callan book 2_oficial

M E T H O D

TEACH-EACH-OTHER ENGLISH

E T A P A 2 L E C C I O N E S 1 0 - 2 4 P Á G I N A S 6 4 - 1 4 4

This document is protected by copyright. You are breaking the law if you copy or distribute this file.

The Callan™ Method was first developed and published in 1960. It was then published, for restricted use only, in 1963.

This edition was published, for the international market, in 2011.

Copyright R.K.T. Callan 1960

First Edition 1960 Second Edition 1963

This Edition 2011

Teach-Each-Other English Stage 2

'Callan' is a registered trademark of R.K.T. Callan

Conditions of sale

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of

trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including

this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

Published by

CALLAN PUBLISHING LTD Orchard House 45 Mill Way Grantchester Cambridge CB3 9ND England

in association with

CALLAN METHOD ORGANISATION LTD and THE CALLAN SCHOOL

Berwick House 139 Oxford Street London W1D 2JA

www.callan.co.uk


LIST OF CALLAN™ METHOD MATERIALS 1. Stages 1 to 12 of the Method that can be individually or

collectively downloaded from the Callan Method website (www.callan.co.uk)

2. Audio to accompany 11 Stages 3. Demonstration DVD showing how the Method is taught 4. Callan Method Handbook – giving lesson instructions and

information about the Method

OTHER AVAILABLE MATERIALS

The following is a list of Callan Method materials still available to schools using the Callan Method for teaching classes of students. 1. Teacher’s Handbook (Training Manual) 2. Teacher’s Demonstration CD (Audio) or DVD (Video) 3. Student’s Handbook – containing a detailed explanation of

how and why the Callan Method works 4. Director’s Handbook – showing anyone how to set up a school

using the Callan Method


PRUEBA DE LAS DECLARACIONES SOBRE EL MÉTODO CALLAN

En el folleto titulado “Información para Centros yCandidatos” la Universidad de Cambridge declara que: “elPreliminary English Test (examen preliminar de inglés) estádiseñado para evaluar las aptitudes de comunicación oral yescrita en relación con la habilidad de leer y escuchar,hasta un nivel representado por unas 350 horas de estudiopartiendo desde un nivel de principiante.”

Luego indica que, las 350 horas son de estudio “dedicado”,el cual generalmente se dividirá en un período de 4 ¼ años.El Método Callan obtiene los mismos resultados en 80horas a lo largo de un año; es decir, en una cuarta parte deltiempo.

Para los otros dos exámenes de Cambridge, Key EnglishTest (KET) y First Certificate in English (FCE), al estudiantepromedio le toma aproximadamente 175 horas para el KETy 640 horas para el FCE, dependiendo de su nacionalidad.Por otro lado, el Método Callan lo llevará al nivel del KETen 40 horas y al del FCE en 160 horas, con una garantíapor escrito en la que se establece que si éste no apruebalos exámenes, la escuela del Método Callan en la que ésteestudie, le impartirá lecciones gratis hasta que apruebe elexamen.


UNA OBSERVACIÓN SOBRE LAS INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS PROFESORES:

Según se indicó en el Manual que acompaña al Método Callan, el Método fue diseñado originalmente para que fuera utilizado por un profesor impartiendo clases a un grupo de estudiantes, y puede seguir siendo utilizado con ese fin si es necesario. Con los estudiantes enseñándose mutuamente, sin necesidad de un profesor, no se necesitarán las instrucciones para los profesores, ya que la manera en la que funciona el Método puede comprenderse por medio de deducciones lógicas. Por ejemplo, la página uno del Método comienza con las palabras A PEN, A PENCIL A BOOK y A, debajo de las cuales se encuentra la traducción en el idioma de los estudiantes. Luego aparecen las palabras WHAT’S, THIS e IT’S, nuevamente con las traducciones abajo. El estudiante-profesor entonces concluye que debe tomar un bolígrafo y preguntar "What's this?" mientras que su estudiante concluye que debe responder "It's a pen" y así sucesivamente. Esto demuestra que las instrucciones no son necesarias. Otro ejemplo: en la página 7 aparecen las palabras ON, UNDER e IN, con sus respectivas traducciones, junto con la pregunta “Is the pen in the book?” para la cual se muestra la respuesta “No, the pen isn’t in the book, but it’s under the book.” Todas las palabras en la pregunta y su respuesta, con excepción de las palabras "in" y "under", son palabras que el estudiante aprendió anteriormente y las recuerda bien, siempre y cuando haya repasado lo suficiente. Por lo tanto, no tiene dificultades para comprender lo que se le está preguntando y lo que debe responder, sin necesidad de tener que entender las instrucciones del profesor. En la forma original, el profesor del Método Callan no utilizaba ninguna traducción (excepto palabras ocasionales), porque con frecuencia (siendo un extranjero) no sabía el idioma del estudiante o porque enseñaba en clases con estudiantes de varias nacionalidades. Con el sistema de Enseñanza Mutua, donde ambos estudiantes hablan el mismo idioma, las traducciones pueden utilizarse fácilmente. Después de la Etapa 1 del Método, hay muy pocas instrucciones para los profesores.


LESSON 10

SEE CHART 5 (At the end of this stage)

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE • PRESENT SIMPLE ————————————— ————————— PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE DO THAT presente progresivo simple hacer que GENERALLY SPEAK LESSON HOME generalmente hablar lección casa PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT SIMPLE I AM SPEAKING I SPEAK NOW GENERALLY ARE YOU SPEAKING ? DO YOU SPEAK ? YES, I'M SPEAKING YES, I SPEAK NO, I'M NOT SPEAKING NO, I DO NOT SPEAK Point to the Chart and explain that The Present Progressive/ we use for an action/ we are doing now,/ whilst the Present Simple/ we use for an action/ we do generally./ You, in this room,/ are speaking English now,/ but generally you speak "......". Translate any words in the explanation which the students do not understand. If the student cannot at first answer the following question in English, let him explain in his own language.

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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PRESENT SIMPLE ?/ + The difference between the

Present Progressive and the Present Simple is that we use the Present Progressive for

an action we are doing now, whilst the Present Simple we use for an action we do generally

Next, explain that The meaning of the word "do" is ".....",/ but here it is an auxiliary verb/ and means nothing,/ but we use it/ for the interrogative and negative/ but not for the positive. If the difference between the two tenses is still not clear, then explain again, and, if necessary, add "now" and "generally" at the end of the following questions, and stress the "ing" sound each time. WHAT'S THE MEANING OF THE WORD "DO" ?

The meaning of the word "do" is "....", but here it means nothing, but we

use it for the interrogative and negative

POSITIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I SPEAK DO I SPEAK ? I DON'T SPEAK YOU SPEAK DO YOU SPEAK ? YOU DON'T SPEAK HE/SHE/IT DOES HE/SHE/IT SPEAKS HE/SHE/IT SPEAK ? DOESN'T SPEAK WE SPEAK DO WE SPEAK ? WE DON'T SPEAK YOU SPEAK DO YOU SPEAK ? YOU DON'T SPEAK THEY SPEAK DO THEY SPEAK ? THEY DON'T SPEAK/ 65


ARE YOU SPEAKING …….. ? No, I'm not speaking + ……..but I'm speaking English

DO YOU SPEAK ................. ? Yes, I speak ...... +

In the above questions write in the name of the student's language in the blank spaces; and sit down before asking the fifth question below.

ARE YOU READING THAT BOOK ? No, I'm not reading + this book DO YOU READ THAT BOOK ? Yes, I read this book +

ARE YOU WRITING ? No, I’m not writing – DO YOU WRITE ?/ Yes, I write –

AM I GOING TO THE DOOR ? No, you aren’t going to the – door, but you're remaining on the chair

DO I GO TO THE DOOR AFTER THE LESSON ? Yes, you – go to the door after

the lesson

ARE YOU GOING HOME ? No, I’m not going home, but I’m remaining in the room

DO YOU GO HOME AFTER THE LESSON (OR LESSONS) ?/ – Yes, I go home after the lesson DOES (3ª persona) de do

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Point to the Chart again and explain that The third person of "do" is "does"./ I do: you do: he, she, it does etc./ We put "s" on the third person./ For example, I speak: you speak: he, she, it speaks etc. For the following questions, use either Mr and Mrs Brown on Chart One,

or other students. Stress the "s" of the third person as the students answer.

IS HE SPEAKING ? No, he isn't speaking +

DOES HE SPEAK ? Yes, he speaks +

IS SHE READING ? No, she isn't reading –

DOES SHE READ ? Yes, she reads –

IS HE WRITING ? No, he isn't writing

DOES HE WRITE ? Yes, he writes

DON'T REMAIN JAPANESE CHINESE / negativo de hacer/no permanecer, quedar Japonés Chino The negative of "do" is "do not". The contraction of "do not" is "don't". Questions containing words such as Japanese, Chinese, Russian etc., naturally have to be adjusted according to the nationality of the students. WHAT'S THE NEGATIVE OF "DO" ? The negative of "do" + is "do not" WHAT'S THE CONTRACTION OF "DO NOT" ? The – contraction of "do not" is "don't"

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DO YOU REMAIN HERE AFTER THE LESSON (OR LESSONS) ? No, I don't remain + here after the lesson, but I go home

DO YOU SPEAK [JAPANESE] ?/ No, I don't speak [Japanese], – but I speak .....

DO YOU READ BOOKS IN [CHINESE] ? No, I don't read – books in [Chinese], but I read books in ...

DOESN'T negativo de hacer 3ª persona/no The negative of "does" is "does not", and the contraction is "doesn't".

WHAT'S THE NEGATIVE OF "DOES" ? The negative of + "does" is "does not"

WHAT'S THE CONTRACTION OF "DOES NOT" ?

– The contraction of "does not" is "doesn't" Point to Mr Brown etc, or a student, and ask

DOES HE SPEAK [JAPANESE] ? No, he doesn't speak + [Japanese], but he speaks .....

DOES HE REMAIN HERE AFTER THE LESSON (OR LESSONS) ? No, he doesn't remain here after the lesson, – but he goes home after the lesson

DOES SHE WRITE IN [GERMAN] ? No, she doesn't write in – [German], but she writes in .....

The Present Progressive is also known as the Present Continuous, but this should not concern the student.

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DICTATION 2 You aren't/ Mrs. Brown,/ you're Master Green./ I'm Mrs. Brown./ Six, seven, eight,/ nine, ten./ The women/ are standing/ under the light/ in front of/ the picture./ Where's the house?/ It's behind her./ What am I doing?/ You're taking the book/ from me,/ closing it,/ and putting it/ on the floor./ Which door/ is open?/ That door is./ Eleven, twelve, thirteen,/ fourteen, fifteen. As the students finish correcting their dictations some will obviously finish before others. Those that do, can ask each other questions.

LESSON 11

ABOUT PAGE alrededor, aproximadamente, sobre página For the word "about", spread the fingers of one hand wide and move your hand like a ship rolling from side to side at sea. For the word "page", just finger a page of your book. ABOUT HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE THERE IN YOUR COUNTRY ? There are about ..... + people in my country

ABOUT HOW MANY THINGS ARE THERE IN THIS ROOM ? There are about .....

things in this room

ABOUT HOW MANY PAGES ARE THERE IN THIS BOOK ?/ There are about .....

pages in that book

CAN poder

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Translate the word "can" as you ask the question,

CAN YOU SPEAK ......................... ? Yes, I can speak .....

Fill in the above space with the name of the student's own language.

CAN YOU TOUCH THAT BOOK ? Yes, I can touch that – (or this) book

CAN YOU READ AND WRITE ? Yes, I can read and write +

LIKE DISLIKE CINEMA TELEVISION gustar no gustar, disgustar cine televisión "Don't like" is much more widely used in English than "dislike", but it is good for the student to practise putting "dis" in front of a verb.

DO YOU LIKE YOUR CITY (TOWN OR VILLAGE) ?/

Yes, I like my city... or... No, I don't like my city

DO YOU DISLIKE THE CINEMA ? No, I don't dislike the + cinema, but I like the cinema

DO YOU LIKE THAT PICTURE ? Yes, I like that picture … or … No, I don't like that picture

DO YOU DISLIKE TELEVISION ? No, I don't dislike television, – but I like television Referring to the previous student, ask

DOES HE / SHE DISLIKE TELEVISION ? No, he/she doesn't dislike television, but… or …

Yes, he/she dislikes television

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RIGHT derecha/o LEFT izquierda/o Explain that This is my left hand, and this is my right hand. Left-right.

WHICH HAND'S THIS ? It's your left hand +

WHICH HAND'S THIS ?/ It's your right hand +

PUT YOUR RIGHT HAND ON THAT BOOK, PLEASE ! –

WHAT'S HE DOING ? He's putting his right hand on that book –

CLOSE YOUR LEFT EYE, PLEASE +

WHAT'S SHE DOING ? She's closing her left eye MOVING STILL COMPLETELY moviendo/se inmóvil, quieto completamente IS MY HAND MOVING ?/ No, your hand isn't moving,

but it's still

AM I STANDING STILL ? No, you aren't standing still, but you're moving

ARE ALL THE PARTS OF YOUR BODY STILL NOW ? No, not all the parts

of my body are still now, but my mouth and my tongue etc. are moving

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DO YOU GENERALLY SIT COMPLETELY STILL IN THE LESSON ? No, I don't generally – sit completely still in the lesson, but I move

DOES HE / SHE GENERALLY SIT COMPLETELY STILL IN THE LESSON ?/ No, he/she doesn't

generally sit completely still in the lesson, but he/she moves

STUDENTS READ LESSON 7 ON PAGE 42

WEARING WEAR llevando puesto, vistiendo vestir, llevar puesto Explain that I'm wearing a tie. I'm wearing a shirt etc. Do not let the student confuse "wear" with "where", which has the same pronunciation.

