californias draft criteria

8/2/2019 Californias Draft Criteria

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CALIFORNIAS DRAFT CRITERIA

FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE

WITH RECLAIMED WATER &

EMERGING CONTAMINANTCONTROL

(as of 9/12/08)

Presented at the 2008 Water Quality & Regulatory Conference

Ontario, CA October 15th, 2008

HEATHER COLLINS

[email protected]

Drinking Water Program, California Dept. of Public Health
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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CDPH DDWEMCDPH DDWEM

Drinking Water ProgramDrinking Water Program

Reviews recycled water proposals forReviews recycled water proposals forcompliance with Title 22 Criteriacompliance with Title 22 Criteria

Provides requirements and recommendations toProvides requirements and recommendations to

RWQCB for recycled water permitsRWQCB for recycled water permits

Coordinates with other agenciesCoordinates with other agencies

Interfaces with recycled water industryInterfaces with recycled water industryReviews new and emerging technologiesReviews new and emerging technologies

Collects fees from project applicants for CDPHCollects fees from project applicants for CDPH

reviewsreviews


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CDPHCDPH Division of Drinking WaterDivision of Drinking Water

and Environmental Managementand Environmental Management

Regulates public water systemsRegulates public water systems

Sets standards for wastewater reuse toSets standards for wastewater reuse to

protect public healthprotect public health

Water Recycling CriteriaWater Recycling Criteria in Title 22 ofin Title 22 ofCalifornia Code of RegulationsCalifornia Code of Regulations

RWQCBs have the permitting andRWQCBs have the permitting andongoing oversight authority ofongoing oversight authority of

Groundwater Recharge Reuse ProjectGroundwater Recharge Reuse Project

(GRRP)(GRRP)


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CDPHCDPH SWRCBSWRCB -- RWQCBRWQCB

Due to the potential for confusion and duplicationDue to the potential for confusion and duplicationof effort between CDPH & RWQCBs, CDPH &of effort between CDPH & RWQCBs, CDPH &

SWRCB signed a Memorandum of AgreementSWRCB signed a Memorandum of Agreement

(MOA) in 1996(MOA) in 1996MOA delineates responsibilities of each agencyMOA delineates responsibilities of each agency

in review and approval of RW projectsin review and approval of RW projects

CDPH requirements for permit approval are to beCDPH requirements for permit approval are to be

incorporated in RWQCB permitincorporated in RWQCB permit

CDPH will meet with RWQCB staff and attendCDPH will meet with RWQCB staff and attendRWQCB hearings as necessary to explain anyRWQCB hearings as necessary to explain any

CDPH requirements or recommendationsCDPH requirements or recommendations

The two agencies agree to meet and try toThe two agencies agree to meet and try to

resolve any differencesresolve any differences


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23 MPN Pasture irrigation for milking cows and goats;

restricted use golf courses; landscape impoundments

2.2 MPN Restricted recreational impoundments

DisinfectionWithout

Filtration

has some

Allowed

UsesWhere no

Public

contact

Secondary - some uses

Primary

Groundwater

Recharge

2.2 MPN Park, playgrounds;

nonrestricted recreational impoundments;

Disinfection

Organics Removal

Disinfection

Filtration

Coag/Floc/settling

Source Control


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DisinfectionDisinfection77--day median of 2.2 total coliform MPN/100mLday median of 2.2 total coliform MPN/100mL

Plus achieve at least:Plus achieve at least:

A chlorine disinfection process following filtration thatA chlorine disinfection process following filtration that

provides a CT of not < 450 at all times with a modalprovides a CT of not < 450 at all times with a modal

contact time of at least 90 minutescontact time of at least 90 minutes

A disinfection process that, when combined with theA disinfection process that, when combined with thefiltration process, has been demonstrated tofiltration process, has been demonstrated to

inactivate and/or remove 99.999 percent of theinactivate and/or remove 99.999 percent of the

plaqueplaque--forming units of Fforming units of F--specific bacteriophagespecific bacteriophageMS2, or polio virusMS2, or polio virus

UVUV

PasteurizationPasteurizationOzonation in future?Ozonation in future?


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Wastewater to Drinking Water throughGroundwater Recharge Via Two Paths

Soil AquiferTreatment

Advanced

Treatment

WastewaterTreatment

DrinkingWater

MunicipalWastewater

(source control)

SurfaceSpreading

Groundwater

Wastewater

Treatment

Subsurface

Injection

Groundwater

Recycled

Water

RecycledWater

DilutionWater

DilutionWater


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CA Groundwater Recharge ProjectsCA Groundwater Recharge Projects

SURFACE APPLICATIONSURFACE APPLICATION

Montebello ForebayMontebello Forebay

County SanitationCounty Sanitation

Districts of Los AngelesDistricts of Los Angeles

CountyCounty

Inland Empire UtilitiesInland Empire Utilities

AgencyAgency

Orange County WaterOrange County Water

DistrictDistrictGWRSGWRS

SUBSURFACE APPLICATIONSUBSURFACE APPLICATION

West Basin MWDWest Basin MWD

Harbor Recycling ProjectHarbor Recycling Project

Alamitos BarrierAlamitos Barrier

Orange County WaterOrange County Water

DistrictDistrictGWRSGWRS


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Overview of theOverview of the

Draft Recharge CriteriaDraft Recharge CriteriaRecycled Municipal WastewaterRecycled Municipal Wastewater = primarily= primarilyfrom domestic sewage vs. industrialfrom domestic sewage vs. industrial

Aquifer designated as a drinking water sourceAquifer designated as a drinking water source

