to 1.

By Christmas 1941, Hong By Christmas 1941, Hong Kong surrendered after Kong surrendered after only 17 days. 286 only 17 days. 286 Canadians died and Canadians died and another 266 would die in another 266 would die in Prisoner of War (P.O.W.) Prisoner of War (P.O.W.) camps.camps.

Prisoners in JapanPrisoners in Japan Canadian prisoners were Canadian prisoners were

brutalized and starved. They brutalized and starved. They stayed in crowded barracks stayed in crowded barracks and were used as slave and were used as slave labour, building landing labour, building landing strips and shipyards, etc.strips and shipyards, etc.

Served a single serving of Served a single serving of plain rice 3 times a day. plain rice 3 times a day. Many fell ill from Many fell ill from exhaustion, malnutrition, exhaustion, malnutrition, pneumonia, or cholera.pneumonia, or cholera.

Red Cross medicine was Red Cross medicine was sent to the camps but was sent to the camps but was stolen and sold on the black stolen and sold on the black market.market.

Death rates in Japanese Death rates in Japanese P.O.W. camps were 6 times P.O.W. camps were 6 times higher than in German higher than in German camps.camps.

The Battle of DieppeThe Battle of Dieppe Aug. 1942, 5000 Aug. 1942, 5000

Canadian soldiers Canadian soldiers were picked up from were picked up from England for a raid on England for a raid on the French port of the French port of Dieppe. They had Dieppe. They had trained for 3 years.trained for 3 years.

The Canadians, with The Canadians, with 1000 Br. and some 1000 Br. and some Americans, were to Americans, were to attack Dieppe. attack Dieppe.

The raid was intended The raid was intended to pull German forces to pull German forces away from the away from the Russian front and to Russian front and to test Ger. defences.test Ger. defences.

German forces were German forces were planted on the cliffs planted on the cliffs above the Dieppe above the Dieppe beaches; they started beaches; they started shooting as the shooting as the Canadians charged Canadians charged down the landing down the landing ramps.ramps.

The few who made it The few who made it to the beach were to the beach were killed there; only a few killed there; only a few made it to the town.made it to the town.

Out of 5000, almost Out of 5000, almost 1000 died, more than 1000 died, more than 500 were wounded, 500 were wounded, 2000 were captured 2000 were captured and became POWsand became POWs

Allied Successes and the Shifting Allied Successes and the Shifting Tides of WarTides of War

American armies were American armies were successful against the Axis successful against the Axis powers in North Africa, powers in North Africa, where Italy and Germany where Italy and Germany had invaded Egypt.had invaded Egypt.

The Soviets were holding off The Soviets were holding off the Germans - after 6 the Germans - after 6 months at months at StalingradStalingrad, the , the Soviets were able to encircle Soviets were able to encircle German forces and cut off German forces and cut off their supply lines, reducing their supply lines, reducing them to starvation.them to starvation.

In North Africa the British In North Africa the British were winning battles. The were winning battles. The Allies landed in Algeria Allies landed in Algeria and Morocco and began and Morocco and began moving east across North moving east across North Africa.Africa.

The Canadians in Sicily and ItalyThe Canadians in Sicily and Italy In the summer of 1943, after 3 In the summer of 1943, after 3

yrs. of training, Canadians were yrs. of training, Canadians were sent to Sicilysent to Sicily

They were to join Br. troops They were to join Br. troops under General Montgomery. The under General Montgomery. The plan was to trap the Italian and plan was to trap the Italian and Ger. soldiers before they could Ger. soldiers before they could escape to the mainland. The escape to the mainland. The next step would be to attack next step would be to attack Italy, the weakest of the Axis Italy, the weakest of the Axis powers.powers.

The Canadians (along with Br. The Canadians (along with Br. and U.S. forces) landed on the and U.S. forces) landed on the Italian mainland in late 1943.Italian mainland in late 1943.

Italy surrendered by the end of Italy surrendered by the end of Sept. (Mussolini was deposed), Sept. (Mussolini was deposed), but the Germans had taken over but the Germans had taken over the country. the country.