ARE YOU WEARING A HAT ? No, I'm not wearing a hat

DO YOU WEAR A HAT ? Yes, I wear a hat

ARE YOU WEARING A COAT ? No, I'm not wearing a coat +

DO YOU WEAR A COAT ? Yes, I wear a coat +

WHAT CLOTHES ARE YOU WEARING ?/ I'm wearing shoes, socks, a suit, etc.

WITH con WHAT AM I DOING ? You're touching your nose + with your finger

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DO WE SPEAK WITH OUR MOUTHS ? Yes, we speak with our mouths

DO WE READ WITH OUR EYES ? Yes, we read with our eyes HALF mitad, media

Two is a half of four. Six is a half of twelve. It will be noticed that the word "of " has been dropped (as it can be) from the following questions and answers. This is to make things easier for the students.

HOW MUCH IS HALF A HUNDRED ?/ Fifty is half a hundred +

HOW MUCH IS HALF THIRTEEN ? Six and a half is half thirteen

ARE HALF THESE CHAIRS GREEN ? No, half these chairs – aren't green, but they're all brown

TELL decir My name's Mr Smith. I'm telling you my name.

TELL ME YOUR NAME, PLEASE My name's Mr .....

WHAT'S HE DOING ? He's telling you his name

TELL ME THE NAME OF THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA, PLEASE / Moscow's the capital of Russia +

WHAT'S HE DOING ? He's telling you the name of the capital – of Russia

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RUSSIAN Ruso GREEK Griego ARE YOU [RUSSIAN] OR [GREEK] ? No, I'm neither + [Russian] nor [Greek], but I'm .....

Change the languages according to the nationality of the students.

DO YOU SPEAK [GREEK] ? No, I don't speak [Greek], but I speak .....

PREFER TEA COFFEE preferir té café WHICH DO YOU PREFER, "THE" CINEMA OR TELE– VISION ?/ I prefer ..... +

WHICH DO YOU PREFER, TEA OR COFFEE ? I prefer .....

WHICH DOES HE / SHE PREFER, TEA OR COFFEE ? He/she prefers .....

DO THE ENGLISH GENERALLY PREFER COFFEE ? No, the English don't generally prefer coffee, but they generally prefer tea EXERCISE 3 LESSON 12 BOTH • ambos

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Both my hands are on the table. Both these books are open. Both of us are sitting. We can say "Both my hands are on the table" or "My

hands are both on the table" but, in order not to confuse the student, it is better to use only the former for the moment.

ARE BOTH MY HANDS ON THE TABLE ? Yes, both your + hands are on the table

ARE BOTH THESE BOOKS OPEN ? Yes, both these books – are open

ARE BOTH OF US SITTING ? Yes, both of us are sitting –

MEAN significar, querer decir Explain that The word "use" means "........" in ........ The word "action" means "....." in ..... etc. From now on, when you think a student

has forgotten the meaning of a word in a question, or in what he reads, you can ask him "What does the word "....." mean?" Fill in the missing words according to the nationality of your students. For example, the word "use" means "usare" in Italian.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "USE" MEAN IN …………….... ?/

+ The word "use" means "...." in .....

WHAT DOES THE WORD "WHO" MEAN IN ……………... ?

The word "who" means "...." in

WHAT DOES THE WORD "WHICH" MEAN IN .................. ? The word "which"

means "...." in .....

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LANGUAGE EUROPEAN ASIAN idioma Europeo Asiático WHICH LANGUAGE ARE WE SPEAKING NOW ?/ We're speaking English now

WHICH LANGUAGE DO YOU GENERALLY SPEAK ? I generally speak .....

WHICH LANGUAGE DOES HE / SHE GENERALLY SPEAK ? He/she generally speaks .....

IS CHINESE A EUROPEAN LANGUAGE ? No, Chinese isn't – a European language, but it's an Asian language

STUDENTS READ LESSON 8 ON PAGE 50 I HAVEN'T yo no tengo I HAVE NOT YOU HAVEN'T tú no tinenes YOU HAVE NOT HE HASN'T él no tiene HE HAS NOT SHE HASN'T ella no tiene SHE HAS NOT IT HASN'T él/ ella/ eso no tiene IT HAS NOT WE HAVEN'T nosotros

no tenemos WE HAVE NOT

YOU HAVEN'T vosotros

no teneis YOU HAVE NOT

THEY HAVEN'T ellos no tienen THEY HAVE NOT

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ONLY / sólo, solamente The negative of "I have" is "I have not", and the contraction is "I haven't".

WHAT'S THE NEGATIVE OF "I HAVE" ? The negative of "I have" is "I have not"

WHAT'S THE CONTRACTION OF "I HAVE NOT" ? – The contraction of

"I have not" is "I haven't"

HAVE I FOUR ARMS ? No, you haven't four arms, but you've + only two arms

HAVE YOU TWO HEADS ? No, I haven't two heads, but + I've only one head

HAS HE ONLY ONE HAND ? No, he hasn't only one hand, but he's two hands

HAS SHE TWO NOSES ? No, she hasn't two noses, but she's only one nose

HAVE WE ONLY ONE MOUTH ? No, we haven't only one – mouth, but we've two mouths (i.e. you and the student)

HAVE THEY EIGHT EARS ? No, they haven't eight ears, but they've only four ears (ie. Mr and Mrs Brown)

DICTATION 3 Who are they?/ They're Mr and Mrs Long./ The plural of man/ is men./ The plural of woman/ is women./ These windows are red and blue,/ those are yellow and grey./ Sixteen, seventeen, eighteen,/ nineteen, twenty./ The letters/ of the alphabet/ are: abc-def-ghi-kl mno-pqr-stu-vwx-yz./ A is before b/ and j is after i./ E is between/ d and f.

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LESSON 13

SEE CHART 4

ANYBODY ? • SOMEBODY non–specific NOT ANYBODY

WHO ? MRS. BROWN ETC. specific NOBODY Show the students the Chart and explain that Both "anybody" and "somebody" mean "......", but, as with "any" and "some", we use "anybody" for the interrogative and negative and "somebody" for the positive. For example, we say "Is there anybody sitting here? Yes, there's somebody sitting here. Is there anybody sitting there? No, there isn't anybody sitting there". Also explain that Anybody is non–specific and has a non-specific answer, whilst "who" is specific and has a specific answer – Mrs Brown: Mr Smith etc., or nobody. WHAT DO THE WORDS "ANYBODY" AND "SOMEBODY" MEAN ? The words "anybody"

and "somebody" mean .....

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ANYBODY" AND "SOMEBODY" ?/ The difference between + "anybody" and "somebody" is that we use

"anybody" in interrogative and negative sentences, whilst we use "somebody" in positive sentences

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ANYBODY alguién IS THERE ANYBODY IN THIS ROOM ? Yes, there's – somebody in this room

IS THERE ANYBODY SPEAKING TO YOU ? Yes, there's somebody speaking to me

IS THERE ANYBODY SITTING THERE ON THAT CHAIR ? Yes, there's

somebody sitting there on that chair

NOT ANYBODY nadie CORRIDOR / pasillo IS THERE ANYBODY SITTING ON THE FLOOR ? + No, there isn't

anybody sitting on the floor

IS THERE ANYBODY IN THIS ROOM WEARING A HAT ? – No, there isn't

anybody in this room wearing a hat

IS THERE ANYBODY IN THE CORRIDOR ? No there isn't anybody in the corridor

NOBODY nadie WHO'S SPEAKING ENGLISH IN THIS ROOM ?/ + We're speaking English in this room

WHO'S SPEAKING [FRENCH] IN THIS ROOM ? Nobody's + speaking [French] in this room

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WHO'S WEARING CLOTHES IN THIS ROOM ? We're wearing clothes in this room

WHO'S WEARING A HAT IN THIS ROOM ? Nobody's wearing a hat in this room

WHO'S GIVING YOU AN ENGLISH LESSON ?/ You're giving me an English lesson

WHO'S IN THE CORRIDOR ? Nobody's in the corridor

WALK andar, caminar Explain that I'm walking. I'm walking to the window. As you say the

word "walking", move your first two fingers in a walking fashion.

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're walking

WHERE AM I WALKING TO ? You're walking to the window

DO YOU LIKE WALKING ? Yes, I like walking … or … + No, I don't like walking

DOES HE / SHE LIKE WALKING ? Yes, he/she likes walking … or… No, he/she doesn't like walking, but …

THE SAME ... AS • DIFFERENT ... FROM JAPAN / el mismo que diferente de Japón

This book's the same as this book, but that book's different from this book. Stress the article "the", and also the article "a" in the last two

answers below.

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ARE YOUR SHOES THE SAME AS MY SHOES ? No, – my shoes aren't the same as

your shoes, but they're different from your shoes

ARE THE FRENCH THE SAME AS THE RUSSIANS ? No, the French aren't the same as

the Russians, but they're different from the Russians

ARE YOUR EYES THE SAME COLOUR AS YOUR MOUTH ?/ No, my eyes aren't the same colour as my mouth,

but they're a different colour from my mouth

DO THE PEOPLE IN GERMANY / SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE AS THE PEOPLE IN JAPAN ? No, the people + in Germany don't speak the

same language as the people in Japan, but they speak a different language from the people in Japan

The strokes in the long questions throughout the Method show the teacher where to pause and repeat the segment that he has just spoken before moving on to the next segment. If he asks the questions in one continuous piece, the students will become confused – that is, until after the second or third revision.

WHICH IS IT RIGHT TO SAY, "PEOPLE ARE" OR "PEOPLE IS" ?/ It's right to say "people are" STUDENTS READ LESSON 9 ON PAGE 57 MR. BROWN'S del señor Brown

Point to Chart One, and say This is the suit of Mr Brown, or this is Mr Brown's suit. We prefer to use "Mr Brown's suit" and not "the suit of Mr Brown". Next, point to Mrs Brown's dress, then to Mr Brown, and ask

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IS THIS MR BROWN'S DRESS ? No, it isn't Mr Brown's + dress, but it's Mrs Brown's dress

IS THIS MR BROWN'S SHIRT ? Yes, it's Mr Brown's shirt

Point to your own arm, and ask

IS THIS MR BROWN'S ARM ? No, it isn't Mr Brown's arm, but it's Mr .....'s arm

Point to the student's ear, and ask

IS THIS MR ..............'S EAR ? No, it isn't Mr .....'s ear, but it's ..... 's ear

STAND UP SIT DOWN UP DOWN / levantarse, ponerse en pié sentarse arriba abajo With the appropriate actions, explain that I'm standing up. I'm sitting down. My right hand's moving up and down. Before demonstrating “up” and “down”, you must first sit down.

WHAT'S MY RIGHT HAND DOING ? Your right hand's – moving up and down

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're standing up –

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're sitting down –

DO YOU SIT DOWN AFTER THE LESSON ? No, I don't sit down after the lesson, but I stand up after the lesson

CALL 300 llamar

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Touch your body and your clothes etc., and explain that We call this a mouth, we call this a tie etc.

WHAT DO WE CALL THIS ?/ We call this an arm – (or a handkerchief, a leg etc.)

Select about three or four things. WHAT DO WE CALL THE PEOPLE IN FRANCE ? We call the

people in France French

WHAT DO WE CALL THE THING WE WEAR ON OUR HEADS ? We call the thing we wear on our heads a hat –

CAN'T no poder CANNOT no poder The negative of "can" is "cannot", and the contraction is "can't".

WHAT'S THE NEGATIVE OF "CAN" ?/ The negative of "can" is "cannot"

WHAT'S THE CONTRACTION OF "CANNOT" ? – The contraction of "cannot" is "can't"

CAN YOU SPEAK [CHINESE] ? No, I can't speak [Chinese] +

CAN YOU PUT THE TABLE INTO YOUR POCKET ? No, I can't put the

table into my pocket

CAN YOU TOUCH THE CEILING ? No, I can't touch the ceiling

EXERCISE 4

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LESSON 14

QUARTER cuarto

One is a quarter of four. Ten's a quarter of forty.

HOW MUCH IS A QUARTER OF FORTY ? Ten is a quarter of forty

HOW MUCH IS A QUARTER OF A THOUSAND ? 250 is a + quarter of a thousand

WHAT'S A QUARTER OF TEN ? Two-and-a-half is a quarter of ten

WHAT'S A QUARTER OF FIVE ?/ One-and-a-quarter is a quarter of five

TEACH LEARN SPANISH enseñar aprender Español I'm teaching you English, and you're learning English from me.