IndirectIndirect potable reusepotable reuse Effective natural barrierEffective natural barrier

Time to identify and respond to problemsTime to identify and respond to problems

Multiple barriers for each type of contaminantsMultiple barriers for each type of contaminants

Ongoing monitoring program in recycled waterOngoing monitoring program in recycled waterand groundwaterand groundwaterTreatment processes requiredTreatment processes required

Source water controlSource water control


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Criteria GoalsCriteria Goals

Address spreading basins & subsurfaceAddress spreading basins & subsurfaceapplication (direct injection)application (direct injection)

Protect the beneficial uses of each separateProtect the beneficial uses of each separateaquiferaquifer

Wellhead treatment not an optionWellhead treatment not an option

blending of 2 aquifers is not acceptable forblending of 2 aquifers is not acceptable forcompliancecompliance

(e.g. averaging 10% & 30% RWC to get 20%)(e.g. averaging 10% & 30% RWC to get 20%)

Must make a finding that the project will notMust make a finding that the project will notdegrade any groundwater aquifersdegrade any groundwater aquifers

Maintain public, policy maker, and governmentMaintain public, policy maker, and government

agency confidenceagency confidence


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Public HearingPublic Hearing

CDPH will hold a public hearing for eachCDPH will hold a public hearing for each

GRRP prior to submitting itsGRRP prior to submitting itsrecommendations for therecommendations for the

initial permit to the RWQCB andinitial permit to the RWQCB and

at any time an increase in RWC is proposedat any time an increase in RWC is proposed


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Monitoring WellsMonitoring Wells

At a location where the GRRPAt a location where the GRRPs recharges recharge

water has been retained in the saturatedwater has been retained in the saturatedzone for 1zone for 1--3 months, but will take at least3 months, but will take at least3 months before reaching the nearest3 months before reaching the nearest

domestic water supply well,domestic water supply well,andand

At an additional point or points betweenAt an additional point or points betweenthe application facility and the nearestthe application facility and the nearestdowngradient domestic water supply welldowngradient domestic water supply well


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Control of PathogenicControl of Pathogenic

MicroorganismsMicroorganismsDisinfected tertiary recycled waterDisinfected tertiary recycled water

Retained underground for a minimum of 6Retained underground for a minimum of 6months prior to extraction for use as a drinkingmonths prior to extraction for use as a drinkingwater supplywater supply

GRRP must demonstrate that the minimumGRRP must demonstrate that the minimumretention time has been metretention time has been met

A tracer study utilizing an added tracer (e.g.A tracer study utilizing an added tracer (e.g.

sulfur hexafluoride)sulfur hexafluoride) prior to the end of the third month of operation,prior to the end of the third month of operation,

under hydraulic conditions representative of normalunder hydraulic conditions representative of normal

operations.operations.


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Siting to Control PathogenicSiting to Control Pathogenic

MicroorganismsMicroorganisms. . . siting a GRRP location during project. . . siting a GRRP location during project

planning,planning,each GRRP shall be located at a distanceeach GRRP shall be located at a distance

from drinking water supply wells thatfrom drinking water supply wells thatensures that one of the estimatedensures that one of the estimated

retention times in Table 60320.010retention times in Table 60320.010--A isA is

met, as indicated by the correspondingmet, as indicated by the correspondingmethod used to determine the estimatedmethod used to determine the estimated

retention times.retention times.


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Siting to Control PathogenicSiting to Control Pathogenic

MicroorganismsMicroorganismsi.e., until a GRRP has demonstratedi.e., until a GRRP has demonstrated

compliance with the 6compliance with the 6--month tracer test,month tracer test,Use one of the estimated retention timesUse one of the estimated retention timesin Table 60320.010in Table 60320.010--AA

(9,12, or 24 months)(9,12, or 24 months)

with the corresponding method to estimatewith the corresponding method to estimate

retention timeretention timeMethods used to estimate the distance theMethods used to estimate the distance thegroundwater travels shall be approved bygroundwater travels shall be approved by

CDPHCDPH


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Comparison of Methods to DetermineComparison of Methods to Determine

Retention Time to drinking water wellsRetention Time to drinking water wellsPlanning and Engineering Report Effort vs. Retention Time

Method GeneralAccuracy General Levelof Effort

Retention

Time(months)

SafetyFactor

Formula

(Darcy's)

Poorsome info on

aquifer

24 4

3-D model Fair lot of info on

aquifer12 2

Intrinsic

TracerBetter

sampling ofexisting

indicators

9 1.5

Added Tracer Desiredtrack added

tracer 6 1.0


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How to determine if GRRP location is farHow to determine if GRRP location is far

enough away from drinking water wellsenough away from drinking water wellsThere are 4 types of methods aThere are 4 types of methods a

proponent can propose in the engineeringproponent can propose in the engineeringreport. They can range between veryreport. They can range between veryaccurate to a rough estimate. They areaccurate to a rough estimate. They are

listed below in order of accuracy andlisted below in order of accuracy andeffort needed:effort needed:

1.1. tracer study using an added tracer chemicaltracer study using an added tracer chemical

(e.g. sulfur hexafluoride) based on being(e.g. sulfur hexafluoride) based on being

able to detect a Table to detect a T22 (i.e. the time for(i.e. the time for2%2% ofof

tracer concentration to reach the endpoint)tracer concentration to reach the endpoint)


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More Methods for determining GRRPMore Methods for determining GRRP

locations with respect to drinking water wellslocations with respect to drinking water wells