The Allies moved towards Rome, The Allies moved towards Rome, but it would be a difficult but it would be a difficult campaigncampaign

The Canadians at OrtonaThe Canadians at Ortona The route to Rome was The route to Rome was

blocked by the Germans at blocked by the Germans at Ortona and Cdn forces Ortona and Cdn forces were ordered to capture were ordered to capture the town.the town.

The Germans had blown up The Germans had blown up all the bridges in the area all the bridges in the area and the steep countryside and the steep countryside gave them an advantage. gave them an advantage.

On Dec. 27th the On Dec. 27th the Canadians captured OrtonaCanadians captured Ortona

Can. casualties were high – Can. casualties were high – many had to be evacuated many had to be evacuated because of sickness and because of sickness and battle fatigue.battle fatigue.

By June 1944. the Allies By June 1944. the Allies captured Rome.captured Rome.

Canadians continued Canadians continued fighting until 1945 in Italy, fighting until 1945 in Italy, and then were re-united in and then were re-united in northwestern Europe as northwestern Europe as the 1st Canadian army.the 1st Canadian army.

D-Day/The Normandy InvasionD-Day/The Normandy Invasion The The “lessons of Dieppe”“lessons of Dieppe” (?) (?)

were taken into account in 1944 were taken into account in 1944 - better planning & - better planning & communications and a unified communications and a unified command were in place command were in place

Supreme Allied Supreme Allied CommanderCommander = =

The invasion was preceded by: The invasion was preceded by: effective training – attention to effective training – attention to detail detail

- Meteorology/Geology - Meteorology/Geology – – Espionage/Disinformation (Espionage/Disinformation (La La

ResistanceResistance) ) – – Massive naval/aerial prelim. Massive naval/aerial prelim.

bombardment bombardment – – Tech. improvements Tech. improvements

("("FunniesFunnies")...")...

all were taken into acc't in all were taken into acc't in this ambitious plan that this ambitious plan that sought to open a 2nd front sought to open a 2nd front against Ger. in W. Europe against Ger. in W. Europe and therefore bring WW II and therefore bring WW II to an end. to an end.

The plan was to invade The plan was to invade Normandy w/ an invasion Normandy w/ an invasion force of 150 000 men, inc. force of 150 000 men, inc. 30 000 Cdns. 30 000 Cdns.

The Americans attacked on The Americans attacked on the w. (Utah and Omaha the w. (Utah and Omaha beaches), w/ the Br. and beaches), w/ the Br. and Cdns. taking the e. (Gold, Cdns. taking the e. (Gold, Sword, and Sword, and JunoJuno beaches. beaches.

7000 ships played a role 7000 ships played a role here too, and all the allied here too, and all the allied air forces participated in air forces participated in this largest invasion in this largest invasion in world history. world history.

After all the planning, After all the planning, the invasion (the invasion (Op. Op. OverlordOverlord) - surprise ) - surprise intact - took place on intact - took place on June 6, 1944June 6, 1944. .

There were still sig. There were still sig. probs. - American probs. - American forces at Omaha beach forces at Omaha beach were hard hit, and Cdn. were hard hit, and Cdn. forces were delayed forces were delayed b/c of high seas and b/c of high seas and reefs. reefs.

But beach heads were But beach heads were established that first established that first weekweek

by August, Paris would by August, Paris would be liberated.be liberated.

Ger. was on the run on Ger. was on the run on 3 fronts now - in 3 fronts now - in France, Italy, and E. France, Italy, and E. Europe...Europe...

At this point, the Allies At this point, the Allies began to plan for the began to plan for the end of the war, end of the war, scheduling the scheduling the Yalta Yalta ConferenceConference for Feb. for Feb. 1945 1945

FDR, Churchill, and FDR, Churchill, and Stalin planned for Stalin planned for postwar Europe, postwar Europe, deciding that Ger. deciding that Ger. would be demilitarized would be demilitarized and de-nazified,and de-nazified,as well as dividedas well as dividedinto 4 occupationinto 4 occupation

zones. zones. The groundwork The groundwork

for the United for the United Nations was Nations was also set out here.also set out here.

