calculate the speed of 25 cm ripples passing through water at 120 waves/s
DESCRIPTION
Calculate the speed of 25 cm ripples passing through water at 120 waves/s. Determine the l , f, & T of the 49 th overtone of a 4.0 m organ pipe when v sound = 350.0 m/s. Chapter 15. Sound. Sound Waves. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Calculate the speed of 25 cm ripples passing through
water at 120 waves/s
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Determine the , f, & T of the 49th overtone of a 4.0 m organ pipe when vsound = 350.0
m/s
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Chapter 15Sound
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Sound WavesLongitudinal waves caused
by pressure change producing compressions
& rarefactions of particles in the medium
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Sound WavesAny vibrations produce
regular oscillations pressure as the vibrating
substance pushes air molecules back & forth
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Sound WavesThe oscillating air
molecule collide with others transmitting the
pressure variations away from the source
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Sound WavesAir resistance will cause the amplitude of the wave
to diminish as it moves away from the source
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Speed of Sound
vsound in air = 331.5 m/s
+ (0.60 m/soC)(T)
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Speed of Sound
vsound ~ 343 m/sAt room temp.
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Speed of Sound at 25oC
vin air = 343 m/s
vfresh water = 1493 m/s
vsea water = 1533 m/s
vin steel = 5130 m/s
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The human ear can detect sound between
20 Hz & 16 kHz. Calculate the
wavelength of each:
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Calculate the in mm of notes with
frequencies of:2.0 kHz & 10.0 kHz
vsound = 342 m/s
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Loudness•How loud sound is, is proportional to the
amplitude of its waves
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Decibels (dB)•Unit for measuring
the loudness of a sound wave
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Decibels•Measured in log
units•50 dB is 10 x greater
than 40 dB
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Pitch•Pitch is proportional
to the frequency or inversely
proportioned to the wavelength
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Doppler Effect•Changes in observed
pitch due to relative motion between the
source & the observer of the sound wave
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Doppler Effect•The pitch of
approaching objects has higher frequencies or shorter wavelengths
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Doppler Effect•The pitch of objects
moving apart has lower frequencies or longer
wavelengths
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The Physics of Music
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Almost all musical instruments are some form of an
open tube or strings attached at two ends
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In brass instruments, the lip vibrates against
the mouthpiece causing the instrument
to vibrate
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In reed instruments, air moving over the
reed causes it to vibrate causing the
instrument to vibrate
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In pipe instruments, air moving over the
opening causes air to vibrate causing the
instrument to vibrate
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In stringed instruments, plucking the string causes it to vibrate
causing the instrument to vibrate
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In musical instruments, the sound is dependent upon resonance in air
columns
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In each instrument, the longest wavelength
produced is twice the length of string or air
column
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Resonance•When multiple objects
vibrate at the same frequency or wavelength
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Resonance•Resonance increases amplitude or loudness
as multiple sources reinforce the waves
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Resonance•The length & width of the
air column determine the pitch (frequency or
wavelength)
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Resonance•In instruments sound
resonates at a fundamental pitch and
many overtones
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Calculate the wavelengths for each of
the following sound frequencies at 30.83oC:
4.0 MHz & 10.0 MHz
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Fundamental•The lowest tone or frequency that can be
generated by an instrument
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Overtones•Sound waves of higher frequency or pitch than
the fundamental
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Pipe Resonance•Open Pipe: open at
both ends
•Closed Pipe: Closed at one end
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Pipe: Open End•High Pressure-antinode
•Zero Displacement-node
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Pipe: Closed End•Pressure node
•Displacement antinode
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Closed Pipe Resonator
•A pipe that is closed at one end
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Open Pipe Resonator
•A pipe that is open at both ends
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Wavelengths Generated by a Closed Pipe
Resonator
= 4L/(2n +1)f = v(2n+1)/4L
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Wavelengths Generated by a Closed Pipe
Resonator
n = 0 for the fundamental
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Wavelengths Generated by a Closed Pipe
Resonator
n = positive integers for overtones
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Typical Wavelengths Generated by CP
0 = 4L
1 = 4L/3
2 = 4L/5
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Wavelengths Generated by an Open Pipe
Resonator
= 2L/(n+1)f = (n+1)v/2L
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Wavelengths Generated by an Open Pipe
Resonator
n = 0 for the fundamental
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Wavelengths Generated by an Open Pipe
Resonator
n = positive integers for overtones
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Typical Wavelengths Generated by OP
0 = 2L
1 = 2L/2
2 = 2L/3
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Calculate the longest wavelength & the first
two overtones produced using a 68.6 cm saxophone. (open)
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Calculate the wavelengths &
frequencies of the longest & the first 4 overtones produced using a 2.0 m tuba.
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Calculate the wavelengths & frequencies of the lowest & the first 4
overtones produced using a 5.0 cm whistle. (closed)
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Sound Quality
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Fundamental•The lowest tone or frequency that can be
generated by an instrument
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Overtones•Sound waves of a higher frequency or
pitch than the fundamental
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Harmonics•Sound waves of higher frequency or pitch than
the fundamental or overtones
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Timbre•Quality of sound
•Addition of all harmonics generated
determines timbre
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Beat•Oscillations in sound
wave amplitude
•Can be produced by wave reinforcement
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Consonance•Several pitches produced simultaneously producing a pleasant sound called a:
Chord
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Dissonance•Several pitches produced simultaneously producing an unpleasant sound or:
Dischord
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Consonance•Consonance occurs when the frequencies having small whole
number ratios
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Consonance Frequency Ratios
•2:3
•3:4
•4:5
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Consonance Frequency Ratios
•The notes in the chord C major have frequency
ratios of 4:5:6
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Octave•When two notes with a frequency ratio of 2:1, the higher note is one octave
above the lower note
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Frequency Ratios•1:2 - octave
•2:3 - Perfect Fifth
•3:4 - Perfect Fourth
•4:5 - Major Third
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Noise•A mixture of a large number of unrelated
frequencies
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Determine the , f, & T of the 19th overtone
of a 50.0 cm open tube when vsound =
350.0 m/s
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Determine the , f, & T of the 9th & 14th
overtone of a 80.0 cm open tube when vsound
= 350.0 m/s
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Determine the , f, & T of the fundamental & 1st
three overtones of a 700.0 mm open tube
when vsound = 350.0 m/s