calcium and phosphorous relationship
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Calcium and Phosphorous Relationship
The homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus is the result of complex relations between calcemia, phosphatemia, and different
hormones and factors working synergistically to keep a normal balance of these minerals. The normal value for serum calcium is 9.0
11.0 mg/dl while 3.04.5 mg/dl for phosphorus.
Calcium and Phosphorous homeostasis is like a seesaw.
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Acidosis & Alkalosis
Whats the difference between Acidosis and Alkalosis?In Alkalosis the pH is high, while in Acidosis the pH is low.
Alkalosis is kickin the pH up. Acidosis is slidin the pH down.
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Potassium Levels in Acidosis
Remember, Potassium (K) goes inside in Acidosis. In metabolic acidosis, more than one-half of the excess hydrogen ions are buffered
in the cells. Thus, metabolic acidosis results in a plasma potassium concentration that is elevated in relation to total body stores.
pH down = K up! (Yet another seesaw)
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia means having low potassium level of less than than 3.5 mEq/L. Potassium is one of the bodys major ions. Nearly 98%
of the bodys potassium is intracellular. The ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium is important in determining the cellular
membrane potential. Small changes in the extracellular potassium level can have profound effects on the function of the
cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems.
Intestinal motility and heart activity is slowed during hypokalemia. During hypoK, remember the heart saying Wake us up when its
over.
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Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than approximately 3.5-5.5 mEq/L in adults; whereas levels
exceeding 8.5 mEq/L can cause respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest and can quickly be fatal.
Changes during hyperkalemia, note the ECG reading!
Heat Stroke
Signs and symptoms of Heat Stroke including the acid-base imbalances and electrolyte imbalances within.
Signs and symptoms of Heat Stroke and note the management below.
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Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion occurs after being exposed to high temperatures for a long period of time and have become dehydrated.
Mowing the lawn far too long? You might get heat exhaustion not too long!
Causes of Alkalosis
So what are the causes of alkalosis in Respiratory Alkalosis and Metabolic Alkalosis? Common causes ofRespiratory Alkalosis(pH ,
CO2 ) are: initial stages of pulmonary emboli, anxiety,pregnancy and fever. Common causes ofMetabolic Alkalosis(pH ,
HCO3) are: loss of gastric juices, antacid overdose, and potassium wasting diuretics.
Different causes of alkalosis.
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Causes of Acidosis
Difference of Respiratory Acidosis and Metabolic Acidosis.Respiratory Acidosis(pH CO2 ) is usually caused by Hypoventilation,
drug overdose,COPD,airway obstruction and pulmonary edema.Metabolic Acidosis(pH CO2 )on the other hand is usually
caused by: Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Salicylate overdose, severe diarrhea andrenal failure.
Different causes of Acidosis.
Clue to Contractions
If true labour is progressing, there will be adequate uterine contraction, evaluated on the basis of: the frequency, the duration and
the intensity of the contractions.
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Figure out the DIF
Journey to Delivery
Delivery as related to fetal stations.
Journey to Delivery is like Fishing: Fetal Stations.
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Early and Late Decelerations
A deceleration is a decrease in the fetal heart rate below the fetal baseline heart rate. An early deceleration is defined as a
waveform with a gradual decrease and return to baseline with time from onset of the deceleration to the lowest point of the
deceleration >30 seconds. The nadir of the early deceleration occurs with the peak of a contraction.
A late deceleration also has a waveform with a gradual decrease and return to baseline with time from onset of the deceleration to
nadir >30 seconds. However, the late deceleration is shifted to the right of the contraction.
Its okay to be early, but dont be late!
Fetal Station
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Station refers to how far down the babys head has descended into the mothers pelvis. Thebirth canal is shaped like a cone, curving
underneath and behind the pubic bone. Its narrowest section lies between two bony landmarks of the pelvis (one on either side),
called the ischial spines. The geometric plane that extends through these spines and up to the pubic bone is called the midpelvis and
is arbitrarily described as zero station. As the babys head descends below this plane, the station of the baby is indicated by a
number representing how many centimeters the baby has descended.
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Im at Zero, from here its all positive and Im on my way out!
+4 Station and Delivery
+4 station means a baby is soon coming out!
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+4 is on the floor!
Caput Succedaneum
Caput succedaneum is swelling of the scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall
during a head-first (vertex) delivery.
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In Caput Succedaneum, the cap goes across the suture lines.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which the body cant process part of a protein called phenylalanine (Phe).The best
treatment for PKU is a diet of low-protein foods. There are special formulas for newborns. For older children and adults, the diet
includes many fruits and vegetables. It also includes some low-protein breads, pastas and cereals. Nutritional formulas provide the
vitamins and minerals they cant get from their food.
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PKU is an inherited error in metabolism, heres an overview of PKU.
Postpartum Complications
Complications may occur more during cesarean delivery, prolonged ROM, prolonged labor, bladder catheterization and hemorrhage
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Common postpartum complications