caesar, tales of the civil war

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CAESARTales of tKeCIVIL WARC.H.KEENE M.A.


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PRESENTEDTO

The University of Toronto

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LL

TALES OF THE CIVIL WARCAESAR'S COMMENTARIES.

ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS

Witti Vocabulary, Notes, and Exercises

CHARLES HAINES IvEENE, M.A.


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CONTENTS.Introduction, . viiText, 1Abbreviations, 32Vocabulary, 33Notes, .03Exercises, 71Index, 89

IllustrationsColumns at Brindisi marking the End of the

Via Appia, FrontispieceBust of Caesar, .,.. = .. 31

MapsItaly, ....... To face p. 1Spain, , . . 7Africa, . 15

Greece, ..,,..... !}


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INTRODUCTION".The three books of the Commentaries on the Ci\ilWar contain an account by Caesar himself of thecontest between him and Pompey for the chief placein the Eoman state. In the year 49 B.C., Pompeyand Caesar were the two leading men of their time,and there was no independent authority competentto curb their rivalry. As neither could brook thesuperiority of the other, a conflict was inevitable,and their struggle for power involved their countryin civil war.

Caesar begins his narrative by referring to a letterwhich he sent to the senate by the hands of Curio,in January, 49 B.C. In this letter it was proposedthat both Pompey and Caesar should resign theirprovinces and disband their armies, and that Caesarshould then go to Rome to stand for the consulship.The letter was read in the senate, but no resolutionwas moved upon it. A general discussion on theposition of the state then took place, and finally aresolution was passed ordering Caesar to disband hisarmy by a fixed day, under pain of being declared


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viii TALES OF THE CIVIL WARa public enemy. Hereupon the magistrates werearmed with dictatorial power and preparations forwar commenced. On learning this Caesar advancedto Ariminum, thereby leaving his province andpractically declaring war against the senate. Herapidly took possession of a large number of townsin Italy, and so great was the alarm at Rome thatthe consuls fled to Capua. Domitius made a briefstand at Corfinium, but the town soon yielded toCaesar. Thereupon Pompey went to Brundisium,whither he was followed by Caesar, who began toblock up the harbour. Pompey, however, succeededin embarking his troops secretly, and crossed toGreece. Caesar through want of ships was unableto follow. He accordingly, abandoning the pursuitfor the present, proceeded to Eome, where he sum-moned the senate .and made an ineffectual attemptto treat with Pompey. He then went to Gaul andafterwards to Spain to conduct operations there, andhe ultimately got the better of Pompey's supportersin both those countries.

In Africa, however, he was less fortunate, as hislieutenant, Curio, who had crossed thither fromSicily, was worsted and slain after an energeticcampaign.

Caesar, during his absence from Eome, had beennamed dictator, and by virtue of that office on hisreturn in 48 B.C. he took steps to restore credit and


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INTRODUCTION. ixreestablish the public confidence which had beenshaken by the war. Having carried out variousmeasures with this view and presided over the elec-tions, at which he was himself chosen one of theconsuls, he resigned the dictatorship, and proceedingto Brundisium thence crossed to Greece. In thelatter country the war was carried on with varyingsuccess for several months, until at last on August9 (June 6 of the Julian calendar), 48 B.C., the twogenerals met on the field of Pharsalus. Here adecisive battle was fought in which Pompey wasdefeated and compelled to take to flight. He firstescaped to Amphipolis and afterwards vainly soughtsafety at various places in Asia and the neighbouringislands. He finally determined to seek shelter inEgypt, but on attempting to land in that countryhe was treacherously slain by Achillas and Septi-mius, the advisers of the young king Ptolemy.The present selections end with this tragic event,

which practically left Caesar master of the Romanworld. The few remaining chapters of the Com-mentaries describe the pursuit of Pompey, Caesar'sarrival in Egypt and the commencement of theAlexandrine war.The Tales here given are much abridged from the

original, and the language has been somewhatsimplified, especially in the earlier sections. TheExercises are based on the text, and it has not