2.2. tracer study utilizing an intrinsic tracer (existing parametertracer study utilizing an intrinsic tracer (existing parameterthat is an indicator in effluent, such as TDS) based on Tthat is an indicator in effluent, such as TDS) based on T1010

3.3. develop and calibrate 3develop and calibrate 3--D numerical model to predictD numerical model to predictdistancedistance

(i.e. calibrated finite element or finite difference models(i.e. calibrated finite element or finite difference modelsusing validated & verified computer codes such asusing validated & verified computer codes such asModflow, Feflow, Sutra, Femwater, etc.Modflow, Feflow, Sutra, Femwater, etc. these 4 arethese 4 arepublic domain models that are commonly used)public domain models that are commonly used)

4.4. develop and justify an analytical formula to predictdevelop and justify an analytical formula to predict

distancedistance DarcyDarcys Equations Equation

Should do some field work to determine porosityShould do some field work to determine porosity

Hydraulic conductivity constant of aquiferHydraulic conductivity constant of aquiferHydraulic gradient of flowHydraulic gradient of flow


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Ultimately Need a Tracer StudyUltimately Need a Tracer StudyIf not performed already, within 3 months ofIf not performed already, within 3 months ofcommencing operation, the GRRP must initiatecommencing operation, the GRRP must initiatean added tracer study to verify travel time froman added tracer study to verify travel time from

the GRRP to the first monitoring well.the GRRP to the first monitoring well.continue to monitor the tracer, to the nearestcontinue to monitor the tracer, to the nearestdowngradient drinking water well, until 6 monthsdowngradient drinking water well, until 6 monthsretention time has been demonstrated.retention time has been demonstrated.

Of course, if it shows it is >6 months retentionOf course, if it shows it is >6 months retentiontime to the monitoring well, can stop monitoring.time to the monitoring well, can stop monitoring.

if changes in hydrogeological or climaticif changes in hydrogeological or climaticconditions occur afterward, CDPH may requireconditions occur afterward, CDPH may require

the GRRP to demonstrate retention timesthe GRRP to demonstrate retention timesrequired are being met.required are being met.


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Planning Tool For ProponentPlanning Tool For Proponent

For instance, some aquifers may have theFor instance, some aquifers may have the

characteristics where a Darcycharacteristics where a Darcys formulas formulacalculation may indicate 2+ years of travel timecalculation may indicate 2+ years of travel time

to nearest domestic wellto nearest domestic well

CDPH will carefully review assumptions andCDPH will carefully review assumptions andbasis for them in engineering reportbasis for them in engineering report

Eventually require tracer test after project isEventually require tracer test after project is

initiatedinitiated

24 months should be conservative enough, but if24 months should be conservative enough, but if

not, proponent can mitigate impactnot, proponent can mitigate impact

Pl i T l F C ti


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Planning Tool For CountiesPlanning Tool For Counties

Proponent proposes distance in engr. reportProponent proposes distance in engr. reportOne setback distance that would apply to allOne setback distance that would apply to allaquifers was too hard to justify because ofaquifers was too hard to justify because of

varying characteristicsvarying characteristicsIf DarcyIf Darcys formula used, 24 months travel times formula used, 24 months travel timeshould yield a conservative setback to nearestshould yield a conservative setback to nearestdomestic welldomestic well

CDPH will evaluate method in engineering reportCDPH will evaluate method in engineering report

Initial distance can be used by county untilInitial distance can be used by county untileventual tracer test after project is initiatedeventual tracer test after project is initiated

If setback not enough, proponent must mitigateIf setback not enough, proponent must mitigateimpact (CDPH approved plan that provides animpact (CDPH approved plan that provides analternative source of domestic water supply toalternative source of domestic water supply to

any user of a producing drinking water source)any user of a producing drinking water source)


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Nitrogen Compound ControlNitrogen Compound Control

Method 1 relies onMethod 1 relies on 5 mg/L total N as an average5 mg/L total N as an average

Method 2 relies onMethod 2 relies on 10 mg/L total N as a maximum10 mg/L total N as a maximum

samples analyzed for Total N, nitrate, nitrite,samples analyzed for Total N, nitrate, nitrite,

ammonia, organic nitrogen, DO, and BODammonia, organic nitrogen, DO, and BOD A set of limits determined for the specific GRRPA set of limits determined for the specific GRRP

as necessary to prevent reduction of NOas necessary to prevent reduction of NO33 to NOto NO22

Method 3 relies on:Method 3 relies on: MCLs for nitrate and nitriteMCLs for nitrate and nitrite

based on historic recharge > 20 yrsbased on historic recharge > 20 yrs

Nit C t lNit C t l M th d 1M th d 1


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Nitrogen ControlNitrogen Control Method 1Method 1Compliance point and monitoringCompliance point and monitoring

Anywhere representative of recycled water or rechargeAnywhere representative of recycled water or rechargewater (i.e. including in or above the mound)water (i.e. including in or above the mound)

Samples analyzed for total nitrogenSamples analyzed for total nitrogen

Reduced monitoring availableReduced monitoring available

StandardStandard -- 5 mg/L total N as an average5 mg/L total N as an average

Frequency of samplingFrequency of sampling -- 2 per week2 per week

Consequence of failureConsequence of failure

Investigate, correct, and notify if the average of twoInvestigate, correct, and notify if the average of twoconsecutive samples >5 mg/Lconsecutive samples >5 mg/L

Suspend application of recycled municipal wastewaterSuspend application of recycled municipal wastewater

if the 4if the 4--week average of all samples >5 mg/Lweek average of all samples >5 mg/LRationaleRationale -- Method 1 relies on such a low limit forMethod 1 relies on such a low limit forthe total N in the recycled municipal wastewaterthe total N in the recycled municipal wastewater

that the chance that the NO2 or NO3 MCL couldthat the chance that the NO2 or NO3 MCL couldbe exceeded is minute.be exceeded is minute.

