campus utility infrastructure technologies
TRANSCRIPT
Campus Utility Infrastructure Technologies
NTAEESeptember 2015
Jon Schwartz, Principal
OnSite Energy& Power
Campus Utility Infrastructure TechnologiesAGENDA
► Impediments to Success
► Considerations / Goals
► Buildings / Demand Side
► Distribution
► Plants
► Renewables
► Implementation Approaches
Impediments to Success► Budget Limitations
► Campus Disruption
► Status Quo is Good Enough
► Administrative Approval Steps
► Needs a Champion / Salesperson
► Not Willing to Acknowledge Issues
► Waiting on Next Technology
► Market Uncertainty / Anxiety
► etc., etc., etc.
Know What You’re Up Against
Considerations / Goals► Equipment or System Renewal
► Capacity
► Efficiency
► Life Cycle Costs
► Reliability
► Resiliency
► Greenhouse Gas Emissions / Carbon Footprint
► PR
► First Cost
► Phasing / Impacts and Disruptions
Varies Campus to Campus / Need to Have an End Game
Buildings / Demand Side► Why Buildings and Demand Side?
• Less Here = Less Distribution and Production Needs; Trickles Down
► More Aggressive Building Standards
• But Have to Hold Designers Accountable
• Beat ASHRAE 90.1 by X%
• Life Cycle Approach to Early Design Phase
• LEED Gold
• Impacts to Future Planning
► Rack and Stack Approach
Buildings / Demand Side► High Performance Labs
• Typically biggest bang for the buck
► High make up rates
► 24 / 7 operation
• Work with Environmental / Health & Safety Groups
► Lower air changes per hour
► Occupied vs. Unoccupied
• VFDs / VAV
• Behavioral Improvements
Buildings / Demand Side► Pressure Independent Control Valves
• DT Improvement, install at AHUs or Branch Lines
► Any Low Hanging Fruit Left?
• Lighting Retrofits
• Water Conservation
• Controls
► Temperature Resets
► Occupancy Sensors
► Variable Flow – air and water
• Scheduling – Rooms and Buildings
• Data Closets – Driving Everything?
Distribution► Central System vs. Local/By Building
• Review load per acre
• Distribution piping is expensive, but…
► Shared Redundancy
► Diversity Benefits
► Improved Aesthetics
► More Local SF available
• Maintenance – Plant vs. Distribution
Distribution► Steam vs. Hot Water
• Steam only for where you truly need steam
• HW - fewer losses (water, chems, energy waste)
• Trap maintenance
• Safety
• Operational experience
► Low Temp Hot Water
• Provides plant opportunities
► Heat Recovery
Distribution► Materials – Steel, Ductile Iron, HDPE
► Tunnels?
► Model for Pumping Efficiency
• Building Pumps vs. Plant Pumps
• Understand DP needs
► Valve Close Off Requirements
• Valve Position vs. Traditional DP
► Pressure Reset at a Minimum
► Don’t Forget Your Electrical System
• “It’s Just a Couple of Wires” – NO!!!
Plants► VFD Chillers
• Not Just When Have Few Chillers
• Significant Opportunity with Colder CW
► Economizers
• Capture heat from the Flue
• Condensing vs. Non-Condensing
► If pull more heat, condenses – need stainless flue
► Some even looking at direct contact – more $, more effic
Plants► Condensing Boilers
• Advertised at 94%+ Efficiency
• Need Cold Return Water
• Must Have Building AHUs aligned for these savings
• Modular
Plants► Condensing Boilers
RETURN
TEMPERATURE
EFFICIENCY
90F 95+%
155F 87%
Plants► Heat Pump Chillers
• Higher Elec (1.6 kw/ton) but No Boiler, No Tower
• Upper Temp Limit 150+F
• Coincident Heating and Cooling Required
► Can Combine with Thermal Storage or Geothermal Wells
Plants► Geothermal Wells
• Uses the ground as a stable heat sink
• Extract heat in the winter
• Deposit heat in the summer
• Manage BTU balance – temperature saturation
► With equipment or well separation
• 200 – 800 feet in depth – varies with $ and soil T
• Most closed loop
• Vertical or horizontal (campus typ vert.)