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X TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.been thought necessary to give an English-LatinVocabulary, as most of the words used in eachExercise occur in the corresponding section of thetext, except in the case of some very commonwords and of a few others which are supplied withinbrackets in the several Exercises.The Vocabulary is divided into sections corre-

sponding with those of the text, and each Latinword is explained in the Vocabulary on its firstoccurrence. When the same word recurs in a laterpart of the book its place in the Vocabulary maybe found by means of the Index.The Notes .supplement the Vocabulary in the fewcases where an explanation of the text is required

in a form not suitable for a Vocabulary.In preparing the Text and Notes I am chiefly

indebted to Kraner and Hofmann's edition of thethree books of the Commentaries. I have also de-rived some assistance from Malcolm Montgomrey'sexcellent edition of the first book.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.1. A Letter from Caesar is read in the Senate and

unfavourably received.Litterae a C. Caesare consulibus redduntur.Aegre impetratum est ut in senatu recitarentur.Referunt consules de republica infinite.L. Lentuliis consul senatui reique publicae se non

defuturum pollicetur.In eandem sententiam loquitur Scipio.Dicit Pompeio esse in animo reipublicae non deesse.Haec Scipionis oratio, quod senatus in urbe habeba-tur Pompeiusque aberat, ex ipsius ore Pompei mitti

videbatur.2. Pompey prepares for War.

Missus est ad vesperum senatus.Omnes, qui sunt eius ordinis, a Pompeio evocantur.Laudat eos Pompeius atque in posterum confirmat.Completur urbs tribunis, centurionibus, evocatis.Necessarii Pompei atque Caesaris inimici in senatum

coguntur.


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2 TALES OF THE CIVIL AVAR.Horum vocibus et concursu terrentur infirmiores,

dubii confirmantur, plerisque vero libere decerneudipotestas eripitur.

i/a. The Senate arms the Magistrates with dictatorial jioweiThe Tribunes escape to Caesar.

lam Pompeius totum se ab Caesaris amicitiaaveiterat et cum communibus inimicis in gratiamredierat.Eem ad arma deduci studebat.His de causis aguntur omnia raptira atque turbate.Decurritur ad illud extremum atque ultimum

senatusconsultumDeiit operam consules, praetores, tribuni plebis, ne

quid respublica detrimenti capiat.Profugiunt statim ex urbe tribuni plebis seseque

ad Caesarem conferunt.Is eo tempore erat Ravennae .exspectabatque suis

lenissimis postulatis responsa.^-4. Troops are levied in Italy. Caesar appeals to his Soldiers,

who promise to support him.Proximis diebus habetur extra urbem seuatus.Pompeius eadem ilia, quae per Scipionem ostenderat,

agit.Tota Italia dilectus habentur, arma imperantur,

2)ecuniae a municipiis exiguntur, e fanis tolluntur.Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar apud milites con-

tionatur.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 3Iniurias inimicorum in se commemorat.Conclamant legionis tertiae clecimae, quae aderat,

niilites, sese paratos esse imperatoris sui iniuriasdefendere.

5. Caesar leaves his Province and enters Italy.

Cognita militum voluntate Caesar Ariminum cumea legione proficiscitur.Reliquas legiones ex hibernis evocat et subsequi

iubet.Ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque

Arretium mittit.Ipse Arimini cum duabus subsistit ibique dilectum

habere instituit.Pisaurum, Fanum, Anconam singulis cohortibus

occupat.

6. Panic at. Rome. The Consuls fly to Capua.Quibus rebus Eomam nuntiatis tantus repente

terror invasit ut Lentulus consul ex urbe profugeret.Hunc Marcellus collega et plerique magistratus

consecuti sunt.Cn. Pornpeius pridie eius diei ex urbe profectus iter

ad legiones habebat, quas a Caesare acceptas in Apuliahibernorum causa disposuerat.

Nihil citra Capuam tutum esse omnibus videtur.Capuae primum sese confirmant et colligunt.


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4 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.7. Caesar occupies A senium and ndvances on Corfinium.Interea Caesar Asculum Picenum proficiscitur.Id oppidum Lentulus Spiuther decern cohortibus

tenebat.Qui Caesaris adventu cognito profugit, et iu itinere

in Vibullium Rufum missum a Pompeio incidit.VibuUius milites ab eo accipit, ipsum dimittit et adDomitium Ahenobarbum Corfinium magnis itineribus

pervenit.Caesarem adesse cum legionibus duabus nuntiat.Caesar ipse unum diem rei frumentariae causa

raoratus Corfinium contendit.Eo cum venisset ad oppidum constitit iuxtaquemurum castra posuit.