Nit C t lNitrogen Control M th d 2Method 2


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Nitrogen ControlNitrogen Control Method 2Method 2Compliance point and monitoringCompliance point and monitoring representative of recycled water or recharge (i.e. prior to surfrepresentative of recycled water or recharge (i.e. prior to surfaceace

or subsurface application or prior to reaching the GW table)or subsurface application or prior to reaching the GW table)

analyze for TN, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, org. N, DO, and BODanalyze for TN, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, org. N, DO, and BOD

A groundwater sample analyzed for DOA groundwater sample analyzed for DO

Reduced monitoring availableReduced monitoring available

StandardStandard -- 10 mg/L total nitrogen and limits established in10 mg/L total nitrogen and limits established inthe engineering report for other constituentsthe engineering report for other constituents

Frequency of samplingFrequency of sampling --As established by CDPH andAs established by CDPH and

specified in the operations planspecified in the operations planConsequence of failureConsequence of failure Investigate, correct, and notify if the average of 2 consecutiveInvestigate, correct, and notify if the average of 2 consecutive

samples >10 mg/L TN standard or exceeds standard for othersamples >10 mg/L TN standard or exceeds standard for other

constituentsconstituents Suspend application of recycled municipal wastewater if the 4Suspend application of recycled municipal wastewater if the 4--week average of all samples >10 mg/Lweek average of all samples >10 mg/L

RationaleRationale -- Method 2 relies on a low limit for the total N inMethod 2 relies on a low limit for the total N in

the recycled that the chance that a MCL could bethe recycled that the chance that a MCL could beexceeded is lowexceeded is low

Nitrogen ControlNitrogen Control Method 3Method 3


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Nitrogen ControlNitrogen Control Method 3Method 3

Compliance point and monitoringCompliance point and monitoring

Only for projects in operation forOnly for projects in operation for 20 years20 years Groundwater downgradient of the recharge areaGroundwater downgradient of the recharge area

StandardStandard -- MCLs for nitrate and nitriteMCLs for nitrate and nitrite

Frequency of samplingFrequency of sampling Specified in the engineering report and operations plan.Specified in the engineering report and operations plan.

Relatively frequent monitoring at locations between the rechargeRelatively frequent monitoring at locations between the rechargearea and downgradient domestic wells is required.area and downgradient domestic wells is required.

Consequence of failureConsequence of failure Notify the Department and RWQCB if > MCLsNotify the Department and RWQCB if > MCLs

Suspend surface and subsurface application unless demonstratedSuspend surface and subsurface application unless demonstratedthat the groundwater no longer exceeds the MCLs.that the groundwater no longer exceeds the MCLs.

RationaleRationale -- Method 3 relies on:Method 3 relies on:

1. A demonstration that historic recharge with water containing1. A demonstration that historic recharge with water containingcomparable levels of nitrogen has not caused a problem,comparable levels of nitrogen has not caused a problem,

2. Evidence that recharge water can be tracked and monitored2. Evidence that recharge water can be tracked and monitoredthroughout the flow path, andthroughout the flow path, and

3. Monitoring to show that the MCLs for NO2 and NO3 are met in t3. Monitoring to show that the MCLs for NO2 and NO3 are met in thehegroundwater.groundwater.


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Source Water ControlSource Water Control

An industrial pretreatment and pollutant sourceAn industrial pretreatment and pollutant sourcecontrol program that includescontrol program that includes

an assessment of the fate of Departmentan assessment of the fate of Department--specifiedspecifiedcontaminants,contaminants,

contaminant source investigations and contaminantcontaminant source investigations and contaminant

monitoringmonitoring an outreach program to industrial, commercial, andan outreach program to industrial, commercial, and

residential for the purpose of managing andresidential for the purpose of managing and

minimizing the discharge of contaminantsminimizing the discharge of contaminants an upan up--toto--date inventory of contaminants dischargeddate inventory of contaminants discharged

into the wastewater collection system so that newinto the wastewater collection system so that newcontaminants of concern can be readily evaluatedcontaminants of concern can be readily evaluated

http://www nodrugsdownthedrain org/disposal htmlhttp://www nodrugsdownthedrain org/disposal html


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http://www.nodrugsdownthedrain.org/disposal.htmlhttp://www.nodrugsdownthedrain.org/disposal.html

Instructions for disposing of unwanted pharmaceuticals may varyInstructions for disposing of unwanted pharmaceuticals may vary byby

location but in the City oflocation but in the City ofRiversideRiverside the approved method is to dispose ofthe approved method is to dispose ofthem in the trash. . . . Flushing is no longer the recommended dthem in the trash. . . . Flushing is no longer the recommended d isposalisposalmethod; it can have adverse effects on our environment.method; it can have adverse effects on our environment.

How should I dispose of my unwanted medication?How should I dispose of my unwanted medication?

Trashing medicine is a better option than flushing. However, preTrashing medicine is a better option than flushing. However, precautionscautionsmust be taken to ensure the safety of children and animals.must be taken to ensure the safety of children and animals.

LIQUIDSLIQUIDS -- Empty liquid medication onto absorbent paper towels or ragsEmpty liquid medication onto absorbent paper towels or rags

and dispose of with regular trash.and dispose of with regular trash.