The final events of the war: The final events of the war: Winter 1944-1945 - The Winter 1944-1945 - The Battle of Battle of

the Bulgethe Bulge – it was Hitler's last – it was Hitler's last counteroffensive, intended to stop counteroffensive, intended to stop the W. Allies from crossing the the W. Allies from crossing the Rhine River into Ger. Rhine River into Ger.

it delayed them until March, but it delayed them until March, but the result was inevitable by this the result was inevitable by this time... time...

Soviet forces were in Berlin by Soviet forces were in Berlin by April, and on April 30, Hitler April, and on April 30, Hitler committed suicide in his bunker. committed suicide in his bunker.

Command of the 3rd Reich passed Command of the 3rd Reich passed to Adm. Doenitz, who surrendered to Adm. Doenitz, who surrendered on May 8,1945 on May 8,1945 ((V-E DayV-E Day) )

Cdn. troops during this period Cdn. troops during this period were charged w/ the job of were charged w/ the job of liberating the Netherlands, under liberating the Netherlands, under the command of Gen. Harry Crerar. the command of Gen. Harry Crerar. ((Battle of the ScheldtBattle of the Scheldt, Antwerp), Antwerp)

The Atomic Bomb and Victory in the PacificThe Atomic Bomb and Victory in the Pacific

kamikazekamikaze Manhattan Project Manhattan Project August 6,1945August 6,1945 Enola GayEnola Gay "Little Boy”"Little Boy” VJ DayVJ Day

Chapter 16: War on the Home FrontChapter 16: War on the Home Front in May 1939 King George in May 1939 King George

and Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth landed at Quebec for a tour landed at Quebec for a tour of Canada and to gain of Canada and to gain support for the war effort.support for the war effort.

about 1/2 of Cdns. were of about 1/2 of Cdns. were of Br. ancestry, so support for Br. ancestry, so support for the war was nearly the war was nearly unanimous unanimous

but opposition did exist: but opposition did exist: Quebec, Quebec, pacifists/conscientious pacifists/conscientious objectors (Mennonites, objectors (Mennonites, Hutterites, Doukhobors), Hutterites, Doukhobors), while many other Cdns. while many other Cdns. wanted "friendly wanted "friendly neutrality"neutrality"

The BCATP and the East CoastThe BCATP and the East Coast King hoped that Canada's King hoped that Canada's

major contribution to the war major contribution to the war would be the British would be the British Commonwealth Air Training Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP)Plan (BCATP)

Air crews were brought over Air crews were brought over to Canada from all over the to Canada from all over the Commonwealth for training as Commonwealth for training as pilots, navigators, air pilots, navigators, air gunners, bombardiers, gunners, bombardiers, wireless operators.wireless operators.

Canada provided air fields, air Canada provided air fields, air craft, basic services and craft, basic services and Britain provided the Britain provided the instructors.instructors. 130 000 130 000 graduates: 50 000 were graduates: 50 000 were pilots, & 73 000 grads were pilots, & 73 000 grads were Canadian.Canadian.

HalifaxHalifax Became the center became a Became the center became a

port for ships escaping war port for ships escaping war from Europe-refugees, from Europe-refugees, evacuated British children.evacuated British children.

for Canadian naval for Canadian naval operations. Convoys of ships operations. Convoys of ships formed in Halifax harbour formed in Halifax harbour loaded with troops, guns, loaded with troops, guns, tanks, shells, foodstuffs and tanks, shells, foodstuffs and headed across the Atlantic. headed across the Atlantic.

ConvoysConvoys: Groups of : Groups of merchant ships that are merchant ships that are protected from enemy attack protected from enemy attack by naval escort ships or air by naval escort ships or air force planes.force planes.

Germans did everything to Germans did everything to stop supply lines. Convoy stop supply lines. Convoy ships were mined or ships were mined or torpedoed within hearing torpedoed within hearing distance of Halifaxdistance of Halifax

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic Submarine teams of U-Submarine teams of U-

boats called "boats called "wolf packswolf packs" " attacked merchant ships attacked merchant ships broke through convoys broke through convoys and attacked merchant and attacked merchant ships.ships.