8, Domitius in vain seeks H


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAE 5Divnlgato Doraitii consilio milites snae salutis

rationem habent.Itaque legates ex suo numero ad Caesarcm mittunt:

sese paratos esse portas aperire et L. Dcraitium vivumin eius potestatem tradere.

Caesar omnes senatores senatorumque liberos,tribunos militum equitesque Romanos ad se pioduciiubet.Hos omnes dimittit incolumes.Milites Domitianos sacranientum apud se dicei'e

iubet.Eo die castra movet et in Apuliam pervenit.

9. Pompey goes to Brundisinm and thence secretly sails forGreece.

Pompeius his rebus cognitis, quae eiaut ad Cor-finium gestae, Brundisium proficiscitur.

Cousules Dyrrhachium cum magua parte exercitusprofecti sunt.

Pompeius cum viginti coliortibus Brundisii re-manebat.

Caesar Brundisium pervenit et exitus administra-tionesque Brundisini portus impedire instituit.Pompeius, sive operibus Caesaris permotus siveetiam quod ab initio Italia excedere constituerat,milites silentio naves conscendere iubet, et subnoctem naves solvit.


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6 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.Caesar, etsi ad spem conficiendi negotii maxim

probabat coactis navibus mare transire et Pompeiumsequi, tamen eius rei moram temporisque longinqui-tatem timebat, quod omnibus coactis navibus Pom-peius praesentem facultatem insequendi sui ademerat.

Itaque in praesentia Pompei sequendi rationemomittit, in Hispaniam proficisci constituit.

lO. Caesar asf


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 7Itaqne Caesar frastra diebus aliquot consumptis

ab url)e proficiscitur atque in ulteriorcm Galliampervenit.11. Pompey's Lieutenants jjvppare to hnld Sjiain.-

C. Fabium legatum cum legionibus tribus in His-paniam praemittit celeriterque saltus Pyrenaeos occii-pari iubet, qui eo tempore ab L. Afranio legatopraesidiis tenebantur.

Afranius et Petreius et Varro legati Pompei erant.Horum unus Hispaniam citeriorem tribus legioni-

bus, alter ulteriorem a saltu Castulonensi ad Anamduabus legionibus, tertius ab Ana Vettonum agrumLusitaniamque pari numero legionum obtinebat.

Officia inter se partiuntur. Petreius ex Lusitaniaper Vettones cum omnibus copiis ad Afranium pro-ficiscitur ; Varro cum iis, quas habebat, legionibusomnem ulteriorem Hispaniam tuetur.

12. Caesar ajy2Jea7's before Ilerda and begins Operations.Fabius in Sicori flumine pontes efFecerat duos

distantes inter se milia passuum quattuor.Eo Caesar cum equitibus nongentis pervenit.Postero die triplici instructa acie ad Ilerdam pro-

ficiscitur et sub castris Afranii consistit.Inter oppidum Ilerdam et proximum collem, ubi

castra Petreius atque Afranius habebant, tumuluserat paiilo editior.


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8 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.Hunc si occupavisset Caesar et communisset, ab

oppido et commeatu omni se interclusurum adver-sarios confidebat.13. Skirmish for possession of a Hill.

Hoc sperans, legiones tres ex castris educit etunius legionis antesignanos procurrere atque eumtumulum occupare iubet.Afranii cohortes breviore itinere ad eundem occu-pandum locum mittuntur.

Contenditur proelio et, quod pi-ius in tumulumAfraniani venerant, uostri repelluntur atque tergavertere seque ad signa legionum recipere coguntur.

Caesar cohortatus suos legionem nonam subsidioducit '; hostem nostros insequentem supprimit rursus-que terga vertere seque ad oppidum Ilerdam recipereet sub muro cousistere cogit.Haec eius diei praefertur opinio, ut se utrique

superiores discessisse existimarent : Afraniani quodtumulum tenuissent, quae causa pugnandi fuerat,et nostros primo congressu terga vertere coegissent;nostri autem, quod iniquo loco congressi quinquehoris proelium sustinuissent et adversarios in op-pidum compulissent.