PROPELLANT INHALERPROPELLANT INHALER -- Empty container by expelling allEmpty container by expelling allpropellant.propellant. Dispose of small empty cylinder in trash.Dispose of small empty cylinder in trash.

PILLSPILLS -- Capsules and tablets should be made unusable andCapsules and tablets should be made unusable andunattractive by wetting, breaking and crushing.unattractive by wetting, breaking and crushing. The remains should beThe remains should beplaced in the original childproof containerplaced in the original childproof containerwith all your personalwith all your personalinformation removedinformation removed, sealed with tape and tossed in the trash., sealed with tape and tossed in the trash. Or,Or,

another option is to mix the medication with decaying food, usedanother option is to mix the medication with decaying food, used coffeecoffeegrounds, or kitty litter for disposal with your household trash.grounds, or kitty litter for disposal with your household trash.


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Chemical Contaminant ClassesChemical Contaminant ClassesRegulated contaminants (MCLs)Regulated contaminants (MCLs)

Known, with regard to health effects (PHGs),Known, with regard to health effects (PHGs),

detection, treatment technologiesdetection, treatment technologiesUnregulated contaminants with notification levelsUnregulated contaminants with notification levels

Health effects known, but not to the extent ofHealth effects known, but not to the extent of

regulated onesregulated ones

Emerging contaminantsEmerging contaminants

Unknown with regard to detection, treatment, humanUnknown with regard to detection, treatment, human

health effects at environmental concentrationshealth effects at environmental concentrations

Often information available about effects at high levelsOften information available about effects at high levels

(drugs), or ecological effects (endocrine disruptors)(drugs), or ecological effects (endocrine disruptors)


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Regulated Chemical ControlRegulated Chemical Control

Drinking Water StandardsDrinking Water Standards

Primary andPrimary and

SecondarySecondary

Potential future Maximum ContaminantPotential future Maximum Contaminant

LevelsLevels chromiumchromium--6,6,

1,2,31,2,3--trichloropropane,trichloropropane, NDMA?NDMA?

NDMANDMA


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MCL DevelopmentMCL Development

A new MCL comes from a public healthA new MCL comes from a public health

concern, a federal regulation, or a state lawconcern, a federal regulation, or a state lawOffice of Environmental Health HazardOffice of Environmental Health Hazard

Assessment (OEHHA) does riskAssessment (OEHHA) does risk

assessments (public health goals=PHGs)assessments (public health goals=PHGs)for existing MCLs, federal MCLsfor existing MCLs, federal MCLs(new/revised), and emerging chemicals(new/revised), and emerging chemicals

A risk assessment is a comprehensiveA risk assessment is a comprehensiveliterature review and analysis of aliterature review and analysis of a

contaminant.contaminant.


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After Public Health Goal SetAfter Public Health Goal Set

Review

occurrence, feasibility

costs of analysis and monitoring

cost of removal

Conduct cost-benefit analysis for possible

MCLs

Process takes a long time due to

development and lengthy adoption period

GWR General Approach for the


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GWR General Approach for the

Unregulated ChemicalsMonitor for Regulated Contaminants, plus

NLs & Priority PollutantsBut too many compounds to monitor for

everything else

Plus, this is a dynamic situation

Industrial practices change

Pharmaceutical prescription preferences

change

Public perceptions change

Unregulated contaminants withUnregulated contaminants with


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Unregulated contaminants withUnregulated contaminants with

Notification Levels (NLs)Notification Levels (NLs)Includes chemicals such asIncludes chemicals such as boron,boron,

chlorate,chlorate, NDMA,NDMA,

1,2,31,2,3--trichloropropane,trichloropropane,

formaldehyde,formaldehyde, vanadiumvanadium andand 1,41,4--dioxanedioxane

Exceeding a NL requires notification of theExceeding a NL requires notification of the

governing body of the local agencygoverning body of the local agencyCDPH requires these chemicals because theyCDPH requires these chemicals because theyhave either been detected in the recycled waterhave either been detected in the recycled water

or shown to be possibly present in the sewage.or shown to be possibly present in the sewage.

Oth Ch i l COth Ch i l C


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Other Chemical ConcernsOther Chemical ConcernsGross organic matter (TOC)Gross organic matter (TOC)

TOC max =TOC max = 0.5 mg/L

RWCproposed

RWCRWCproposedproposed is the proposed max. RWCis the proposed max. RWC

Recycled water contribution (RWC)Recycled water contribution (RWC) means themeans thequantity of recycled municipal wastewaterquantity of recycled municipal wastewater

applied at the GRRP,applied at the GRRP,

divided by the sum of the recycled municipaldivided by the sum of the recycled municipal

wastewater applied at the GRRP andwastewater applied at the GRRP and

diluent water meeting the requirements ofdiluent water meeting the requirements ofsection 60320.035.section 60320.035.