ARE YOU TEACHING ME ENGLISH ? No, I'm not teaching you English, but I'm learning

English from you

DO YOU LEARN SPANISH ? No, I don't learn Spanish, + but I learn English

DO YOU LIKE LEARNING A LANGUAGE ? Yes, I like learning a language … or …

No, I don't like learning a language

DOES HE/ SHE LIKE LEARNING A LANGUAGE ? Yes, he/she likes … or … No, he/she doesn't like …

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EASY DIFFICULT GRAMMAR / fácil difícil gramática IS ENGLISH GRAMMAR DIFFICULT ? No, English grammar – isn't difficult, but it's easy

IS CHINESE AN EASY LANGUAGE TO LEARN ? No, Chinese isn't

an easy language to learn, but it's a difficult language to learn

IS IT DIFFICULT FOR YOU TO SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE ? No, it isn't difficult for + me to speak my language, but it's easy

IS IT GENERALLY EASY FOR PEOPLE TO WRITE WITH THEIR LEFT HAND ?/ No, it isn't generally

easy for people to write with their left hand, but it's difficult

HANG colgar MAP mapa WHAT'S MY PEN DOING ? Your pen's hanging between your – finger and your thumb

WHAT'S HANGING FROM THE CEILING ? The light's + hanging from the ceiling

IS THERE A MAP HANGING ON THAT WALL ? No, there isn't a map hanging on that wall,

but there's a picture …


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BY • CAR BUS TRAIN SCHOOL / en coche autobús tren colegio, escuela DO YOU GO HOME AFTER THE LESSON BY CAR, BY BUS, BY TRAIN OR DO YOU WALK HOME ? I ....... –

WHICH DO YOU PREFER, TO WALK OR GO BY CAR ?/ + I prefer to .....

DO YOU COME TO SCHOOL BY TRAIN OR BY BUS ? I come to school by .....

DOES HE / SHE COME TO SCHOOL BY TRAIN OR BY BUS ? He/she comes to school by .....

MARRIED casado/a SINGLE soltero/a ARE YOU MARRIED ?/ Yes, I'm married … or … + No, I'm not …, but I'm …

IS MR BROWN SINGLE ? No, Mr Brown isn't single, but he's married

HUSBAND marido, esposo WIFE mujer, esposa HAS MR BROWN A WIFE ? Yes, Mr Brown has a wife +

HAS MRS BROWN A HUSBAND ? Yes, Mrs Brown has + a husband

IS MRS BROWN'S HUSBAND STANDING BEHIND THE HOUSE ?/ No, Mrs Brown's husband – isn't standing behind the house,

but he's standing in front of the house

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MOTHER madre FATHER padre WHAT'S YOUR MOTHER'S NAME ? My mother's name is ..... –

WHAT'S YOUR FATHER'S NAME ? My father's name is ..... WHAT'S YOUR FATHER'S WIFE'S NAME ? My father's + wife's name is .....

WHAT'S YOUR MOTHER'S HUSBAND'S NAME ? + My mother's husband's name is .....

Explain, if necessary, that your father's wife is your mother and that your mother's husband is your father. If such questions are too complicated leave them out.

CHILD niño/a, hijo/a CHILDREN / niños/as, hijos/as The plural of "child" is "children"

WHAT'S THE PLURAL OF CHILD ? The plural of child is + children

HOW MANY CHILDREN HAVE YOUR MOTHER AND FATHER ? My mother and father have ..... children –

ARE YOU YOUR FATHER'S ONLY CHILD ? Yes, I'm ... or ... No, I'm not ..., but my father has ...

DICTATION 4 We are/ in front of them,/ and they are/ behind us./ There are/ five vowels/ in the English alphabet,/ a e i o u./ I'm the teacher/ and

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you're the pupil./ Thirty, forty, fifty,/ sixty, seventy,/ eighty, ninety,/ a hundred, a thousand,/ a million./ Thirty plus thirteen/ equals forty–three./ There's a shoe/ on the floor./ This is/ neither a sock/ nor a jacket,/ but it's a suit./ Now put the book here,/ please.

LESSON 15

ONE ... THE OTHER • uno ... el otro, una ... la otra Put one hand on the table and the other on your arm, and say Both my hands aren't on the table, but one's on the table and the other's on my arm.

ARE BOTH MY HANDS ON THE TABLE ? No, both your – hands aren't on the table,

but one's on the table and the other's on your arm

ARE BOTH MY HANDS CLOSED ? No, both your hands + aren't closed, but one's closed and

the other's open

ARE BOTH THESE PENCILS RED ? No, both these pencils aren't red, but one's red

and the other's grey

KIND tipo, clase WHAT'S THIS ? It's a book

WHAT KIND OF BOOK IS THIS ?/ It's an English book

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WHAT KIND OF ROOM IS THIS ? It's a classroom –

WHAT KIND OF CAR DO YOU PREFER ? I prefer ..... +

PRONOUN • pronombre PREPOSITION preposición Explain that The words "what, which, where" etc. are interrogative pronouns. Then say

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, PLEASE Some examples of interrogative pronouns are "what, which" and "where"

The words "on, under, in" etc. are prepositions.

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF PREPOSITIONS, PLEASE / Some examples of prepositions are "on, under," and "in"

With an interrogative pronoun (what, where etc.)/ the preposition (on, under, in etc.)/ generally comes last in the sentence and not first./ For example, we say "What do we write with ?" and not "With what do we write" ? Do not confuse the students at this stage by telling them that in written English the preposition is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. WHERE DOES THE PREPOSITION GENERALLY COME / IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE / WITH AN INTERROGATIVE

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PRONOUN ?/ The preposition + generally comes last in an English sentence

with an interrogative pronoun

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE "What do we write + with?" and not "With what do we write?"

WHAT DO WE SPEAK WITH ? We speak with our mouths –

WHERE AM I TAKING THE BOOK FROM ? You're taking – the book from the table

WHAT AM I PUTTING THE PEN UNDER ? You're putting the pen under the book

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST Norte Sur Este Oeste CARDINAL cardinal POINT / punto North, south, east and west we call the four cardinal points. Explain what you mean on a map on the wall. If there is no map, then point in the air with your finger at the four points of the compass, or translate.

TELL ME THE NAMES OF THE FOUR CARDINAL POINTS, PLEASE The names of the four cardinal points are +

IS GREECE WEST OF ITALY ? No, Greece isn't west of – Italy, but it's east of Italy

IS PARIS IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE ? No, Paris isn't in – the south of France, but it's in the

north of France

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IS GERMANY EAST OR WEST OF ITALY ?/ Germany is neither east nor west of Italy,

but it's north of Italy


PLACE sitio, lugar SOME OF • algunos de HOW MANY PLACES ARE THERE IN THIS ROOM ? – There are ..... places

in this room

IS THERE ANYBODY SITTING IN THAT PLACE ? Yes, there's somebody ... or ... No, there isn't anybody ...

TELL ME THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE PLACES YOU LIKE IN THIS COUNTRY ? / The names of some + of the places I like in this country are ...

WITHOUT sin CONTRARY contrario, opuesto The contrary of "with" is "without". We can write with a pen or a pencil, but we can't write without a pen or a pencil. Each time you say the word "without" you could accompany it with the placing of your hands crossways, one on top of the other, palms downwards and then with a rapid sideways movement cut the air with them. All such movements help to keep the students' attention on you.

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "WITH" ? The contrary of + "with" is "without"

CAN WE WRITE WITHOUT A PEN OR A PENCIL ? No, we can't write without

a pen or a pencil

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CAN WE SPEAK WITHOUT OPENING OUR MOUTHS ? – No, we can't speak

without opening our mouths

CAN YOU READ WITHOUT OPENING YOUR EYES ?/ No, I can't read without

opening my eyes

VERB • NOUN • TRANSLATION verbo sustantivo traducción A verb is a word we use for an action:/ for example, / "take, put, open, close etc." are verbs,/ whilst a noun is the name of a thing:/ for example,/ "book, picture, wall etc"./ The word "translate" is a verb,/ whilst the word "translation" is a noun./ The word "mean" is a verb,/ whilst the word "meaning" is a noun.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A VERB AND A NOUN ? The difference between + a verb and a noun is that a verb is a word we use for an

action, whilst a noun is the name of a thing

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF A VERB, PLEASE – "Take" is a verb

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF A NOUN "Book" is a noun

IS THE WORD "TRANSLATION" A VERB OR A NOUN ?/ The word "translation"

is a noun

DURING durante ABOUT alrededor de

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DO WE SPEAK ........ DURING THE LESSON ? No, we don't speak ..... during the

lesson, but we speak English

DO YOU WALK ABOUT THE ROOM DURING THE LESSON ? No, I don't walk about the room + during the lesson, but I sit on my chair

DOES HE / SHE WALK ABOUT THE ROOM DURING THE LESSON ? No, he/she doesn't

walk about the room during the lesson, but he/she sits on his/her chair

ABOUT HOW MANY QUESTIONS DO YOU ANSWER DURING THE LESSON ? I answer about ..... – questions during the lesson

EXERCISE 5

LESSON 16

SOME ... SOME • algunos(as) … algunos(as) Go straight into the questions and, as the student tries to answer, move your hand as in a benediction, and sway first to your left then to your right, as with "neither ... nor", and answer with him.

ARE ALL THE PEOPLE IN THIS TOWN (CITY OR VILLAGE) MEN ? No, not all the people in this town are – men, but some are men and some are women

ARE ALL THE CARS IN EUROPE FORDS ? No, not all the + cars in Europe are Fords, but some are

Fords and some are Fiats, Renaults, Volkswagens, Datsuns, etc

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ARE ALL THE PEOPLE IN THIS PLACE MARRIED ? No, not all the people

in this place are married, but some are married and some are single

DO ALL THE PEOPLE IN EUROPE SPEAK SPANISH ? / – No, not all the people

in Europe speak Spanish, but some speak Spanish and some speak other languages

SEE CHART 4

ANYTHING SOMETHING non–specific NOT ANYTHING

WHAT ? A LIGHT specific NOTHING

Show the students Chart 4,and explain that "Anything" and "something" both mean the same thing, but we use "anything" for the interrogative and negative and "something" for the positive./ For example, we say "Have I anything in my right hand? Yes, you've something in your right hand. Have I anything in my left hand? No, you haven't anything in your left hand."/ Also explain that "Anything" we use in a non–specific question, whilst "What?" is specific and has a specific answer – "a light, a book etc.", or "nothing". It may not be necessary to explain all this, as it is the

same as for "any" and "anybody" and should be evident from the Chart. How much you explain will depend on the ability of the students to understand.

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ANYTHING / algo HAVE I ANYTHING IN MY RIGHT HAND ? Yes, you've + something in your right hand

IS THERE ANYTHING ON THE TABLE ? Yes, there's – something on the table

ARE YOU WEARING ANYTHING ON YOUR FEET ?/ Yes, I'm wearing something on my feet

NOT ANYTHING nada HAVE I ANYTHING IN MY LEFT HAND ? No, you haven't + anything in your left hand

IS THERE ANYTHING THERE ON THE FLOOR ?/ – No, there isn't anything

there on the floor

ARE YOU WEARING ANYTHING ON YOUR HEAD ? No, I'm not wearing

anything on my head


NOTHING nada WHAT HAVE I IN MY RIGHT HAND ? You've a pen +

WHAT HAVE I IN MY LEFT HAND ? You've nothing in + your left hand

WHAT'S ON THE TABLE ?/ There are some books, some pens etc. on the table (Stress the word "some") 95


WHAT'S THERE ON THE FLOOR ? There's nothing there on the floor

WHAT ARE YOU WEARING ON YOUR FEET ? I'm wearing shoes on my feet

WHAT ARE YOU WEARING ON YOUR HEAD ? I'm wearing nothing on my head

FRONT BACK TOP BOTTOM SIDE parte delantera parte de atrás parte de arriba parte de abajo lado

Take a book, and say This is the front of the book. This is the back of the book. This is the top of the book. This is the bottom of the book. And this is the side of the book. Then repeat "front: back: top: bottom: side". If necessary, repeat the same process using your head in place of the book. Use the complete sentence for each word, i.e. This is the ..... of the book etc., as it gives the students time to think and ponder on the new word.

WHAT PART OF THE BOOK IS THIS ?/ It's the front + (back, top, bottom, side) of the book IS THIS THE FRONT PART OF MY BODY ? No, it isn't

the front part of your body, but it's the back part of your body

Balance a pen on the top of a book, and ask

WHERE'S THE PEN ? The pen's on the top of the book

WHAT'S ON THE TOP OF MY HEAD ? Your hair is on the – top of your head

ARE MY EARS ON THE BACK OF MY HEAD ?/ No, your – ears aren't on the back of your head, but they're on the sides of your head

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ARE YOU SITTING ON MY LEFT–HAND SIDE OR ON MY RIGHT–HAND SIDE ? I'm sitting on your ..... –

SMELL oler, olor

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're smelling your wrist +

WHAT DO WE SMELL WITH ?/ We smell with our noses

HAS THE TABLE ANY SMELL ? No, the table hasn't any smell

ADDRESS dirección STREET 350 calle The address of this school is 33 ..... Street, (and then the name of the town)

WHAT'S THE ADDRESS OF THIS SCHOOL ? The address + of this school is ..... Street

WHAT'S YOUR ADDRESS ? My address is ..... Street DICTATION 5 The capital of England/ is not a town/ but a city./ Greece, Italy and France/ are in Europe,/ and China and India/ are in Asia./ Moscow's the capital of Russia,/ not Athens./ How much is/ thirty plus fifteen ?/ There are a number of shirts,/ ties and hats/ in this room./ The cardinal numbers are/ one, two, three etc./ This is my coat.