14. Several Spanish Tribes join Caesar. Afranius andPetreius determine to retreat into Celtiberia.

Interim Oscenses et Calagurritani mittunt adCaesarem legates seseque imperata facturos polli-


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 9centur. Hos Tarraconenses et lacetani et Ausetaniet paucis post diebus Illurgavonenses, qui fliiinenHiberum attingunt, insequuntur. Magna celeritercommutatio rerum; multae louginquiores civitates abAfranio desciscunt et Caesaris amicitiam sequuntur.

Itaque constituimt Afranius Petreiusque in Celti-beriam bellum transferre. Hie magnos equitatusmagnaque auxilia exspectabant et suis locis bellumin hiemem ducere cogitabant. Hoc inito consiliototo flumine Hibero naves conquirere et Octogesamadduci iubent. Id erat oppidum positum ad Hibe-rum miliaque passuum a castris aberat triginta.Ad eum locum fluminis navibus iunctis pontem im-perant fieri legionesque duas flumen Sicorim traducunt.

15. Caesars Cavalry cross the Sicoris and har-ass theRetreating 1

Caesar, qui partem aliquam Sicoris averteratvadumque in eo flumine eff"ecerat, hue iam reduxeratrem, ut equites possent atque auderent flumen trans-ire, pedites vero cum altitudine aquae turn etiamrapiditate fluminis ad transeundum impedirentur.Reliuqueljatur Caesari nihil, nisi uti equitatu agmenadversariorum male haberet et carperet. Itaqueequites ab eo missi flumen transeunt, et cum detertia vigilia Petreius atque Afranius castra movis-sent, repente sese ad novissimum agmen ostenduntet iter impedire incipiunt.


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10 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.I 16. Next day his Infantry also cross the Hirer.

Prima luce certior factus est Caesar, paratos essemilites ea transire flumen qua traductus esset equi-tatus. Etsi timebat tantae magnitudini fluminisexercitum obicere, conaudum tamen atque experien-dum iudicat. Itaque infirmiores milites ex omnibuscenturiis deligi iubet, quorum aut animus aut viresvidebantur sustinere non posse. Hos cum legioneuna praesidio castris relinquit ; reliquas legiones ex-peditas educit magnoque numero iumentorum influmine supra atque infra constitute traducit exerci-tum.

17. Caesar overtakes the Enemy. Both Sides encamp andsend out Reconnoitring Parties.

Quos ubi Afranius conspexit, locis superioribusconsistit aciemque instruit. Caesar in campis exer-citum reficit, ne defessum proelio obiciat; rursusconantes progredi insequitur et moratur. Illinecessario maturius, quam constituerant, castraponunt. Caesar quoque in proximo colle castraponit.Media circiter nocte fit certior Caesar, duces

adversariorum silentio copias castris educere. Quocognito signum dari iubet et vasa militari moreconclamari. Illi exaudito clamore veriti, ne noctuimpediti sub onere confligere cogerentur, iter suppri-munt copiasque in castris continent.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 11Postero die Petreius occulte ad exploranda loca

proficiscitiir. Hoc idem fit ex castris Caesaris

:

mittitur L. Decidius Saxa, qui loci natiiram per-spiciat. Uterque idem suis reuuntiat : quinqiie miliapassiium proxima iutercedere itineris campestris, indeexcipere loca aspera et montuosa : qui prior hasangustias occupaverit, ab hoc hostem prohiberi nihilesse negotii.

IS. Caesar males a Detour over rough ground and bysecuring a Defile leading to the Ebro cuts the Enemyofffrom the River.

Caesar omnes copias castris educit magnoquecircuitu nullo certo itinere exercitum ducit. Namquae itinera ad Hiberum atque Octogesam pertine-bant, castris hostium oppositis tenebantur. Ac primoAfraniani milites visendi causa laeti ex castrisprocurrebant contumeliosisque vocibus prosequeban-tur nostros. Erat enim iter a proposito diversum,contrariamque in partem iri videbatur.

Sed ubi paulatim retorqueri agmen ad dextramconspexerunt iamque primes superare regionemcastrorum animum adverterunt, conclamatur ad arma,atque omnes copiae exeunt rectoque ad Hiberumitinere contendunt. Erat in celeritate omne positumcertamen, utri prius angustias montesque occupareut.Confecit prior iter Caesar atque ex magnis rupibusnactus planitiem in hac contra hostem aciem instruit.