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Recycled Water Contribution (RWC)Recycled Water Contribution (RWC)

Example of RWCExample of RWC

1000 acre1000 acre--ft of recycled water combined withft of recycled water combined with4000 acre4000 acre--ft of diluent water =ft of diluent water =

1000/(1000 + 4000) = 0.2 or 20%1000/(1000 + 4000) = 0.2 or 20%

5000 acre5000 acre--ft of recycled water combined withft of recycled water combined with5000 acre5000 acre--ft of diluent water =ft of diluent water =

5000/(5000 + 5000) = 0.5 or 50%5000/(5000 + 5000) = 0.5 or 50%

NOTENOTE RWC is calculated on a 60 month averageRWC is calculated on a 60 month average


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TOC max =TOC max = 0.5 mg/LRWCproposed

ExampleExample

RWC = 10% or 0.10; TOC < 5.0 mg/lRWC = 10% or 0.10; TOC < 5.0 mg/l



RWC = 50% or 0.50; TOC < 1.0 mg/lRWC = 50% or 0.50; TOC < 1.0 mg/l RWC = 75% or 0.75; TOC < 0.67 mg/lRWC = 75% or 0.75; TOC < 0.67 mg/l

NOTE: TOC is calculated on a 20 week averageNOTE: TOC is calculated on a 20 week average




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Recycled Water Contribution (RWC)Recycled Water Contribution (RWC)RWC = 10% or 0.10; TOC < 5.0 mg/lRWC = 10% or 0.10; TOC < 5.0 mg/l





TOC vs. %RWC

0

1

2

3

45

6

0 20 40 60 80

%RWC

TOC

TOC


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TOC Monitoring OptionsTOC Monitoring Options

1.1. For filtered wastewater, unlessFor filtered wastewater, unless

subsequently treated with reversesubsequently treated with reverseosmosis, two 24osmosis, two 24--hour compositehour composite

samples a week, taken at least threesamples a week, taken at least three

days apart.days apart.

2.2. For recycled municipal wastewater, atFor recycled municipal wastewater, at

least one 24least one 24--hour composite samplehour composite sampleeach week prior to recharge, or . . .each week prior to recharge, or . . .

TOC Monitoring OptionsTOC Monitoring Options 22


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TOC Monitoring OptionsTOC Monitoring Options--22

3.3. For surface application, at least one sampleFor surface application, at least one sampleeach week in a manner yielding TOC valueseach week in a manner yielding TOC valuesrepresentative of the recycled municipalrepresentative of the recycled municipal

wastewater TOC after infiltration andwastewater TOC after infiltration andpercolation, and not influenced by diluentpercolation, and not influenced by diluentwater, native groundwater, or other source ofwater, native groundwater, or other source ofdilution as determined by:dilution as determined by:

A.A. measuring undiluted percolating recycled municipalmeasuring undiluted percolating recycled municipalwastewater,wastewater,

B.B. measuring diluted percolating recycled municipalmeasuring diluted percolating recycled municipalwastewater and adjusting the value for the diluentwastewater and adjusting the value for the diluentwater effect, orwater effect, or

C.C. using recharge demonstration studies to develop ausing recharge demonstration studies to develop asoil treatment factor that can be applied weekly tosoil treatment factor that can be applied weekly to

recycled municipal wastewater measurementsrecycled municipal wastewater measurementsleaving the treatment plant.leaving the treatment plant.

Diluent WaterDiluent Water


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Meet the requirements of section 60320.035Meet the requirements of section 60320.035

Examples areExamples are

raw surface water,raw surface water,

groundwater,groundwater, stormwaterstormwater

Conduct a source water evaluation per Cal/NV AWWAConduct a source water evaluation per Cal/NV AWWA

watershed sanitary survey handbook of the diluent waterwatershed sanitary survey handbook of the diluent waterfor Department review and approval, including:for Department review and approval, including:

1.1. a description of the source of the diluent water,a description of the source of the diluent water,

2.2. delineation of the origin & extent of the water,delineation of the origin & extent of the water,3.3. the susceptibility to contamination,the susceptibility to contamination,

4.4. the identification of known or potential contaminants,the identification of known or potential contaminants,

5.5. an inventory of the potential sources of diluent wateran inventory of the potential sources of diluent watercontaminationcontamination

Diluent Water MonitoringDiluent Water Monitoring


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Diluent Water MonitoringDiluent Water Monitoring

(a)(a) Monitor the diluent water quarterly for nitrateMonitor the diluent water quarterly for nitrateand nitriteand nitrite

(b)(b) a Departmenta Department--approved water qualityapproved water quality

monitoring plan for the purpose ofmonitoring plan for the purpose ofdemonstrating that the diluent water meetsdemonstrating that the diluent water meets

Department specified primary MCLs andDepartment specified primary MCLs and

notification levelsnotification levels

1.1. Monitoring of any additional constituents listed inMonitoring of any additional constituents listed in

section 62320.047 (e.g. NLs & EDCs), based on thesection 62320.047 (e.g. NLs & EDCs), based on the

source water evaluation;source water evaluation;

2.2. Actions to be taken in the event of nonActions to be taken in the event of non--compliancecompliance

with a primary MCL or failing to meet a notificationwith a primary MCL or failing to meet a notification

level.level.

Running Monthly AverageRunning Monthly Average RWCRWC


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Running Monthly AverageRunning Monthly Average RWCRWC

calculate running monthly averagecalculate running monthly average RWCRWC basedbased

on theon the

total volume of the recycled municipal wastewatertotal volume of the recycled municipal wastewater and diluent waterand diluent water

for the preceding 60 calendar monthsfor the preceding 60 calendar months

The initial maximum RWC will be based onThe initial maximum RWC will be based on the CDPHthe CDPHs review of the engineering report &s review of the engineering report &

information obtained as a result of the public hearing,information obtained as a result of the public hearing,

but shall not exceed 0.20 for surface applicationbut shall not exceed 0.20 for surface application

or 0.50 for subsurface application projectsor 0.50 for subsurface application projects

or 0.50 for surface application projects with ROor 0.50 for surface application projects with RO

Advanced TreatmentAdvanced Treatment


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Advanced TreatmentAdvanced Treatment

Treatment processes are required for thatTreatment processes are required for thatportion of the recycled wastewater streamportion of the recycled wastewater stream

needing additional treatment to meet theneeding additional treatment to meet theTOC limit, =TOC limit, = 0.5 mg/L