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LESSON 17

MANY • FEW • MATCH muchos/as pocos/as fósforo, cerilla MATCHBOX caja de fósforos, caja de cerillas ARE THERE MANY PEOPLE IN A SMALL VILLAGE ? + No, there aren't

many people in a small village, but there are few people in a small village

ARE THERE FEW PEOPLE IN A LARGE CITY ? No, there – aren't few people in a large city,

but there are many people in a large city

HAVE YOU AND I MANY PENS ?/ No, you and I haven't many pens, but we've few pens

ARE THERE FEW MATCHES IN A MATCHBOX ? No, there aren't few

matches in a matchbox, but there are many matches in a matchbox

FRIEND amigo HAVE YOU ANY FRIENDS ? Yes, I have some friends –

DO YOU LIKE ALL YOUR FRIENDS ? Yes, I like all my friends... or... No, I don’t like all my

friends, but some I like and some I dislike

ARE THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE GENERALLY FRIENDS NOW ?/ Yes, the countries of Europe + are generally friends now

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INTO • IN • THAT ANOTHER dentro de, en dentro de, en que otro/a I'm putting my pen into my pocket. My pen is in my pocket. I'm coming into the room. I'm in the room now. We use "into" for a thing that moves from one place to another, and "in" for a thing that remains in one place.

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're putting your pen into your pocket –

WHERE'S MY PEN NOW ? Your pen's in your pocket now –

Go out of the classroom, and, as you come back in, ask

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're coming into the classroom

WHERE AM I NOW ? You're in the classroom now

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "INTO" AND "IN" ?/ + The difference between

"into" and "in" is that we use "into" for a thing that moves from one place to another, and "in" for a

thing that remains in one place


LIKE • como This book is like this book here, but this book is different from that book there.

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WHAT DOES THE WORD "LIKE" MEAN (NOT THE VERB) ? The word "like" means .....

IS THIS BOOK LIKE THAT BOOK ? Yes, this book is like – that book

IS THE BACK OF YOUR HAND LIKE THE FRONT ?/ + No, the back of my

hand isn't like the front, but it's different from the front

IS YOUR FACE THE SAME AS YOUR FATHER'S ? No, my face isn't the same as my

father's, but it's like my father's

WHY BECAUSE SIMILAR TOO GREENWICH por qué porque similar demasiado Greenwich "Why" and "because" have similar meanings, but we generally use "why" in questions and "because" in the answers. Translate "too" as you help the student to answer the third question.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "WHY" AND "BECAUSE" ? The difference between

"why" and "because" is that we generally use "why" in questions and "because" in the answers

CAN YOU TOUCH THE CEILING ? No, I can't touch the + ceiling

WHY NOT ?/ Because the ceiling's too high for me to touch +

CAN YOU PUT THIS BOOK INTO YOUR POCKET ? No, I can't put that book into my pocket

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WHY NOT ? Because that book's too large to go into my pocket CAN WE CALL GREENWICH (IN ENGLAND) A CITY ? No, + we can't call Greenwich (in England) a city

WHY NOT ? Because Greenwich is too small for us to call a – city: Greenwich is a town

SECOND MINUTE HOUR MAKE segundo minuto hora hacer Sixty seconds make a minute. Sixty minutes make an hour.

HOW MANY SECONDS MAKE A MINUTE ?/ Sixty seconds + make a minute

HOW MANY MINUTES MAKE AN HOUR ? Sixty minutes + make an hour

CAN YOU MAKE A SUIT ? Yes, I can make a suit … or … + No, I can't … ADJECTIVE adjetivo

The words black, white, large, small, high, low etc. are adjectives.

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVES, PLEASE – Some examples of

adjectives are black, white ....

IS THE WORD "BOOK" AN ADJECTIVE ?/ No, the word "book" isn't an adjective,

but it's a noun

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WHICH WORD IS THE ADJECTIVE IN THIS SENTENCE: "THE GREEN PEN IS ON THE FLOOR" ? The word + "green" is the adjective in this sentence SEE ver, mirar Point to your eyes for these questions

WHAT CAN YOU SEE IN THIS ROOM ? I can see some + pupils, some pictures, some

books etc. in this room

CAN YOU SEE HER ? Yes, I can see her

CAN YOU SEE ANYTHING IN MY LEFT HAND ? – No, I can't see

anything in your left hand EXERCISE 6

LESSON 18

FOOD comida, alimento DO YOU LIKE FOOD ? Yes, I like food –

DO YOU LIKE ALL FOOD ? Yes, I like all food ... or ... No, I don't like all food, but some I like and some I dislike

DO PEOPLE GENERALLY DISLIKE THE SMELL OF FOOD ? No, people don't generally dislike + the smell of food, but they like the smell of food

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SON hijo DAUGHTER hija HOW MANY SONS HAS YOUR FATHER ?/ My father – has ..... sons

HOW MANY DAUGHTERS HAS YOUR MOTHER ? – My mother has ..... daughters

ARE YOU A SON OR A DAUGHTER ? I'm a ..... +

BROTHER hermano SISTER hermana HAVE YOU ANY BROTHERS ? Yes, I have a brother/some

brothers … or … No, I haven't any brothers

HAVE YOU ANY SISTERS ? Yes, I have a sister/some sisters … or … No, I haven't any sisters

HOW MANY BROTHERS AND SISTERS HAVE YOU ?/ + I've ..... PARENTS RELATIONS FAMILY SUCH AS padres parientes, familiares familia tal como, tales como UNCLE AUNT COUSIN tío tía primo/a Parents are mother and father, whilst relations are all the other people in the family, such as brothers, sisters .... You can then lead naturally on to uncles, aunts, cousins etc.

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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARENTS AND RELATIONS? The difference between parents and relations is that + parents are mother and father, whilst relations

are all the other people in the family, such as, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins, etc

WHAT DOES THE WORD "UNCLE" MEAN ? The word + "uncle" means .....

Also ask the above question for aunt and cousin. MORE ... THAN • mas … que Hold up your hands, and say, I've eight fingers and two thumbs on my hands. I've more fingers than thumbs on my hands. Then ask

HAVE YOU MORE FINGERS THAN THUMBS ON YOUR HANDS ?/ Yes, I've more

fingers than thumbs on my hands

ARE THERE MORE PEOPLE IN A TOWN THAN IN A VILLAGE ? Yes, there are more + people in a town than in a village

ARE THERE MORE PAGES IN THIS BOOK THAN IN THAT BOOK ? Yes, there are more – pages in this book than in that book


BREAK romper, quebrar

Pretend to be breaking your pen.

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WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're breaking your pen

CAN YOU BREAK THE WINDOW WITH AN ASH–TRAY ? + Yes, I can break

the window with an ash–tray

CAN YOU BREAK THE TABLE IN YOUR HANDS ? No, I can't break

the table in my hands OUT OF • fuera de

I'm putting my pen into my pocket. My pen is in my pocket. I'm taking my pen out of my pocket. I'm coming into the room. I'm in the room. I'm going out of the room. Repeat the words "into, in, out of ". WHAT AM I DOING ? You're putting your pen into your pocket +

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're taking your pen out of your + pocket

WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're going out of the classroom

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're taking your hands out of your – pockets

DO YOU GO OUT OF THE CLASSROOM BEFORE THE LESSON ? No, I don't go out

of the classroom before the lesson, but I come into the classroom before the lesson

THINK pensar, creer

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When asking a question with the word "think", tap your forehead with your forefinger. ABOUT HOW MANY PEOPLE DO YOU THINK THERE ARE IN FRANCE (OR ITALY ETC.) ? I think there

are about ..... people in .....

DO YOU THINK THERE'S ANYBODY IN THE OTHER ROOM ?/ Yes, I think there's + somebody in the other room... or... No I don't

think there's anybody in the other room

WHAT DO YOU THINK I HAVE IN MY POCKET ? I think you've ..... in your pocket

GOOD BAD GOOD AT BAD AT bien mal bueno/a en malo/a en IS THIS A BAD PEN ? No, it isn't a bad pen, but it's a good pen

DO YOU THINK THAT'S A GOOD PICTURE ? Yes, I think … or … No, I don't think …

ARE ALL CHILDREN GOOD CHILDREN ?/ No, not all children are good children, but some are good and some are bad

ARE ALL PUPILS GOOD AT LEARNING LANGUAGES ? + No, not all pupils are good at

learning languages, but some are good at learning languages and some are bad at learning languages

INSTEAD OF en vez de, en lugar de DO YOU PREFER TEA INSTEAD OF COFFEE ? Yes, – I prefer tea instead of coffee... or...

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No, I don't prefer tea instead of coffee, but I prefer coffee instead of tea

DO YOU PREFER COMING TO SCHOOL INSTEAD OF GOING TO THE CINEMA ? No, I don't prefer coming to school – instead of going to the cinema, but I prefer

going to the cinema instead of coming to school

DO YOU PREFER WALKING INSTEAD OF GOING BY CAR ? Yes, I prefer walking + instead of going by car... or... No, I don't

prefer walking instead of going by car, but I .....

DICTATION 6 We're reading,/ not writing./ That's his pullover/ and these are/ her stockings./ These are/ our skirts./ Those are/ their trousers./ Your handkerchief/ is in/ your pocket./ Her blouse is grey./ Miss Smith/ is neither French/ nor German,/ but English./ Give me/ the last card/ in your hand./ We say/ one person,/ but two people./ He's coming from London/ and going to Peking./ This is my finger/ not my thumb. LESSON 19 BREAD pan BUTTER mantequilla RICE arroz Pretend to spread butter on the palm of one hand with the index finger of the other hand. For students who eat rice rather than bread, you can change the word “bread” to “rice” in some of the following questions.

WHAT DO WE PUT ON OUR BREAD ? We put butter + on our bread

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DO YOU LIKE BREAD WITHOUT BUTTER ? Yes, I like … or … No, I don't like …

WHAT COLOUR'S BUTTER ? Butter's yellow or white

DO YOU PREFER WHITE OR BROWN BREAD ?/ I prefer ..... bread

CARRY llevar, cargar

Pick up your chair, walk to the window with it, and say I'm carrying my chair to the window. WHAT AM I DOING ? You're carrying your chair to the window

CAN YOU CARRY THIS TABLE ON YOUR BACK FROM HERE INTO THE NEXT ROOM ? No, I can't carry

this table on my back from here into the next room

AM I CARRYING A TIE (OR DRESS ETC.) ?/ No, you + aren't carrying a tie,

but you're wearing a tie

AM I WEARING A HANDKERCHIEF ? No, you aren't – wearing a handkerchief,

but you're carrying a handkerchief

HAVE GOT • RHYTHM BAG NO tener ritmo bolso/a no We generally use the word "got" with the verb "to have."/ The word "got" has no meaning, but we use it for rhythm./ (For the

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word "rhythm", undulate your hand horizontally). There is no difference between "I have a pen" and "I have got a pen". WITH THE VERB "TO HAVE" WHAT DOES THE WORD "GOT" MEAN ? With the verb "to have" + the word "got" means nothing

WHY DO WE USE IT ?/ We use it for rhythm +

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "I HAVE A BOOK" AND "I HAVE GOT A BOOK" ? There's no difference + between "I have a book" and "I have got a book"

HAVE YOU GOT A PEN ? Yes, I've got a pen –

HAVE YOU GOT ANYTHING IN YOUR POCKET (OR BAG) ?/ Yes, I've got something in my pocket (or bag) –

WHAT HAVE YOU GOT ON YOUR FEET ? I've got – shoes on my feet

STUDENTS READ LESSON 15 ON PAGE 88 HEAR oir Cup your hand around your ear. CAN YOU HEAR ME SPEAKING TO YOU ? Yes, I can hear you speaking to me

CAN YOU HEAR ANYBODY IN THE OTHER ROOM? Yes, I can hear somebody

in the other room ... or... No, I can't hear anybody in the other room

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Point to your ear.

WHAT DO WE HEAR WITH ?/ We hear with our ears + DRIVE conducir Move your hands as if you were driving a car. CAN YOU DRIVE A CAR ? Yes, I can drive a car … or …

No, I can't … IS THERE ANYBODY IN YOUR FAMILY WHO CAN (OR CANNOT) DRIVE A CAR ? Yes, there's somebody + in my ... or... No, there isn't anybody .....

MONEY dinero POUND libra, esterlina HOW MUCH MONEY HAVE YOU GOT IN YOUR POCKET (OR BAG) ?/ I've got about ..... +

HOW MANY ..................... (DOLLARS, RUBLES, YEN, EUROS ETC.) MAKE A POUND ? About ...... (dollars, rubles, yen, euros – etc.) make a pound

HOW MANY ....................... MAKE A MILLION POUNDS ? + ..... million (dollars, rubles, yen, euros etc.) make a million pounds FEWER ... THAN • menos … que

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For the words "more" and "fewer", as you ask the question and the student answers, put both hands out level (palms down): for "more", raise one hand higher than the other, and for "fewer" or "less", lower it below the level of the other. I've two thumbs and eight fingers on my hands. I've fewer thumbs than fingers on my hands.