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12 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.Afranius, cum ante se hostem videret, collem queiulamnactus ibi constitit.19. Afraniua aiirrenders ofror mal-ivfi an Unsncce.-i'


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR 13nncitamra. Provinciis excedere exercitumqne dimittere iiissit.

20. ]'arro at frst warer-


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14 TALES OF THE CIVIE WAR.veiiturum praemisisset, ccrtior ab suis factus estpraeclusas esse portas. Turn vero omni interclnsnsitinere ad Caesarem mittit, paratum .se esse legionem,cui iusserit, tradere. Ille ad eum Sextum Caesaremmittit atque huic tradi iubet.

Caesar, qui magistratus principesque omnium civi-tatum sibi esse praesto iusserat, contione habitaomnibus gratias agit, biduumque Cordubae commo-ratus Gades proficiscitur. Provinciae Q. Cassiumpraeficit. Ipse Tarraconem et inde Narbonem atqueMassiliam pervenit. Ibi legem de dictatore latamseseque dictatorem dictum a M. Lepido praetorecognoscit.

22. Surrender of Marseilles.Dum haec in Hispania geruntur, C. Trebonius

legatus, qui ad oppugnationem Massiliae relictuserat, duabus ex partibus aggerem, vineas turresquead oppidum agere instituit. Sed tanti erant anti-quitus in oppido omnium rerum ad bellum apparatustantaque multitudo tormentorum, ut eorum vimnuUae contextae viminibus vineae sustinere posseut.Tandem autem Massilienses omnibus defessi malis,rei frumentariae ad summam inopiam adducti, bisproelio navali superati, crebris eruptionibus fusi,gravi etiam pestilentia confiictati, sese dedere con-stituunt. Sed paucis ante diebus L. Domitius cog-nita Massiliensium voluntate naves tres comparav-


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 15erat. Ex quibus unam conscendit et nactus turlndamtempestatem profectus est auxilioque tempestatis exconspectu abiit. Massilienses arma tormentaqueex oppido proferunt, pecuniam ex publico tradunt.Caesar duas ibi legiones praesidio reliiiquit ; ipsead urbem proficiscitur.

23. Curio's Campaign in Africa.Isdem temporibns C. Curio in Africam profectus

ex Sicilia appellit ad eum locum, qui appellaturAuquillaria. Obsidere Uticam valloque circummu-nire instituit. Erat in oppido multitudo insolensbelli diuturnitate otii. Itaque de deditione omnesiam palam loquebantur. Haec cum agerentur, nuntiipraemissi ab rege luba venerunt, qui eum adessecum magnis copiis dicerent et de custodia ac defen-sione urbis hortarentur. Huic simultas cum Curioneintercedebat, quod tribunus plebis legem promul-gaverat, qua lege regnum lubae publicaverat.Ex perfugis quibusdam audit Curio lubam re-vocatum finitimo bello restitisse in regno, Saburram,eius praefectum, cum mediocribus copiis missumUticae appropinquare. His auctoribus temere credensproelio rem committere constituit. Equitatum om-nem prima nocte ad castra hostium mittit ad flumenBagradam, quibus praeerat Saburra. Equites missinocte imprudentes atque inopinantes Numidas aggre-diuntur et magaum eorum numerum interliciunt.


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IG TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.24. Battle at the Ulcer Bagrada.

Curio cum omnibus copiis quarta vigilia exierat.Progressus milia passuum sex equites convenit, remgestam cognovit. Equites sequi iubet sese iterqueaccelerat. At illi itinere totius noctis confectisubsequi non poterant, atque alii alio loco resistebant.luba certior factus a Saburra de nocturno proelio duomilia equitum, et peditum eam partem, cui maxiraeconfidebat, Saburrae submittit ; ipse cum reliquiscopiis elephantisque sexaginta lentius siibsequitur.