By the end of the war- By the end of the war- 175 allied ships, 500 175 allied ships, 500 merchant ships, and merchant ships, and

50 000 men had gone to 50 000 men had gone to the bottom of the the bottom of the Atlantic.Atlantic.

new tech. was new tech. was developed: developed: corvettes, corvettes, depth charges, sonardepth charges, sonar

In Halifax, "In Halifax, "PlottersPlotters" " tracked ship movements tracked ship movements and U-boats. Many of and U-boats. Many of them were the women them were the women

of the of the Women's Royal Women's Royal Canadian Naval ServiceCanadian Naval Service (WRCNS)(WRCNS)

The Battle of the St. LawrenceThe Battle of the St. Lawrence U-boats began attacking U-boats began attacking

ships in the St. Lawrence ships in the St. Lawrence river. On Aug. 27, 1942 river. On Aug. 27, 1942 the American ship the American ship Chatham Chatham was sunkwas sunk

Oct. 13,1942 the Oct. 13,1942 the passenger ferry, the SS passenger ferry, the SS CaribouCaribou going from Nfld. going from Nfld. to Nova Scotia was sunk to Nova Scotia was sunk by a single torpedo =173 by a single torpedo =173 dead civiliansdead civilians

From the summer to the From the summer to the fall of 1942, German U-fall of 1942, German U-boats sank 21 ships in boats sank 21 ships in the St. Lawrence.the St. Lawrence.

Newfoundland's Role in the WarNewfoundland's Role in the War Was still independent in 1939Was still independent in 1939 Cooperation was needed between Nfld and Cooperation was needed between Nfld and

CanadaCanada Did not have the $ or the people to keep the Did not have the $ or the people to keep the

Germans outGermans out Canadian troops were stationed there and Canadian troops were stationed there and

the RCAF flew out of Gander and Labradorthe RCAF flew out of Gander and Labrador Nfld troops joined Canadian forcesNfld troops joined Canadian forces People here began to believe that joining People here began to believe that joining

Canada would be good-they were bankrupt Canada would be good-they were bankrupt and needed financial aid.and needed financial aid.

Canada's Wartime EconomyCanada's Wartime Economy Total War: a war fought w/ no limits put on Total War: a war fought w/ no limits put on

the resources used to achieve victorythe resources used to achieve victory With the attacks on the East Coast, and once With the attacks on the East Coast, and once

Germany had occupied most of Europe and Germany had occupied most of Europe and the Japanese were taking over the Far East; the Japanese were taking over the Far East; "total war" was decided upon in Canada."total war" was decided upon in Canada.

By 1941 industries were working overtime to By 1941 industries were working overtime to produce war materials; unemployment produce war materials; unemployment vanished.vanished.

The Government created the The Government created the National National Selective ServiceSelective Service (NSS) to place workers in (NSS) to place workers in industries where they were needed. If industries where they were needed. If workers took jobs without NSS approval they workers took jobs without NSS approval they could be fined $ 500 and jailed for a year.could be fined $ 500 and jailed for a year.

Bumper crops were experienced Bumper crops were experienced in the Prairies. Britain needed in the Prairies. Britain needed food desperately, so Canada food desperately, so Canada started to produce new products started to produce new products - pork, beef, dairy products, oil - pork, beef, dairy products, oil seeds, lumber from B.C., mineral seeds, lumber from B.C., mineral ores from mines in the Canadian ores from mines in the Canadian Shield, fish from the Shield, fish from the Maritimes…all shipped overseasMaritimes…all shipped overseas

Manufacturing changed as well - Manufacturing changed as well - Toronto had munitions plants Toronto had munitions plants and ship building; Montreal had and ship building; Montreal had aircraft factories.aircraft factories.

Canadians started to produce Canadians started to produce diesel engines, synthetic rubber, diesel engines, synthetic rubber, roller bearings, electronic roller bearings, electronic equipment, high octane equipment, high octane gasoline. gasoline.