HAVE I MORE THUMBS THAN FINGERS ON MY HANDS ?/ No, you haven't more

thumbs than fingers on your hands, but you've fewer thumbs than fingers on your hands

ARE THERE MORE PAGES IN THIS BOOK THAN IN THAT BOOK ? No, there aren't more – pages in this book than in that book, but there

are fewer pages in this book than in that book

ARE THERE MORE PEOPLE IN EUROPE THAN IN ASIA ? + No, there aren't more

people in Europe than in Asia, but there are fewer people in Europe than in Asia

ARE THERE MORE TABLES IN THIS SCHOOL THAN CHAIRS ?/ No, there aren't more – tables in this school than chairs, but there are

fewer tables in this school than chairs

WATCH reloj de (pulsera, bolsillo) CLOCK reloj de pared

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The difference between a watch and a clock is that we wear a watch on our wrist or carry it in our pocket, whilst a clock we hang on the wall or put on a table.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WATCH AND A CLOCK ? The difference between + a watch and a clock is that we wear

a watch on our wrist or carry it in our pocket, whilst a clock we hang on the wall or put on a table

The difference between "wear" and "carry" is that we use "wear" for a thing that is on the body, whilst we use "carry" for a thing that is not on the body. For example, I am wearing my watch on my wrist, but if I put it into my pocket, I am carrying it. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "WEAR" AND "CARRY" ?/ The difference between + "wear" and "carry" is that we use "wear" for .....

IS THERE A CLOCK IN THIS ROOM ? Yes, there's a ... – or... No, there isn't a .....

AM I CARRYING A WATCH ? No, you aren't carrying a – watch, but you're wearing a watch

WHAT ARE YOU CARRYING IN YOUR POCKET (OR BAG) ? I'm carrying ...... in my pocket (or bag)

EXERCISE 7

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LESSON 20

SEE CHART 6

TIME 400 PAST TO BY O'CLOCK hora pasados/as para por en punto Go through all the clocks asking

WHAT'S THE TIME BY THIS CLOCK ? It's 3 o'clock etc. +

WHAT'S THE TIME NOW, PLEASE ? It's .... o'clock now – With the numbers 5, 10, 20, and 25 we don't say "minutes". For example, we say "It's 5 past 3". With the numbers between one and five, five and ten etc. we say "minutes". For example, "It's 2 minutes past 4."

DAY WEEK MONTH YEAR / día semana mes año

60 seconds make a minute: 60 minutes make an hour: 24 hours make a day: 7 days make a week: 4 weeks make a month: 12 months make a year. HOW MANY SECONDS MAKE A MINUTE ? 60 seconds

make a minute

HOW MANY MINUTES MAKE AN HOUR ? 60 minutes – make an hour

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HOW MANY HOURS MAKE A DAY ? 24 hours make a day +

HOW MANY DAYS MAKE A WEEK ? 7 days make a week

HOW MANY WEEKS MAKE A MONTH ? 4 weeks make a month

HOW MANY MONTHS MAKE A YEAR ?/ 12 months make a year

MEAT carne SUGAR azúcar DO YOU LIKE MEAT ? Yes, I like meat … or …

No, I don't ...

WHAT COLOUR'S SUGAR ? Sugar's white or brown

DO YOU PUT SUGAR ON YOUR MEAT ? No, I don't put + sugar on my meat, but I put it in my tea or coffee

COUNT contar FROM .... TO desde ... hasta 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. I'm counting.

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're counting

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6, 7, 8, 9, 10. I'm counting the numbers from six to ten.

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're counting the numbers from six to ten

COUNT THE NUMBERS FROM 100 TO 105, PLEASE / + One hundred,

one hundred and one, one ....

WHAT'S HE/ SHE DOING ? He/She's counting the numbers + from 100 to 105

STUDENTS READ LESSON 16 ON PAGE 93 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES————————————————————— POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS———————————————————— •

MY mi MINE mío YOUR tu YOURS tuyo HIS su (de él) HIS suyo (de él) HER su (de ella) HERS suyo (de ella) ITS su (de ello / de él / de ella) ITS suyo (de ello) OUR nuestro OURS nuestro YOUR vuestro YOURS vuestro / de ustedes THEIR suyo THEIRS suyo (de ellos) ALSO / también

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The Possessive Adjectives are "my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their", whilst the Possessive Pronouns are "mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs". Stress the "s" at the end of the Possessive

Pronouns.

WHAT ARE THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ? The Possessive Adjectives

are "my, your ..."

WHAT ARE THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ? The Possessive Pronouns

are "mine, yours ..." The difference between a Possessive Adjective and a Possessive Pronoun is that we put the Possessive Adjective in front of a noun (for example, "This is my book") whilst we put a Possessive Pronoun after a noun, or verb (for example, "This book is mine"). A Possessive Pronoun we can also use instead of a noun. For example, instead of saying "That is her dress", we can say "That is hers". WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE AND A POSSESSIVE PRONOUN ?/ + The difference between a Possessive Adjective and a

Possessive Pronoun is that we put a Possessive Adjective in front of a noun, whilst we put a

Possessive Pronoun after a noun, or verb, or use it instead of a noun

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE This is my book...or... This book is mine... or... This is mine

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MINE (el) mío YOURS (el, los) tuyo(s) IS THIS YOUR EAR ? No, that isn't my ear, but it's your ear +

IS THIS EAR YOURS ? No, that ear isn't mine, but it's yours

IS THAT NOSE MINE ? No, this nose isn't yours, but it's mine

SEE CHART 1 or point to other students

HIS (el,la,los,las) suyo/a(s) (de él)

HERS (el,la,los,las) suyo/a(s) (de ella) Point to Mrs Brown's dress, then to Mr Brown, and ask

IS THAT DRESS HIS ?/ No, that dress isn't his, but it's hers +

IS THAT SUIT HERS ? No, that suit isn't hers, but it's his

ARE THOSE HANDS HIS ? No, those hands aren't his, but they're hers

ARE THOSE ARMS HERS ? No, those arms aren't hers,

but they're his

OURS (el,la,los,las) nuestro/a(s), (de nosotros)

THEIRS (el,la,los,las) suyo/a(s) (de ellos) Point to Mr and Mrs Brown's legs, and ask

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ARE THOSE LEGS OURS ? No, those legs aren't ours, + but they're theirs

Point to your wrists and the student's wrists, and then to Mr and Mrs Brown, and ask

ARE THESE THEIR WRISTS ? No, these aren't their wrists, but they're our wrists

ARE THESE WRISTS THEIRS ?/ No, these wrists aren't theirs, but they're ours

TO DO • AS INFINITIVE TAKE THE WORD hacer como infinitivo tomar la palabra We use the word "do" as an auxiliary verb, as in "Do you speak English ?" but it also means "......" – "to do". Verbs in the infinitive take the word "to" in front of them. For example, "to do : to come : to go" etc. GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF VERBS IN THE INFINITIVE, PLEASE Some examples of verbs + in the infinitive are – to come, to go, to take etc.

WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO DO" MEAN ? The verb + "to do" means .....

WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're going out of the room

WHAT DO I DO AFTER THE LESSON ? You go out of the room after the lesson

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're sitting down

WHAT DO YOU DO BEFORE THE LESSON ? I sit down before the lesson

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WHAT AM I DOING ? You're standing up +

WHAT DO YOU DO AFTER THE LESSON ? I stand up + after the lesson

DICTATION 7 This part of the body/ is a leg/ and this/ is an arm./ The plural of foot/ is feet./ There are twelve words/ in this sentence./ A verb is a word/ we use for an action./ What does the word/ "do" mean ?/ As an auxiliary verb/ it means nothing./ We say "the book",/ but "the ash–tray"./ Question mark, full–stop,/ comma./ The letter "a"/ isn't a consonant,/ but a vowel./ This answer is wrong./ That is right. LESSON 21

THE MOST • el más, las mayorìa, la mayor parte de Take three books, each with a different number of pages, then, referring to each one in turn, say, This book (the thickest book) has more pages than this book (the second thickest book), whilst this book (the second thickest book) has more pages than this book (the thinnest book). This book (the thickest book) has the most pages. OF THESE THREE BOOKS, WHICH BOOK HAS THE MOST PAGES ? Of these three books, – this book has the most pages

WHICH CITY IN THIS COUNTRY HAS THE MOST PEOPLE ? ..... is the city in this + country which has the most people

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WHICH PERSON IN YOUR FAMILY READS THE MOST BOOKS ?/ My ...... is the person – in my family who reads the most books

WHICH SCHOOL IN THIS TOWN HAS THE MOST PUPILS ? ..... is the school in this town which has the most pupils

BEAUTIFUL hermoso/a (s) UGLY feo/a (s) DO YOU THINK PARIS IS AN UGLY CITY ? No, I don't – think Paris is an ugly city,

but I think it's a beautiful city

DO YOU THINK .............. IS A BEAUTIFUL PLACE ?/ No, I + don't think ..... is a beautiful place,

but I think it's an ugly place

Insert into the above question the name of an ugly place known to the students DO YOU THINK (use here the name of a film star) IS UGLY ?

No, I don't think ..... is ugly, but I think she's beautiful

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST BEAUTIFUL PLACE IN THIS COUNTRY ? I think ..... is the – most beautiful place in this country

EAT comer For the word "eat", pretend to put a small piece of bread into your mouth and chew it, or pretend to eat with a knife and fork.

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WHAT AM I DOING ? You're eating

DO YOU EAT ALL FOOD ?/ No, I don't eat all food, but – some I eat and some I don't eat

DO YOU EAT BREAD WITHOUT BUTTER ? Yes, I eat bread... or... No, I don't eat bread...

Point to your mouth.

WHAT DO WE EAT WITH ? We eat with our mouths

DRINK beber Pretend to drink something. WHAT AM I DOING ? You're drinking

DO YOU DRINK TEA ? Yes, I drink tea... or... No, I don't + drink tea

CAN WE DRINK MEAT ?/ No, we can't drink meat, but we eat meat

METAL GOLD SILVER STEEL IRON metal oro plata acero hierro The names of four metals are "gold, silver, steel" and "iron".

TELL ME THE NAMES OF FOUR METALS, PLEASE + The names of four metals are gold,

silver, steel and iron


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MADE OF hecho de KEY / llave My watch is made of gold. A key is generally made of steel. For the word "key", point to the door and pretend to be turning a key.

WHAT'S MY WATCH MADE OF ? Your watch is made of ..... –

WHAT'S A KEY GENERALLY MADE OF ?/ A key's + generally made of steel

ARE YOU WEARING ANYTHING MADE OF SILVER ? Yes, I'm wearing something made of silver

... or ... No, I'm not ...

WHAT DOES THE WORD "IRON" MEAN ? The word "iron" means .....

COST costar (precio), costo HOW MUCH DO YOU THINK THIS PEN COSTS ? I think

this pen costs about .....

DO YOUR SHOES COST MORE THAN YOUR HANDKERCHIEF ?/ Yes, my shoes cost more than + my handkerchief

HOW MUCH DOES THE CINEMA COST IN THIS TOWN ? The cinema costs

about ..... in this town

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY lunes martes miércoles

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THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY jueves viernes sábado domingo The days of the week are Monday ... etc. TELL ME THE NAMES OF THE DAYS OF THE WEEK, PLEASE ?/ The names of the days of + the week are Monday, Tuesday ...

Each student names a day. If one student cannot remember, move immediately on to the next. Go through the days twice.

TODAY YESTERDAY TOMORROW hoy ayer mañana WAS WILL BE TO BE era, fué será, estará ser, estar Today is (for example) Wednesday. Yesterday was Tuesday. Tomorrow will be Thursday. For the words "yesterday" and "was", wave your hand as if throwing something over your shoulder. For "tomorrow" and "will be", make a circular movement forward with your index finger. For "today" point downwards with your index finger.

WHAT'S TODAY ? Today's ... –

WHAT WAS YESTERDAY ? Yesterday was ... –

WHAT WILL TOMORROW BE ? Tomorrow will be ... –

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WHAT WILL THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW BE ? The day + after tomorrow will be ...

WHAT WAS THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY ?/ The day + before yesterday was ...

WANT AT THE MOMENT querer en este momento Accompany the word "break" with appropriate actions, and translate "want" as you go.

DO YOU WANT TO BREAK YOUR PEN ? No, I don't want to break my pen

DO YOU WANT TO BREAK THE WINDOW ? No, I don't want to break the window

DO YOU WANT ANYTHING TO EAT AT THE MOMENT ? + Yes, I want something … or … No, I don't …

DO YOU WANT ANYTHING TO DRINK AT THE MOMENT ? Yes, I want something … or … No, I don't … EXERCISE 8 LESSON 22

BEGIN END LAST HOW LONG • empezar terminar durar cuánto tiempo

The lesson begins at three o'clock and ends at ten–to–four. The lesson lasts 50 minutes.

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AT WHAT TIME DOES THE LESSON BEGIN ? The lesson + begins at ...

AT WHAT TIME DOES THE LESSON END ? The lesson + ends at ....

HOW LONG DOES THE LESSON LAST ? The lesson lasts .... +

CHEAP EXPENSIVE ROLLS ROYCE / barato caro rolls royce

This pen costs ... . It's cheap. My watch (or a Rolls Royce) costs ... . It's expensive.