Saburra copias equitum peditumque instruit atquehis imperat, ut simulatione timoris paulatim cedantac pedem referant. Curio hostes fugere arbitratuscopias ex locis superioribus in campum deducit. Datsuis signum Saburra, aciem constituit et circumireordines atque hortari iucipit. Non deest negotioCurio suosque hortatur. Ne militibus quidem utdefessis, neque equitibus, ut paucis et labore confectis,studium ad pugnandum virtusque deerat ; sed hierant numero ducenti, reliqui in itinere substiterant.25. Defea^t and Death of Curio. A few of his Troo]ts e.-


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAE. 17acies equitatu hostium circumdata tenebatur. Horta-tur Curionem Cn. Domitius, praefectus equitum, utfuga salutem petat atque in castra contendat. AtCurio numquam se amisso exercitu in Caesarisconspectum reversurum confirmat atque ita proeliansinterficitur. Equites ex proelio perpauci se recipiunt.Milites ad unum omnes interficiuntur.

His rebus cognitis Marcius Rufus quaestor in castrisrelictus a Curione cohortatur suos, ne animo deficiant.Illi orant atque obsecrant, ut in Siciliam navibusreportentur. Pauci lenunculi ad officium imperiumqueconveniebant. Sed tanta erat completis litoribuscontentio, qui potissimum ex magno numero con-scenderent, ut multitudine atque onere nonnullideprimerentur, reliqui hoc tiraore propius adire tard-arentur. Quibus rebus accidit ut pauci milites inSiciliam incolumes pervenirent.

Eeliquae copiae missis ad Varum noctu legatorumnumero centurionibus sese ei dediderunt. Quarumcohortium milites postero die ante oppidum lubaconspicatus suam esse praedicans praedam magnampartem eorum interfici iussit, paucos electos in regnumremisit. Ipse diebus post paucis se in regnum cumomnibus copiis recepit.

26. Caesaris First Dictatorship.Dictator habet comitia Caesar, consules creantur

lulius Caesar et P. Servilius. Cum fides tota Italia


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18 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.esset angustior neque creditae pecuniae solverentur,constituit, ut per arbitros fierent aestimationespossessiouum et rerum, quanti quaeqiie earum antebellum fuisset, atque eae creditoribus traderentur.Hoc et ad timorem novarum tabularum tollendumminuendumque, qui fere bella et civiles dissensionessequi consuevit, et ad debitorum tuendam existima-tionem esse aptissimum existimavit. ItemquenonnuUos ambitus Pompeia lege damnatos illistemporibus, quibus in urbe praesidia legionum Pom-peius habuerat, in integrum restituit. His rebuset feriis Latinis comitiisque omnibus perficiendisundecim dies tribuit dictaturaque se abdicat et aburbe proficiscitur Brundisiumque pervenit.

27. Caeaar crosses to Greece with apart of his Troops.Eg legiones duodecim, equitatum omnem venire

iusserat. Sed tantum navium repperit, ut angustequindeeim mih'a legionariorum militnm, sexcentiequites transportari possent. Hoc unum Caesari adceleiitatem conficiendi belli defuit. Pompeiusannuum spatium ad comparandas copias nactus,quod vacuum a bello atque ab hoste otiosumfuerat, magnam classem coegerat, legiones efFeceratcivium Romanorum novem, frumenti vim maxiraamcomparaverat. Hiemare Dyrrhachii, Apolloniaeoranibusque oppidis maritimis constituerat, ut maretransire Caesarem prohiberet, eiusque rei causa omni


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 19ora maritima classem clisposuerat. Caesar, utBrundisium venit, contionatus apud milites, con-clamantibus omnibus, quodcumqne imperavisset, seaequo animo esse facturos, naves solvit. Postridieterram attigit Cerauniorum saxa inter et alia locapericulosa quietam nactus stationem, et ad eumlocum, qui appellabatur Palaeste, omnibus navibusad unam incolumibus milites exposuit.28. He sends back his Ships for the rest of the Troops, hutBibulus meets and destroys many of them on the passage.Expositis militibus naves eadem nocte Brundisium

a Caesare remittuntur, ut reliquae legiones equitatus-que transportari possent. Sed serius a terra pro-vectae naves neque usae nocturna aura in redeundooffenderunt. Bibulus enim Corcyrae certior factusde adventu Caesaris inanibus occurrit, et nactus cir-citer triginta omnes incendit eodemque igne nautasdominosque navium interfecit. Hoc confecto negotiolitora omnia longe lateque classibus occupavit.