RWCpermited

provide reverse osmosis treatmentprovide reverse osmosis treatment

advanced oxidation treatment to provideadvanced oxidation treatment to provide

treatment equivalent totreatment equivalent toa 1.2 log NDMA reductiona 1.2 log NDMA reduction andand

a 0.5 log 1.4a 0.5 log 1.4--dioxane reductiondioxane reduction

UV / HUV / H22OO22 or Ozone / Hor Ozone / H22OO22

Example RWCExample RWC


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Example RWCExample RWC

Say proposing RO to increase RWCSay proposing RO to increase RWC

Assume TOC in the permeate = 0.2Assume TOC in the permeate = 0.2

What % of the effluent needs RO?What % of the effluent needs RO?

equation is 0.5 /

RWCrecalcitrant TOC 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

RWC proposed 0.357 0.4 0.45 0.5

TOC to meet EQ. 1.400 1.25 1.111 1

% RW needing RO 0.0% 12.5% 24.2% 33.3%

GWR Criteria OperationsGWR Criteria Operations


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pp

ControlControlDuring first year of operation, GRRPDuring first year of operation, GRRP

operation of all treatment processes shalloperation of all treatment processes shallbe optimized to reduce contaminant levels,be optimized to reduce contaminant levels,

including regulated and unregulatedincluding regulated and unregulated

contaminantscontaminants

Update operations plan based on aboveUpdate operations plan based on above

optimization practicesoptimization practices

Engineering ReportEngineering Report


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Engineering ReportEngineering Report

Description of GRRP, proposed RWC,Description of GRRP, proposed RWC,anticipated TOCanticipated TOC

Prepared by registered engineer in conjunctionPrepared by registered engineer in conjunctionwith a registered geologistwith a registered geologistInvestigation and evaluation of GRRP,Investigation and evaluation of GRRP,(hydrogeological)(hydrogeological)

Impacts on existing and potential uses ofImpacts on existing and potential uses ofimpacted GW basinimpacted GW basin

Proposed means for compliance with GWR regsProposed means for compliance with GWR regs

and water recycling criteriaand water recycling criteriaOperations PlanOperations Plan

Advisory PanelAdvisory Panel

Periodic UpdatesPeriodic Updates

Contemporary concernsContemporary concerns


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Contemporary concernsContemporary concerns

Indicators of the presence of municipalIndicators of the presence of municipalwastewater as specified by CDPHwastewater as specified by CDPH

PurposePurpose

Such monitoring is not for compliance, but forSuch monitoring is not for compliance, but for

informational use only.informational use only. This will be useful in addressing publicThis will be useful in addressing public

perception about the safety of rechargeperception about the safety of recharge

projects.projects.

Project proponent proposes list inProject proponent proposes list in

engineering reportengineering report

Emerging ContaminantsEmerging Contaminants


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Emerging ContaminantsEmerging Contaminants

CDPH at this timeCDPH at this time does notdoes not recommend specificrecommend specific

chemicals.chemicals.

However, GRRPs should propose a monitoringHowever, GRRPs should propose a monitoringprogram of these categories of contaminantsprogram of these categories of contaminants

(including surrogates or specific chemicals(including surrogates or specific chemicals

indicators)indicators)

There are many lists out thereThere are many lists out there

Shane Snyder's work @ So. NV & WRF 3085Shane Snyder's work @ So. NV & WRF 3085Recent work such as WRF 03Recent work such as WRF 03--014, Drewes, et al014, Drewes, et al

Current developments for WRFCurrent developments for WRF--0505--005005

OccurrenceOccurrence


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OccurrenceOccu e ce

Shane Snyder created an occurrence listShane Snyder created an occurrence listfrom 23 source waters:from 23 source waters:

dilantin = 91%dilantin = 91%

meprobamate = 91%meprobamate = 91%sulfamethoxazole = 91%sulfamethoxazole = 91%

atrazine = 87%atrazine = 87%

carbamazepine = 83%carbamazepine = 83%gemfibrozil = 78%gemfibrozil = 78%

atenolol = 74%atenolol = 74%

trimethoprin = 74%trimethoprin = 74%estrone = 74%estrone = 74%

naproxen = 70%naproxen = 70%

TCEP = 65%TCEP = 65%

Intermediate to Poor Removal viaIntermediate to Poor Removal via


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Soil Aquifer TreatmentSoil Aquifer TreatmentRecommended as "surrogates" by Drewes &Recommended as "surrogates" by Drewes &

SnyderSnyder

Carbamazepine: most frequently detectedpharmaceutical in numerous studies. It appears to be

resistant to treatment removal technologies and tends

not to break down in the environment. Evidence ofcarcinogenicity and developmental toxicity.