IS THIS PEN EXPENSIVE ? No, that pen isn't expensive, + but it's cheap

IS A ROLLS ROYCE CHEAP ? No, a Rolls Royce isn't cheap, but it's expensive

IS MY HANDKERCHIEF EXPENSIVE ? No, your handkerchief isn't expensive, but it's cheap

THE FEWEST • 450 los menos, la minorìa, la menor parte

As with "the most", take three books with a different number of pages, and say – This book has fewer pages than this book, whilst this book has fewer pages than this book. This book has the fewest pages. Then, pointing to the thinnest book, ask

OF THESE THREE BOOKS, HAS THIS BOOK THE MOST PAGES ? No, of these three books, that book + hasn't the most pages, but it has the fewest pages

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WHICH PERSON IN YOUR FAMILY READS THE FEWEST BOOKS ? My ..... is the person in my family who

reads the fewest books

OF THESE THREE COUNTRIES,/ GERMANY, FRANCE, AND GREECE,/ HAS GREECE THE MOST PEOPLE ?/ + No, of those three

countries, Greece hasn't the most people, but it has the fewest people

BUILDING edificio ABOUT HOW MANY ROOMS ARE THERE IN THIS BUILDING ? There are about ..... rooms in this building +

IS THIS BUILDING HIGH (OR LOW) ? No, this building isn't ..... , but it's .....

INSIDE OUTSIDE STOMACH interior, dentro exterior, fuera estómago Take a pencil–box, or some such container, and put your finger inside it, and say This is the inside of the box. Rub all round the outside with your finger and say This is the outside of the box. (Repeat the words "inside" and "outside".) WHAT PART OF THE BOX IS THIS ?/ It's the inside of – the box WHAT PART OF THE BOX IS THIS ? It's the outside of – the box WHAT CAN YOU SEE OUTSIDE THIS WINDOW ? I can – see a building etc. outside this window 126


ARE WE SITTING OUTSIDE IN THE CORRIDOR ? + No, we aren't sitting

outside in the corridor, but we're sitting inside the classroom

IS THERE ANY FOOD INSIDE OUR STOMACHS AFTER EATING ?/ Yes, there's some food inside

our stomachs after eating


A un, uno/a SOME • uno/a (s)

The plural of "a" is "some". For example, "I have a pen in my left hand. I have some pens in my right hand."

WHAT'S THE PLURAL OF "A" ? The plural of "a" is "some" +

WHAT'S THE PLURAL OF "A BOOK" ? The plural of "a book" is "some books"

WHAT CAN YOU SEE IN THIS CLASSROOM ? I can + see some books, some pens,

a teacher, a door etc. in this classroom

HAVE I "A" THUMB ON MY LEFT HAND ?/ Yes, you've "a" thumb on your left hand

HAVE I "ANY" FINGERS ON MY LEFT HAND ? Yes, you've "some"

fingers on your left hand

WATER WINE MILK agua vino leche

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The names of some drinks are "water, wine" and "milk".

For the following question, to prevent the students answering with "tea, coffee, whisky etc.", give them the words for "water etc." in their own language and ask them to translate. In the answer to the second question, stress the word "no". Also note that this is the first time "drink" has been introduced as a noun.

TELL ME THE NAMES OF SOME DRINKS, PLEASE ! + The names of some drinks are

"water, wine" and "milk"

WHAT COLOUR'S WATER ? Water has no colour +

DO YOU DRINK WINE ?/ Yes, I drink wine... or... No, – I don't drink wine

WHICH DO YOU PREFER, MILK OR WATER ? I prefer ..... – WELL bien CAN YOU HEAR WELL ? Yes, I can hear well +

CAN YOU SEE WELL ? Yes, I can see well –

CAN YOU SPEAK ............... WELL ? Yes, I can speak ..... well For the above question, fill in the space with the name of the student's own language.

FLOWER flor DO YOU LIKE THE SMELL OF FLOWERS ?/ Yes, I like the + smell of flowers

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HAVE YOU ANY FLOWERS AT HOME ? Yes, I've some flowers at home … or … No, I haven't any …

WHOSE de quién WHOSE BOOK'S THIS ? It's your book

WHOSE HAND'S THAT ? It's her hand

WHOSE SUIT'S THAT ? It's Mr Brown's suit LOVE amar, querer HATE odiar DO CHILDREN GENERALLY LOVE GOING TO SCHOOL ?/ + No, children don't generally love going to school,

but they generally hate going to school

DO CHILDREN HATE THEIR MOTHERS ? No, children – don't hate their mothers,

but they love their mothers

DO YOU LOVE EATING BAD FOOD ? No, I don't love eating bad food, but I hate eating bad food

DO YOU HATE ALL FOOD ? No, I don't hate all food, but some I hate and some I love

DICTATION 8 What is the meaning/ of the word "wrist" ?/ How many things/ are there here ?/ Her hair/ is on her head./ His chin,/ mouth and nose/ are on his face./ My eyes are blue./ The people of Scandinavia/ are tall./ He's asking us a question./ The name of her country/ is Germany./ Who are you ?/ The contraction/ of the verb "to have"/ is "I've, you've, he's etc."/ Have you any ears?/ Yes, two.

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LESSON 23

MEAL BREAKFAST LUNCH comida desayuno almuerzo DINNER A DAY MORNING EVENING cena al día mañana tarde People generally eat three meals a day, which we call breakfast, lunch and dinner./ We generally have breakfast at about 8 o'clock in the morning, lunch at about one o'clock and dinner at about 8 o'clock in the evening. There are other meals at other times, but the teacher should not comment on these at this stage of the students' studies.

TELL ME THE NAMES OF THE THREE MEALS THAT PEOPLE GENERALLY EAT A DAY/ The names of + the three meals that people generally eat

a day are breakfast, lunch and dinner

WHAT TIME DO YOU HAVE YOUR BREAKFAST ? I have + my breakfast at .....

WHAT TIME DO YOU HAVE YOUR LUNCH ? I have my lunch at .....

WHAT TIME DOES YOUR DINNER BEGIN ? My dinner – begins at .....

WHAT TIME DOES YOUR DINNER END ?/ My dinner – ends at .....

The above two questions are directed at one student. The one below, to a second student.

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HOW LONG DOES HIS/ HER DINNER LAST ? His / her – dinner lasts ...

KNIFE FORK CHOPSTICKS cuchillo tenedor palillos chinos Make the action of eating with a knife and fork (or chopsticks)

WHAT DO WE USE TO EAT WITH ? We use a knife and + fork (or chopsticks) to eat with

SEE CHART 7 MANY MORE... THAN THE MOST FEW FEWER... THAN THE FEWEST MUCH • MORE... THAN • THE MOST • LITTLE • LESS... THAN • THE LEAST •

EXCEPTION QUANTITY SINGULAR / excepción cantidad singular

"Many" and "much" have the same meaning, but we use "many" with things we can count./ For example, we can count pens – 1 pen, 2 pens, 3 pens etc. We can count books, chairs etc./ Generally, the things we can count take an "s" in the plural./

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"People" is an exception. It has no "s", but we use "many" with it./ "Much", on the other hand, we use with things we cannot count./ For example, we cannot count water or sugar./ We cannot say one water, two waters; one sugar, two sugars etc./ These things are a singular quantity, and take no "s". Money is no exception:/ we can count money, but we do not say one money, two monies. We say one pound, two pounds; one franc, two francs etc./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "MANY" AND "MUCH" ? The difference between + "many" and "much" is that we use

"many" with things we can count and "much" with things we can't count

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "MANY" IN IT, PLEASE There are many cars in a large city

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "MUCH" IN IT:/ I do not put much sugar in my tea

"Few" and "little" also have the same meaning, but we use "few" with things we can count, and "little" with things we cannot count. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "FEW" AND "LITTLE" ? The difference between + "few" and "little" is that we use "few" with things we

can count and "little" with things we can't count

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GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "FEW" IN IT, PLEASE There are few tables in this school

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "LITTLE" IN IT / I drink little milk

MANY muchos FEW pocos ARE THERE MANY PICTURES ON THESE WALLS ? No, there aren't many

pictures on these walls, but there are few pictures on these walls

ARE THERE FEW PEOPLE IN A LARGE CITY ? No, there – aren't few people in a large city,

but there are many people in a large city MUCH mucho LITTLE poco DO YOU DRINK MUCH WINE ?/ No, I don't drink much – wine, but I drink little wine

DO YOU EAT LITTLE BREAD ? No, I don't eat little bread, but I eat much bread


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FEWER ... THAN • LESS ... THAN • WHISKY BANK menos ... que menos ... que whisky banco

The difference between "fewer... than" and "less... than" is that we use "fewer... than" with things we can count, and "less... than" with things we cannot count. For example, "I have fewer thumbs than fingers. I drink less milk than water"./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "FEWER... THAN" AND "LESS... THAN" ? The difference between + "fewer... than" and "less... than" is that we use

"fewer... than" with things we can count, and "less... than" with things we can't count

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "FEWER... THAN" IN IT, PLEASE / There are fewer – pictures in this room than chairs

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "LESS... THAN" IN IT – I eat less food

than my brother

ARE THERE MORE PEOPLE IN EUROPE THAN IN ASIA ? No, there aren't

more people in Europe than in Asia, but there are fewer people in Europe than in Asia

DO YOU DRINK MORE WINE (OR WHISKY) THAN WATER ? No, I don't drink more wine than water, – but I drink less wine than water

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HAVE YOU MORE MONEY THAN THE BANK OF ENGLAND ?/ No, I don't have more + money than the Bank of England, but I've

less money than the Bank of England

DO YOU EAT MORE MEAT THAN BREAD ? No, I don't – eat more meat than bread,

but I eat less meat than bread The word "less" these days is often used in place of the word "fewer", probably because it has only one syllable and is easier to say. People often say such things as "less books" or "less people". Also, there is the argument about whether one can say "fewer than me" instead of "fewer than I"; the continuation of the sentence being "fewer than I have". Many educated people these days would in fact say "Mr Brown has less pencils than me" instead of "Mr Brown has fewer pencils than I". The, teacher, however, should not confuse the students with such irregularities.

THE FEWEST THE LEAST SALT THAT (=THE ONE) el menos el menos sal esa The difference between "the fewest" and "the least" is the same as that between "fewer ... than" and "less ... than". "The fewest" we use with things we can count, whilst "the least" we use with things we cannot count. For example, "Of these three places, London, Cambridge and Greenwich, Greenwich has the fewest buildings", and, "Of these three people, Mr Brown, Mr Smith and Mr Jones, Mr Jones drinks the least coffee"./ WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "THE FEWEST" AND "THE LEAST" ? The difference between + "the fewest" and "the least" is that we use "the

fewest" with things we can count, whilst we use "the least" with things we can't count

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GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "THE FEWEST" IN IT, PLEASE ! In my family, my brother

is the one who reads the fewest books

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "THE LEAST" IN IT/ In my family, my sister

is the one who eats the least bread

OF THESE THREE BOOKS, HAS THIS BOOK THE MOST PAGES ? No, of these three books, + this book hasn't the most pages,

but it has the fewest pages

WHO EATS THE LEAST FOOD IN YOUR FAMILY ? My ..... eats

the least food in my family

WHO DRINKS THE LEAST COFFEE IN YOUR FAMILY ?/ My ...... drinks

the least coffee in my family

OF THESE THREE FOODS,/ BREAD, MEAT AND SALT,/ DO YOU EAT SALT THE MOST ? No, of those three + foods, bread, meat and salt, I don't

eat salt the most, but I eat it the least

Each time you say the word "salt", rub your finger and thumb together as if you were sprinkling salt on food.

OF THESE THREE DRINKS,/ WATER, MILK AND WINE,/ DO YOU DRINK WINE THE MOST ? No, of those – three drinks, water, milk and wine,

I don't drink wine the most, but I drink it the least

EXERCISE 9

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LESSON 24

OPPOSITE opuestro, en frente de, contrario I'm standing opposite you. The opposite of the word "high" is "low".

WHO'S SITTING OPPOSITE YOU ? ..... is sitting opposite me +

WHAT CAN YOU SEE OPPOSITE THIS BUILDING ? I can – see another building

etc. opposite this building

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE VERB "TO TEACH" ? – "To learn" is the

opposite of the verb "to teach"

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE WORD "TOP" ?/ "Bottom" is the

opposite of the word "top"

WORK REST MOST PEOPLE trabajar descansar la mayoría de la gente On Sunday we generally rest, but from Monday to Friday most people work. DO MOST PEOPLE REST FROM MONDAY TO FRIDAY ? + No, most people don't

rest from Monday to Friday, but they work

DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE LIKE WORKING ? No, I don't think most people like

working, but I think they dislike working

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DO YOU WORK ON SUNDAY ?/ Yes, I work on Sunday... or... No, I don't work on Sunday

GLASS cristal, vidrio WOOD madera The window's made of glass. The table's made of wood.

WHAT'S THE WINDOW MADE OF ? The window's made + of glass

WHAT'S THE TABLE MADE OF ? The table's made of wood +

PAPER papel STONE piedra This book's made of paper. The floor (or wall of the house behind Mr and Mrs Brown) is made of stone.

WHAT'S THIS BOOK MADE OF ? This (or that) book's + made of paper

WHAT'S THE WALL OF THE HOUSE BEHIND MR AND MRS BROWN MADE OF ?/ The wall of the house + behind Mr and Mrs Brown is made of stone

ENOUGH bastante, suficiente I'm tall enough to touch that picture, but I'm not tall enough to touch the ceiling.