29. Unsuccessftd Attempt of Ocfavius to seize Salonae forPonvpey.

M. Octavius cum iis, quas habebat, navibus Salonaspervenit : oppidum oppugnare instituit. Est autemoppidum et loci natura et colle munitum. Sed civesRomani, cum essent infirmi ad resistendum propterpaucitatem hominum, ad extremum auxilium descen-


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20 TALES OF THE CIVIL WARderunt servosque omnes puberes liberaverunt. Oc-tavius quinis castris oppidum circumdedit atque unotempore obsidione et oppugnationibus eos premerecoepit, Illi nacti occasionem meridiani temporis inproxima Octavii castra irruperunt et Octavium innaves confugere coegerunt. lamque hiems appro-pinquabat et Octavius desperata oppugnatione oppidiDyrrhachium sese ad Pompeium recepit.30, Caesar again attempts to treat icith Pompey. Oricvm

and Apollonia open their Gates to Caesar.L. Vibullium Rufum, Pompei praefectum, pro suis

beneficiis Caesar idoneum iudicaverat, quem ci:mmandatis ad Cn. Pompeium mitteret, eundemqucapud Cn. Pompeium auctoritatem habere intellegebat.Vibullius ad Pompeium contendit, ut adesse Caesaremnuntiaret. Pompeius erat eo tempore in Candaviaiterque ex Macedonia in hiberna Apolloniam Dyr-rhachiumque habebat. Sed re nova perturbatusmaioribus itineribus Apolloniam petere coepit, neCaesar orae maritimae civitates occuparet. At illeexpositis militibus eodem die Oricum proficiscitur.Quo cum venisset, L. Torquatus, qui iussu Pompeioppido praeerat, portas aperuit et se atque oppidumCaesari dedidit. Recepto Caesar Orico nulla inter-posita mora Apolloniam proficiscitur. Eius adventuaudito Apolloniatcs ad Caesarem legatos mittuntoppidoque recipiunt.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 2131. Caesar and Pompey encamj) on opposite sides of the

River Ajmis.At Pompeius cognitis his rebus, quae erant Orici

atque Apolloniae gestae, Dyrrhachio timens, diuniis60 nocturnisque itineribus contendit. Siinul Caesarappropinquare dicebatur. Sed cum prope Dyrrhacb-ium Pompeius constitisset castraque metari iussisset,Caesar praeoccupato itinera ad Dyrrliachium finemproperaudi facit castraque ad flumen Apsum ponitin finibus Apollonatium. Ibi reliquarum ex Italialegionum adventum exspectare et sub pellibus hiemareconstituit. Hoc idem Pompeius fecit et trans flumenApsum positis castris eo copias omnes auxiliaqueconduxit.

32. Beinfbrcements from Italy land at Nymphaeum andsticceed in joining Caesar.

Multi iam menses erant et hiems praecipitaverat,neque Brundisio naves legionesque ad Caesaremveniebant. Ac nonnullae eius rei praetermissae oc-casiones Caesari videbantur. Quibus rebus permotusCaesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit, nactiidoneum ventum ne occasionem navigandi dimitterent.Uli administrantibus M. Antonio et Fufio Calenonacti austrum naves solvunt atque altero die Apollo-niam praetervehuntur. Nacti portum, qui appellaturNymphaeum, eo naves introduxerunt.


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22 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.Haec eodem fere tempore Caesar atque Pompeius

cognoscunt. Diversa sibi ambo consilia capiunt

:

Caesar, ut quam primum se cum Antonio coniungeret

;

Pompeius, ut venientibus in itinere se opponeret, siimprudentes ex insidiis adoriri posset. Eodem dieuterque eorum ex castris stativis a flumine Apsoexercitum educunt, Pompeius clam et noctu, Caesarpalam atque interdiu. Pompeius idoneum locumnactus, ibi copias collocavit suosque omnes castriscontinuit ignesque fieri prohibuit, quo occultior esseteius adventus. Haec ad Antonium statim per Graecosdeferuntur. Ille missis ad Caesarem nuntiis unumdiem sese castris tenuit ; altero die ad eum pervenitCaesar. Cuius adventu cognito Pompeius, ne duobuscircumcluderetur exercitibus, ex eo loco discedit om-nibusque copiis ad Asparagium pervenit atque ibiidoneo loco castra ponit.