• Typ approx 2-4 tons per well
• Large cost
• Few campus installations
• Use in tandem with Heat Pump Chillers
Plants► Optimized Chilled Water
• 3rd party protocols – beyond the normal sequence of ops
Plants► Substations
• Take Ownership at Higher Voltage
• Improved Utility Rate
• Better Resiliency
• Combine Meters
► Take Advantage of Peak Diversity to Lower Demand
• Requires Maintenance $
Plants► Thermal Storage
• Store Thermal Energy (typ CHW) when Energy Prices are Low
• Ice and Water
► Stratified Water Most Common for a Campus (if you have the space)
• Capacity Offset
• Energy $ Savings; Limited Energy Savings
• Can be used with Heat Pump Chillers to Balance BTUs
• Billing Demand Reduction, 4CP Avoidance
• DFW Airport – very quiet chiller plant in mid afternoons of summer
Plants► Thermal Storage
Plants► Thermal Storage
Plants► Cogeneration / CHP
• Making Electricity and Capturing the Waste Heat for Additional Benefits
► Via Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) or Jackets
► Heat for Buildings
► Heat for Process (chilling)
► Heat to Make More Electricity (Steam Turbine Generator)
• Balance of Heating Needs and Electric Needs – Must Have Both
► Typ Highest Heating Needs are in the Winter – Lower Elec Typ
► Typ Highest Elec Needs are in the Summer – Lower Heat Typ
• Gas Turbines or Engines
Plants► Cogeneration
• Overall Efficiency 70 – 80% vs. Grid at 33% plus 80% Boilers
• With Duct Firing of HRSG can get Highest Efficiency
• Provides Resiliency – “Keep the Lights On”
• Provides Fuel Flexibility – Make Elec from NG or Buy Elec from Grid
• Big Emissions Reduction Potential
Plants► Cogeneration
Plants► Biomass
• Typ Considered / Easiest when Converting Away from Coal Boilers
• Access to Biomass Stock is Critical – on site is best
• Trucks and Material Handling vs. NG Pipeline
• Woodchips, switchgrass, trash, tires, cornhusks, etc.
• If considering to be “greener”, be sure to consider full process
► Material handling
► Preparation / Processing
► Transportation
Plants► Select Equipment with LCC during Bidding
• Old way
► First cost
► Design point
• New Way
► Life Cycle Cost
► Multiple operating points
► Multiple options and selections
Plants► “Free” Cooling
• Turning Chillers off when Weather is Cold
► Utilize colder condenser water through heat exchanger to make chilled water
• Limits
► Need low WB to make cold enough chilled water
► Approach temperature of towers and HEXs
► Split Towers – if want to use CW for chillers too (2 temps needed)
• Plant space, sf, lost (HEX) for no summer peak capacity
• Chilled water reset can help (easier to make temp with CW)
• Watch fan energy increase vs. chiller savings
► Chiller energy will already be down (colder CW, 0.3 kw/ton)
• Tower freezing, low flow issues
• Consider Series and Parallel configuration
Plants► Water Reduction
• Hybrid Cooling Towers
► Dry and Wet Modes
► Cleaner at CW Chiller (Closed Loop)
► Big First Cost and Footprint Increase
• Reclaimed Water
► Recover off of AHU Coils
► Reuse at buildings (toilets)
► Return to Plant – Cooling Tower Make Up
Plant is often 25%+ of Campus Water Usage
Renewables
► Solar PV
► Solar Thermal (HW)
► Wind
► Often “Demonstration Projects”
► Prices Coming Down
► Utility Grade vs. Local Usage
► Rebates, Incentives
► Partnerships, Leases
Implementation Approaches► Sell It – Presell and “Post-sell”
• Show the Why Before & the Results After
► Have a Roadmap / Utility Master Plan
► Design Guidelines – don’t waver on a “one off” project
► Phasing Plans
• Understand the Impacts and Disruptions
► Share Your Successes
• Major Opportunities - $, Emissions, Reliability, etc.