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DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH WELL ? No, I don't speak English – well, but I speak it well enough

ARE YOU TALL ENOUGH TO TOUCH THE CEILING ? + No, I'm not tall enough to touch the ceiling

ARE YOU SHORT ENOUGH TO STAND UNDER THE TABLE ?/ No, I'm not short enough to stand under the table

IS MY POCKET LARGE ENOUGH TO PUT THIS BOOK INTO ? No, your pocket isn't large enough to put that book into

STUDENTS READ LESSON 20 ON PAGE 113 Students memorize the following words:

AIR BATTLE CHURCH DEEP ENTER aire batalla iglesia profundo entrar + The above five words are intended to be given to the students as they are, without being used in questions. The teacher gives their meaning as he pronounces them two or three times, then he asks the students for their meaning. He asks five students, one after the other. The best way is for the teacher to direct a word to a single student first, and then, if the student cannot give the translation, throw it open to the rest of the class. When revising the words in the following lessons, the teacher just says the words in English and the students have to give the equivalent words in their own language. The number of revisions will be the same as the number of revisions for the normal words used in the "question–answer" work. If the teacher speaks the students' language very well, he can ask the students to translate the words from English into their own language in the first lesson of revision, and then from the students' own language into English in the following lessons of revision. If the teacher's pronunciation of the students' language is not very good, it is safer to speak the words always in English. The idea of these lists of five words is to teach vocabulary quickly.

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The words chosen usually have only one meaning, and so can be learnt out of context without confusion. The word "church", for example, has only one basic meaning, and should give no trouble, whereas words such as "much" and "many" need to be learned in sentences. Later on, the words will be used in questions, but in only one question for each word.

SEE CHART 1

THAT ONE • ese REPEAT repetir

Instead of saying "This pencil is black and that pencil is white", we can say "This pencil is black and that one is white", without repeating the word "pencil". WHAT COLOUR'S THIS PENCIL ? This pencil's black +

WHAT COLOUR'S THAT ONE ?/ That one's white +

WHICH PENCIL'S RED ? This pencil's red

WHICH ONE'S GREY ? This one's grey

WHICH BOOK'S OPEN ? This book's open

WHICH ONE'S CLOSED ? This one's closed

BADLY malamente, mal CAN YOU HEAR WELL WITH YOUR FINGERS IN YOUR EARS ? No, I can't hear well + with my fingers in my ears, but I hear badly

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DO YOU SEE BADLY ?/ Yes, I see badly... or... No, I don't see badly, but I see well

DOES THIS PEN WRITE BADLY ? No, this pen doesn't – write badly, but it writes well

DO YOU SPEAK ................. BADLY ? No, I don't speak ... badly, but I speak it well

Insert in the above question the name of the student's language.

PLATE 495 plato We eat our food from a plate. As you say the word "plate", describe a circle on the table in front of you with the index fingers of both hands. WHAT DO WE EAT OUR FOOD FROM ? We eat our + food from a plate

CHEAPER ... THAN • MORE EXPENSIVE ... THAN • más barato ... que más caro ... que This watch costs ..... . This pen costs ..... . This watch is more expensive than this pen; and this pen is cheaper than this watch. IS YOUR HANDKERCHIEF MORE EXPENSIVE THAN YOUR SHOES ?/ No, my handkerchief + isn't more expensive than my shoes, but it's

cheaper than my shoes

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IS A ROLLS ROYCE CHEAPER THAN A FORD ? No, a Rolls Royce isn't cheaper

than a Ford, but it's more expensive than a Ford

IS YOUR TOWN A MORE EXPENSIVE PLACE THAN.......? No, my town isn't a more expensive place than ..... but it's a cheaper place than .....

Insert in the above question the name of an expensive city. THE CHEAPEST • THE MOST EXPENSIVE / • el más barato el más caro This pen costs ..... . This book costs ..... . My watch costs ..... . This pen is the cheapest thing I have in my hand, and my watch is the most expensive thing I have in my hand. IS THE ................ THE MOST EXPENSIVE CAR IN THIS COUNTRY ? No, the ....... isn't the most + expensive car in this country, but it's

the cheapest car in this country

Insert in the above question the name of the cheapest car on sale in the student's country.

WHAT'S THE CHEAPEST THING IN THIS ROOM ?

..... is the cheapest thing in this room

WHAT'S THE MOST EXPENSIVE THING YOU'RE WEARING ? My ..... is the most

expensive thing I'm wearing

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DICTATION 9 The difference/ between "any" and "some"/ is that we generally use "any"/ in the interrogative and negative/ whilst we use "some"/ in the positive./ "Any" is non-specific./ "How many" is specific,/ the answer to which is "none"./ The Present Progressive/ we use for an action/ we are doing now./ For example,/ I am speaking English now./ About how many pages/ are there in this book ? PRONUNCIATION CHART It is here that the teacher should check the students' pronunciation by going through the following list of words and sentences with them. It is essential that the students should have mastered the pronunciation by the end of Stage 4, and preferably by the end of Stage Two, otherwise they will find it difficult to correct themselves later, and consequently could carry the mistakes with them for the rest of their lives. The lists and sentences should be put up on a wall of the classroom for the teacher to point at. Failing that, he could just read from the lists below, getting the students to repeat after him. It is better, however, if he can point at the words and get the students to make the mistakes before hearing his correct version. Students should first pronounce the word, the teacher should then give them the correct pronunciation, and they then repeat after him. I O ER O THIS NO FIRST FRONT IT'S COAT THIRD LONDON IS DON'T HER COMING CITY BOTH PERSON COUNTRY MISS ONLY WORD MOTHER IN MOST VERB SOME DIFFERENCE PREFER SON STILL TURN MONEY DIFFICULT MONTH MILK LOVE LITTLE

143


A A OO H MISC. AS ALL LOOK HOME A : AN HAVE FALL BOOK HAT WHAT WALL TOOK HEAD THE BOOK CALL HEAR THE EYE WE'RE ANSWERING OR FIFTH 1) Sit on it. 2) Oh, no, don't go so slow. 3) The third, the thirteenth and the thirty–third. 4) Send some money to London. 5) As I have none. 6) All walls fall. 7) Look at the book. 8) Home, hat, head, hear.

AT THIS POINT DO A COMPLETE REVISION OF STAGES 1 AND 2

144


STAGE 2 EXAM – Answers can be found after the vocabulary test

Yes – No Quiz

1) Do we use the Present Simple for an action we do generally ?

2) Do you generally sit completely still during the lesson ?

3) Do the people in Germany speak the same language as the people in Japan ?

4) Are you wearing the teacher's clothes ?

5) Are you moving up and down ?

6) Do we call the thing we wear on our heads a hat ?

7) Is fifty half a hundred ?

8) Is there a map hanging from the ceiling ?

9) Are both your eyes closed ?

10) Does the preposition generally come last in an English sentence with an interrogative pronoun ?

11) Is the word "translation" a noun ?

12) Do we use the word "in" for a thing that moves from one place to another ?

13) Is the back of your hand like the front ?

14) Do sixteen minutes make an hour ?

15) Can you see anything in this room ?

16) Do you go out of the room after the lesson (or lessons) ?

17) Are some students bad at learning languages ?

18) Are you carrying any clothes ?


19) Is there any difference between "I have a pen" and "I have got a pen" ?

20) Do we hear with our eyes ?

21) Can a man without hands drive a car ?

22) Do we wear a clock on our wrist ?

23) Is the word "mine" a possessive pronoun ?

24) Is iron a metal ?

25) Is Thursday the fourth day of the week ?

26) Do you want to break your pen ?

27) Is there any food inside our stomachs after a meal ?

28) Is the word "some" the plural of the word "a" ?

29) Do you drink water ?

30) Do you hate all food ?

31) Do we use the word "little" for things we can’t count ?

32) Are there few people in a small village ?

33) Do most people eat more bread than meat ?

34) Is London the city with the least people in England ?

35) Is the word "bottom" the opposite of the word "top" ?

36) Do most people work on Sunday ?

37) Are you short enough to stand under the table ?

38) Can you hear well with your fingers in your ears ?

39) Are your shoes cheaper than your handkerchief ?

40) Are your socks (or stockings) the most expensive thing you're wearing ?


Vocabulary Test

1) side

2) walk

3) married

4) tell

5) friend

6) smell

7) by car

8) kind

9) nothing

10) during

11) silver

12) bag

13) gold

14) key

15) think

16) instead of

17) outside

18) do

19) many

20) end

21) begin

22) made of

23) it will be

24) it was

25) building

26) fewer... than

27) knife

28) south

29) much

30) child

31) love

32) meal

33) less

34) the fewest

35) paper

36) stone

37) glass

38) wood

39) badly

40) plate


Yes – No Quiz Answers 1) Yes, 2) No, 3) No, 4) No, 5) No, 6) Yes, 7) Yes, 8) No,

9) No, 10) Yes, 11) Yes, 12) No, 13) No, 14) No, 15) Yes,

16) Yes, 17) Yes, 18) No, 19) No, 20) No, 21) No, 22) No,

23) Yes, 24) Yes, 25) Yes, 26) No, 27) Yes, 28) Yes, 29) Yes,

30) No, 31) Yes, 32) Yes, 33) Yes, 34) No, 35) Yes, 36) No,

37) No, 38) No, 39) No, 40) No. Dictation There are about/ thirty pages in that book./ He doesn't go home/ after the lesson./ They don't speak French, but English./ Are there any pictures/ on these walls ?/ Yes, there are some./ I'm neither asking nor answering/ a question,/ but I'm reading a book./ Tall and short we use for people,/ high and low we use for things./ Who is coming to you ?/ She's putting her finger/ into her mouth./ We've four hands/ and two heads./ Their eyes are blue,/ but their hair is brown./ Is that right ?/ No, it is wrong./ This part of my body/ is my foot.


EXERCISES When doing the exercises, the student should answer in the long form, as he does in the lesson. For example, the answer to "Is London a village?" is "No, London is not a village, but it is a city." This gives him extra practice in writing and a greater possibility of making a mistake. In some cases, there are alternative answers to those which are given after each exercise, but the difference is usually only in a word or two. Naturally, the student should cover over the answers whilst doing an exercise and not look at them until he has completed the exercise. EXERCISE 3 1) Are you reading a book? 2) How many pictures are there on these walls? 3) How many teachers are there in this room? 4) Are you going to the window? 5) Are France and Italy in Asia? 6) Is India in Europe? 7) Which is the first letter of the alphabet? a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 8) Which is the third letter of the alphabet? 9) Which is the fifth letter of the alphabet? 10) Which is the twelfth letter? 11)Which is the twentieth? 12) Which is the twenty-first letter? 13) Which is the twenty-third letter? 14) Which is the twenty-fifth letter? 15) Which is the last letter of the alphabet? 16) Give the book to the teacher, please! - What are you doing? 17) Are you French or German? 18) What colour are your shoes? 19) What colour is your handkerchief? ANSWERS 1) Yes, I am reading a book. 2) There are ... pictures on these walls. 3) There is one teacher in this room. 4) No, I am not going to the window, but I am sitting on a chair. 5) No, France and Italy are not in Asia, but they are in Europe. 6) No, India is not in Europe, but it is in Asia. 7) A is the first letter of the alphabet. 8) C is the third letter of the alphabet. 9) E is the fifth letter of the alphabet. 10) L is the twelfth letter of the alphabet. 11) T is the twentieth letter of the alphabet. 12) U is the twenty-first letter of the alphabet. 13) W is the twenty-third letter of the alphabet. 14) Y is the twenty-fifth letter of the alphabet. 15) Z is the last letter of the alphabet. 16) I am giving the book to the teacher. 17) No, I am neither French nor German, but I am ... or ... . 18) My shoes are ... . 19) My handkerchief is ... . EXERCISE 4 1) Are all the pupils sitting? 2) What is the plural of "foot"? 3) What is the plural of "person"? 4) How many people are there in this room? 5) How many people are there in your city, town or village? 6) Are you coming from the window? 7) Touch your leg, please! - What are you doing? 8) How many words are there in this sentence? 9) Which


is the first word of this sentence? 10) Which is the last word of this sentence? 11) Is there an ash-tray on the table? 12) Is it right you are Mr. Brown? 13) Is it right the ceiling is red? 14) Is this sentence a question or an answer? 15) Which is the third word of this question? 16) What is the meaning of the word "use"? 17) What is the meaning of the word "nothing"? 18) What is the meaning of the word "action"? 19) What is your name, please? 20) What is the name of your country? ANSWERS 1) Yes, all the pupils are sitting. 2) The plural of "foot" is "feet". 3) The plural of "person" is "people". 4) There are ... people in this room. 5) There are ... people in my ... . 6) No, I am not coming from the widow, but I am sitting on a chair. 7) I am touching my leg. 8) There are eight words in this sentence. 9) "Which" is the first word of this sentence. 10) "Sentence" is the last word of this sentence. 11) Yes, there is an ash-tray on the table ... or ... No, there is not an ... . 12) No, it is not right I am Mr. Brown, but it is wrong. I am ... . 13) No, it is not right the ceiling is red, but it is wrong. The ceiling is ... . 14) This sentence is a question. 15) "The" is the third word of this question. 16) The meaning of the word "use" is ... . 17) The meaning of the word "nothing" is ... . 18) The meaning of the word "action" is ... 19) My name is ... . 20) I am remaining on the chair. 21) ... is the name of my country. EXERCISE 5 1) What is the name of the country between England and Germany? 2) Translate this sentence, please! - "The word "do" means nothing! " - What are you doing? 3) Who are you? 4) Who is the teacher? 5) What is the name of the thing you have in your hand? 6) How many things are there on the table in front of you? 7) What is the name of the thing on the ceiling? 8) Are the people of Scandinavia short? 9) Is Miss Brown tall? 10) What is the difference between "tall" and "short" and "high" and "low"? 11) Are you asking the teacher a question? 12) What is the meaning of the verb "to have"? 13) What are the contractions of "I have, you have, he has" etc.? 14) Have you two heads? 15) Has he four arms? 16) Has she three hands? 17) What are the meanings of the words "any" and "some" 18) What is the difference between "any" and "some"? 19) Have you shoes on your feet? ANSWERS 1) France is the name of the country between England and Germany. 2) I am translating a sentence from English into ... . 3) I am .... . 4) The teacher is ... . 5) The name of the thing I have in my hand is a ... 6) There are ... things on the table in front of me. 7) The light is the name of the thing on the ceiling. 8) No, the people of Scandinavia are not short, but they are tall. 9) No, Miss Brown is not tall, but she is short. 10) The difference between "tall" and "short" and "high" and "low" is that "tall" and "short" we use for people whilst "high" and "low" we use for things. 11) No, I am not asking the teacher a question, but I am answering a question. 12) The meaning of the verb "to