By the end of the war, Canada By the end of the war, Canada had given Britain $ 3.5 billion in had given Britain $ 3.5 billion in aid.aid.

Managing the Wartime Economy: The Managing the Wartime Economy: The Problem of InflationProblem of Inflation

Canada's gov't adopted a more active role in the Canada's gov't adopted a more active role in the economy and day-to-day functioning of society. The economy and day-to-day functioning of society. The changes in the role of gov't became a permanent changes in the role of gov't became a permanent feature of post-war society.feature of post-war society.

A real worry with all the prosperity was rising inflation, A real worry with all the prosperity was rising inflation, similar to that during WWIsimilar to that during WWI

Consumer goods were scarce (due to rationing) and Consumer goods were scarce (due to rationing) and prices would go up.prices would go up.

King wanted to avoid this. He placed James llsley in King wanted to avoid this. He placed James llsley in charge of Canada's financial affairs.charge of Canada's financial affairs.

James llsleyJames llsley used 3 methods to keep prices down: used 3 methods to keep prices down: 1. 1. tax increases-people had less $ to spendtax increases-people had less $ to spend 2. sale of Victory Bonds—took money out of the economy2. sale of Victory Bonds—took money out of the economy 3. forced savings-increased savings interest rates to lure people 3. forced savings-increased savings interest rates to lure people

to save rather than spend.to save rather than spend.

Canada in 1938 Canada in 1938 collected $42 collected $42 million in taxes, by million in taxes, by 1945 they took in 1945 they took in

$ 815 million$ 815 million PropagandaPropaganda was was

intensified. intensified. Posters were Posters were

made up with made up with celebrities (like the celebrities (like the Dionne Dionne QuintupletsQuintuplets))

Wage and Price Controls and RationingWage and Price Controls and Rationing

Despite llsley's Despite llsley's programs, prices programs, prices continued to risecontinued to rise

Nov. 1941: the Nov. 1941: the Wartime Prices and Wartime Prices and Trade BoardTrade Board (WPTB) (WPTB) froze all prices and froze all prices and wages to prevent wages to prevent inflation. People had inflation. People had to get permission from to get permission from the WPTB to buy the WPTB to buy electric stoves, electric stoves, typewriters, or rubber typewriters, or rubber tirestires

food rationing was food rationing was introduced in 1942introduced in 1942

Government Controls on the Government Controls on the EconomyEconomy

Mackenzie King put together a group of cabinet Mackenzie King put together a group of cabinet ministers in charge of the wartime economy.ministers in charge of the wartime economy.

C.D. Howe (minister of munitions and supplies) C.D. Howe (minister of munitions and supplies) was in charge of the war production effort.was in charge of the war production effort.

He turned to business people to help him and He turned to business people to help him and asked them to take a "holiday" from work to asked them to take a "holiday" from work to become civil servants. They became known as become civil servants. They became known as ""dollar-a-year mendollar-a-year men" for their token salary. " for their token salary.

C.D. Howe and the C.D. Howe and the Department of Munitions and Department of Munitions and SuppliesSupplies had been given powers over private had been given powers over private enterprise. They could tell companies what to enterprise. They could tell companies what to produce, where to sell products, and when to produce, where to sell products, and when to deliver them.deliver them.

If companies did not agree, the dept. could take If companies did not agree, the dept. could take over the plant.over the plant.

New New crown corporationscrown corporations were created by were created by Howe when existing companies could not Howe when existing companies could not supply a particular demand.supply a particular demand.

These measures limited the scandal and These measures limited the scandal and profiteering experienced during WW1profiteering experienced during WW1

Canada had to earn American dollars in Canada had to earn American dollars in order to keep helping Britain in the war order to keep helping Britain in the war effort.effort.

The U.S. agreed to purchase Canadian The U.S. agreed to purchase Canadian goods under the goods under the Hyde-Park Declaration-Hyde-Park Declaration-$ $ 1billion worth was sold to the U.S.1billion worth was sold to the U.S.