Sulfamethoxazole: most frequently detected

antibiotic and possible concerns with antibioticresistance

Dilantin:: anticonvulsant; frequently detected; frequently detected

Shane Snyder found occurrence in 3 reuse


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water samples after RO and AOP

dilantin < 0.50 ng/Ldilantin < 0.50 ng/L

meprobamate ranged from < 0.25meprobamate ranged from < 0.25 -- 0.58 ng/L0.58 ng/L

sulfamethoxazole < 0.25 ng/Lsulfamethoxazole < 0.25 ng/L

atrazine < 0.25 ng/Latrazine < 0.25 ng/Lcarbamazepine < 0.50 ng/Lcarbamazepine < 0.50 ng/L

gemfibrozil ranged from < 0.25gemfibrozil ranged from < 0.25 -- 0.62 ng/L0.62 ng/L

atenolol ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/Latenolol ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/L

trimethoprin ranged from 0.41trimethoprin ranged from 0.41 -- 0.60 ng/L0.60 ng/L

History of Endnote 5History of Endnote 5


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History of Endnote 5History of Endnote 5

First developed in 2003 in response toFirst developed in 2003 in response toquestions raised at public hearingsquestions raised at public hearings

some considerations:some considerations:a) occurrencea) occurrence

b) public interestb) public interest

c) high use by publicc) high use by publicd) removal via treatmentd) removal via treatment

Never intended to be THE LISTNever intended to be THE LISTSpecifics depend on the individualSpecifics depend on the individualengineering report and characteristics ofengineering report and characteristics of

the groundwater basin.the groundwater basin.

Future of Endnote 5Future of Endnote 5


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Future of Endnote 5Future of Endnote 5

None of the endnotes will be in the finalNone of the endnotes will be in the finalregulation.regulation.

Are just guidance on current thinking.Are just guidance on current thinking.

Drewes and Snyder are recommendingDrewes and Snyder are recommending"surrogates" based upon some considerations:"surrogates" based upon some considerations:

a) occurrence in source water;a) occurrence in source water;

b) occurrence in reuse water;b) occurrence in reuse water;

c) removal via soil aquifer treatment (SAT);c) removal via soil aquifer treatment (SAT);

d) removal via RO and disinfectiond) removal via RO and disinfection

Many are removed effectively by RO, ifMany are removed effectively by RO, ifMolecular Weight is > 200 g/molMolecular Weight is > 200 g/mol

NDMA has a 74 MW and requires UVNDMA has a 74 MW and requires UV


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HormonesHormones

In our most recent draft of theIn our most recent draft of thegroundwater recharge with recycledgroundwater recharge with recycled

water reg, Endnote 5 will probably notwater reg, Endnote 5 will probably not

recommend any specific chemicalsrecommend any specific chemicals

HormonesHormones -- chemicals that representchemicals that represent

either female or male hormones,either female or male hormones, purported lowpurported low--dose effectsdose effects

public interestpublic interest


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Industrial Endocrine DisruptorsIndustrial Endocrine Disruptors

"Industrial" endocrine disruptors"Industrial" endocrine disruptors

Canada is considering a standard forCanada is considering a standard for

bisphenol Abisphenol A -- purported lowpurported low--dose effectsdose effectsBill proposed on bisphenol ABill proposed on bisphenol A

In the marketplace, seeing water bottlesIn the marketplace, seeing water bottlesbaring the stickerbaring the stickerno BPAno BPA

PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals


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ChemicalsChemicals such as thosesuch as those leading list of those prescribed to humans

frequently detected pharmaceutical in

numerous studies

relatively resistant to treatment removal

technologies that tend not to break down in the environment

evidence of carcinogenicity

evidence of developmental or other toxicity

possible concerns with antibiotic resistance

Other PharmaceuticalsOther Pharmaceuticals


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May vary by localityMay vary by localitychemicalschemicals such assuch as

analgesics

pain treatment

highly prescribed and over the counter sales

leaders drugs for lowering blood cholesterol, fats

antibiotics

antibacterialsantibacterials

anticonvulsant

antianti--anxiety agentsanxiety agents

Personal Care ProductsPersonal Care Products


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Personal Care ProductsPersonal Care Products

investigate chemicals such asinvestigate chemicals such as

those frequently detectedfrequently detected relatively resistant to treatment removal

consumer/household bactericidal soap

cosmeticscosmetics

skin care

insect repellantsinsect repellants


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Other chemicals such asOther chemicals such as

Iodinated contrast mediamedical imaging

X-ray

fire retardantsfire retardants

frequently detectedfrequently detected

resistant to removal via AOPresistant to removal via AOP

Hormones,Hormones,


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Pharmaceuticals,Pharmaceuticals,Endocrine Disruptors,Endocrine Disruptors,

Personal Care ProductsPersonal Care ProductsThere are no drinking water standards forThere are no drinking water standards for

many of these emerging contaminantsmany of these emerging contaminantsand no standards are anticipated in theand no standards are anticipated in thenear future.near future.

In addition, consistent, validated,In addition, consistent, validated,standardized, approved, analyticalstandardized, approved, analytical

methods not generally available.methods not generally available.

Research NeedsResearch Needs


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To address concerns, we need:To address concerns, we need:

Laboratory methods that are commerciallyLaboratory methods that are commercially

available and inexpensiveavailable and inexpensiveDemonstration that treatment technologiesDemonstration that treatment technologies

efficiently remove them from treated wastewaterefficiently remove them from treated wastewater

to be used for indirect potable reuseto be used for indirect potable reuse

We need to have confidence that adverse healthWe need to have confidence that adverse health

effects are not likely from potential longeffects are not likely from potential long--term,term,lowlow--level exposure to diluted emerginglevel exposure to diluted emerging

contaminantscontaminants

cumulative and synergistic effects?cumulative and synergistic effects?

Questions?Questions?


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Questions?Q

Refer to draft recharge regsRefer to draft recharge regs

dated August 5, 2008 on our websitedated August 5, 2008 on our website

http://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Watehttp://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Waterrecycling.aspxrrecycling.aspx
http://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Waterrecycling.aspxhttp://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Waterrecycling.aspxhttp://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Waterrecycling.aspxhttp://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Waterrecycling.aspxhttp://ww2.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/environhealth/water/Pages/Waterrecycling.aspx

californias draft criteria

Documents