have" is ... . 13) The contractions are "I’ve, you’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’ve, you’ve, they’ve. 14) No, I have not two heads, but I have only one head. 15) No, he has not four arms, but he has only two arms. 16) No, she has not three hands, but she has only two hands. 17) The meanings of the words "any" and "some" are ... . 18) "Any" we use in the interrogative and negative, whilst "some" we use in the positive. 19) Yes, I have some shoes on my feet. EXERCISE 6 1) Are there any pictures on these walls? 2) Are there any chairs on the table? 3) What is the difference between the Present Progressive and the Present Simple? 4) What is the meaning of the word "do"? 5) Are you speaking now? 6) Do you speak? 7) Are you going to the door? 8) Do you go to the door after the lesson? 9) Are you going to the cinema? 10) Do you go to the cinema? 11) Does the teacher speak English? 12) Does the teacher go to the door after the lesson? 13) What is the negative of "do"? 14) What is the contraction of "do not"? 15) Do you remain in the classroom after the lesson? 16) Do you speak Greek? 17) Do you read books in Italian? 18) What is the negative of "does"? ANSWERS 1) Yes, there are some pictures on these walls ... or ... No, there are not any pictures on these walls. 2) No, there are not any chairs on the table. 3) The difference between the Present Progressive and the Present Simple is that we use the Present Progressive for an action we are doing now, whilst we use the Present Simple for an action we do generally. 4) The meaning of the word "do" is ... . 5) No, I am not speaking now. 6) Yes, I speak. 7) No, I am not going to the door, but I am remaining on my chair. 8) Yes, I go to the door after the lesson. 9) Now, I am not going to the cinema. 10) Yes, I go to the cinema. 11) Yes, the teacher speaks English. 12) Yes, the teacher goes to the door after the lesson. 13) The negative of "do" is "do not". 14) The contraction of "do not" is "don’t". 15) No, I do not remain in the classroom after the lesson. 16) No, I do not speak Greek ... or ... Yes, I speak Greek. 17) No, I do not read books in Italian ... or ... Yes, I read books in Italian. 18) The negative of "does" is "does not". EXERCISE 7 1) What is the contraction of "does not"? 2) Does the teacher remain in the classroom after the lesson? 3) About how many people are there in your country? 4) About how many pages are there in this book? 5) Can you touch your nose with your tongue? 6) Do you like your city, town, or village? 7) Do you dislike the cinema? 8) Do you dislike television? 9) Who are you? 10) Which language do you generally speak? 11) Where are you sitting? 12) What are you wearing on your feet? 13) Are you answering question fifteen? 14) Do we put a full-stop or a question-mark after a question?


ANSWERS 1) The contraction of "does not" is "doesn’t". 2) No, the teacher does not remain in the classroom after the lesson. 3) There are about ... people in my country. 4) There are about ... pages in this book. 5) No, I cannot touch my nose with my tongue ... or ... Yes, I can touch my nose with my tongue. 6) Yes, I like my ... or ... No, I do not like my ... . 7) No, I do not dislike the cinema, but I like the cinema ... or ... Yes, I dislike the cinema. 8) No, I do not dislike television ... or ... Yes, I dislike television. 9) I am ... . 10) I generally speak ... . 11) I am sitting on a chair in a room. 12) I am wearing shoes on my feet. 13) No, I am not answering question fifteen, but question thirteen. 14) We put a question mark after a question. EXERCISE 8 1) Close your left eye, please! - What are you doing? 2) Put your right hand on the table, please! - What are you doing? 3) Is your left ear moving? 4) Are all the parts of your body still now? 5) Do you generally sit completely still in the lesson? 6) What clothes are you wearing? 7) Are you wearing a hat? 8) Do you wear a hat? 9) Do we speak with our mouths? 10) Do we read with our eyes? 11) How much is half a hundred? 12) What are you doing? 13) How much is thirty plus fifteen? 14) Are there any women in this room? 15) Are all the books on the table closed? ANSWERS 1) I am closing my left eye. 2) I am putting my right hand on the table. 3) No, my left ear is not moving, but it is still. 4) No, not all the parts of my body are still now, but some of them are moving. 5) No, I do not generally sit completely still in the lesson, but I move. 6) I am wearing shoes, trousers, jacket, shirt etc. ... or ... skirt, blouse etc. 7) No, I am not wearing a hat. 8) Yes, I wear a hat ... or ... No, I do not wear a hat. 9) Yes, we speak with our mouths. 10) Yes, we read with our eyes. 11) Fifty is half a hundred. 12) I am reading an exercise ... or ... I am writing. 13) Thirty plus fifteen equals forty-five. 14) Yes, there are some women in this room ... or ... No, there are not any women in this room. 15) No, not all the books on the table are closed, but some are closed and some are open. EXERCISE 9 1) How much is half thirteen? 2) Tell us your name, please! 3) Can you tell us the name of the capital of Russia, please? 4) Are you Russian or Greek? 5) Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 6) Are both your eyes open? 7) Are both your feet on the floor? 8) What does the word "which" mean? 9) What does the word "who" mean? 10) Which language do you generally speak? 11) Is Chinese a European language? 12) What is the negative of "I have"? 13) What is the contraction of "It has not"? 14) Has Master Brown only one arm? 15) What do the words "anybody" and "somebody" mean? 16) What is the difference between "anybody" and "somebody"? 17) Is there anybody in this room? 18)


Is there anybody in this room wearing a hat? 19) Is there anybody in the corridor? 20) Who is wearing a hat in this room? ANSWERS 1) Six and a half is half thirteen. 2) My name is ... . 3) Yes, I can tell you the name of the capital of Russia. It is Moscow. 4) I am neither Russian nor Greek, but I am ... or ... I am ... . 5) I prefer ... . 6) Yes, both my eyes are open. 7) Yes, both my feet are on the floor ... or ... No, both my feet are not on the floor, but one is on the floor and the other is on the ... . 8) The word "which" means ... . 9) The word "who" means ... . 10) I generally speak ... . 11) No, Chinese is not a European language, but it is an Asian language. 12) The negative of "I have" is "I have not". 13) The contraction of "It has not" is "It hasn’t". 14) No, Master Brown has not only one arm, but he has two arms. 15) The words "anybody" and "somebody" mean .... . 16) "Anybody" we use in positive sentences. 17) Yes, there is somebody in this room. 18) No, there is not anybody in this room wearing a hat. 19) No, there is not anybody in the corridor ... or ... Yes, there is somebody in the corridor. 20) Nobody is wearing a hat in this room.


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Page No. A 127 A DAY 130 ABOUT 69,92 ADDRESS 97 ADJECTIVE 101 AIR 139 ALSO 115 ANOTHER 99 ANYBODY 79 ANYTHING 95 AS 118 ASIAN 76 AT THE MOMENT 124 AUNT 103 BACK 96 BAD 106 BAD AT 106 BADLY 140 BAG 108 BANK 134 BATTLE 139 BE 123 BEAUTIFUL 120 BECAUSE 100 BEGIN 124 BOTH 74 BOTTOM 96 BREAD 107 BREAK 104 BREAKFAST 130 BROTHER 103 BUILDING 126 BUS 86 BUTTER 107 BY 86,113 CALL 82 CAN 69 CAN’T 83 CANNOT 83 CAR 86 CARDINAL 90 CARRY 108 CHEAP 125 CHEAPER ... THAN 141 CHEAPEST 142 CHILD 87 CHILDREN 87 CHINESE 67 CHOPSTICKS 131 CHURCH 139 CINEMA 70 CLOCK 111 COFFEE 74 COMPLETELY 71 CONTRARY 91 CORRIDOR 79 COST 122 COUNT 114 COUSIN 103 DAUGHTER 103 DAY 113,130

DEEP 139 DIFFERENT ... FROM 80 DIFFICULT 85 DINNER 130 DISLIKE 70 DO 64 DOES 66 DOESN’T 68 DOWN 82 DRINK 121 DRIVE 110 DURING 92 EAST 90 EASY 85 EAT 120 END 124 ENOUGH 138 ENTER 139 EUROPEAN 76 EVENING 130 EXCEPTION 31 EXPENSIVE 125,141 FAMILY 103 FATHER 87 FEW 98,131 FEWER ... THAN 110 131 FEWEST 125,131 FLOWER 128 FOOD 102 FORK 131 FRIDAY 123 FRIEND 98 FROM ... TO 114 FRONT 96 GENERALLY 64 GLASS 138 GOLD 121 GOOD 106 GOOD AT 106 GOT 108 GRAMMAR 85 GREEK 74 GREENWICH 100 HALF 73 HANG 85 HAS NOT 76 HASN'T 76 HATE 129 HAVE GOT 108 HAVE NOT 76 HAVEN'T 76 HEAR 109 HERS 117 HIS 117 HOME 64 HOUR 101 HOW LONG 124 HUSBAND 86 IN 99 INFINITIVE 118

INSIDE 126 INSTEAD OF 18 INTO 99 IRON 121 JAPAN 80 JAPANESE 76 KEY 121 KIND 88 KNIFE 131 LANGUAGE 76 LAST 124 LEARN 84 LEAST 135 LEFT 71 LESS ... THAN 131 LESSON 64 LIKE 70,99 LITTLE 133 LONG 124 LOVE 129 LUNCH 130 MADE OF 122 MAKE 101 MANY 98,133 MAP 85 MARRIED 86 MATCH 98 MATCHBOX 98 MEAL 130 MEAN 75 MEAT 114 METAL 121 MILK 128 MINE 117 MINUTE 101 MOMENT 124 MONDAY 122 MONEY 110 MONTH 113 MORE ... THAN 104 MORE EXPENSIVE ... THAN 141 MORNING 130 MOST 119,131 MOST PEOPLE 137 MOTHER 84 MOVING 71 MR. BROWN’S 81 MUCH 133 NO 108 NOBODY 79 NORTH 90 NOT ANYBODY 79 NOT ANYTHING 95 NOTHING 95 NOUN 92 O’CLOCK 113

ONE ... THE OTHER 88 ONLY 77 OPPOSITE 127 OTHER 88 OURS 117 OUT OF 105 OUTSIDE 126 PAGE 69 PAPER 138 PARENTS 103 PAST 113 PEOPLE 137 PLACE 91 PLATE 141 POINT 90 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 115 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 115 POUND 110 PREFER 74 PREPOSITION 89 PRESENT (N) 64 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 64 PRESENT SIMPLE 64 PRONOUN 89 QUANTITY 131 QUARTER 84 RELATIONS 103 REMAIN 67 REPEAT 140 REST 137 RHYTHM 108 RICE 107 RIGHT 71 ROLLS ROYCE 125 RUSSIAN 74 SALT 135 SATURDAY 123 SCHOOL 86 SECOND 101 SEE 102 SIDE 96 SILVER 121 SIMILAR 100 SIMPLE 64 SINGLE 86 SINGULAR 131 SISTER 103 SIT DOWN 82 SMELL 97 SOME 93 SOME ... SOME 93 SOME OF 91 SON 103 SOUTH 90 SPANISH 84


Page No. SPEAK 64 STAND UP 82 STEEL 121 STILL 71 STOMACH 126 STONE 138 STREET 97 SUCH AS 103 SUGAR 114 SUNDAY 123 TAKE THE WORD 118 TEA 74 TEACH 84 TELEVISION 70 TELL 73 THAN 104 THAT 64,99,135 THAT ONE 140 THE CHEAPEST 142 THE FEWEST 125 THE LEAST 135 THE MOST 119 THE MOST EXPENSIVE 142 THE SAME ... AS 80 THEIRS 117 THINK 105 THURSDAY 123 TIME 113 TO 113 TO BE 123 TO DO 118 TODAY 123 TOMORROW 123 TOO 100 TOP 96 TRAIN 86 TRANSLATION 92 TUESDAY 21 UGLY 120 UNCLE 103 UP 13 WALK 80 WANT 124 WAS 123 WATCH 111 WATER 128 WEAR 72 WEARING 72 WEDNESDAY 122 WEEK 113 WELL 128 WEST 90 WHAT AM I DOING ? 72 WHISKY 134 WHOSE 129 WHY 100 WIFE 86 WILL BE 123

WINE 128 WITH 72 WITHOUT 91 WOOD 138 WORK 137 YEAR 113 YESTERDAY 123 YOURS 117


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