33. Operations at Asparagium. Pompey is cut offfromDyrrhachium and encamps at Petra.Caesar, postquam Pompeium ad Asparagium esse

cognovit, eodem cum exercitu profectus, tertio diead Pompeium pervenit juxtaque eum castra posuit etpostridie eductis omnibus copiis decernendi potesta-tem Pompeio fecit. Ubi ilium suis locis se tenereanimum advertit, aliud sibi consilium capiendumexistimavit. Itaque postero die magno circuitu difB-cili angustoque itinere Dyrrhachium profectus est,


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TALES OF THE CIVIL ^YAll. 23sperans Pompeium aut Dyrrhachium compelli aut abeo intercludi posse, quod omnem commeatum eo con-tulisset. Pompeius per exploratores certior factuspostero die castra movit, breviore itinera se occurrereei posse sperans. Quod fore suspicatus Caesar mili-tesque adhortatus, ut aequo animo laborem ferrent,parva parte noctis itinere intermisso mane Dyrrhach-ium venit, cum primum agmen Pompei procul cerne-retur, atque ibi castra posuit. Pompeius interchisusDyrrhachio, edito loco, qui appellatur Petra aditumquehabet navibus mediocrem atque eas a quibusdamprotegit ventis, castra communit.

34. Caesar changes his Plans and determines to effect a Junctionivith Domitius in Macedonia. Pompey hastens in the sameDirection to support Scipio. Domitius narrowly escapesfalling into Pompey's hands and joins Caesar atAeginium.Caesar a superioribus consih'is depulsus omnem sibi

commutandam belli rationem existimavit. Itaqueimpedimenta omnia silentio prima nocte ex castrisApolloniam praemisit, ipse de quarta vigilia profici-scitur. Neque vero Pompeius moram ullam ad in-sequendum intulit. Caesari ad saucios deponendosnecesse erat adire Apolloniam. Sed timens Domitio,ne adventu Pompei praeoccuparetur, ad eum omniceleritate et tudio incitatus ferebatur. Pompeiusquoque ad Scipionem properandum sibi existimabat

;

si Caesar iter iilo haberet, ut subsidium Scipioni


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24 TALES OF THE CIVIL WARferret ; si ab ora maritiraa discedere nollet, quodlegiones ex Italia exspectaret, ipse ut omnibus copiisDomitium aggrederetur. His de causis uterque eorumceleritati studebat. Sed Caesarem Apollonia adirecto itinera averterat; Pompeius per Caudaviamiter in Macedoniam expeditum habebat. Accessitetiam ex improviso aliud incommodum, quod Domi-tius, cum dies complures castris Scipionis castra col-lata habuisset, rei frumentariae causa ab eo discesseratet Heracliam, quae est subiecta Candaviae, iter fecerat,ut ipsa fortuna ilium obicere Pompeio videretur.8eil Allobroges, qui ad Pompeium perfugerant, con-spicati in itinere exploratores Domitii, Caesaris pro-fectionem, adventum Pompei docuerunt. A quibusDomitius certior factus vix quattuor horarum spatioantecedens hostium beneficio periculum vitavit et adAegiuium, quod est obiectum Thessaliae, Caesarivenienti occurrit.

35. Caesar takes Gomj^hi by storm. Metropolis and the otherCities of Thessaly except Larissa submit to him.

Coniuncto exercitu Caesar Gomphos pervenit, quodest oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ab Epiro.Eodem, quo venerat, die post horam nonam oppidumaltissimis moenibus oppugnare aggres.sus ante solisoccasum expugnavit et ad diripiendum militibus con-cessit statimque ab oppido castra mo.vit et Metropolim


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 25venit. Metropolitae casu civitatis Gomphensis cog-nito portas aperuerunt. Quibus diligentissime con-servatis, collata fortuna Metropolituni cum casuGomphensium, nulla Thessaliae fuit civitas praeterLarisaeos, qui magnis exercitibus Scipionis teneban-tur, quin Caesari parerent atque iraperata facerent.lUe idoneum locum in agris nactus plenis frumen-torum, quae prope iam matura erant, ibi adventumexspectare Pompei eoque omnem belli rationem con-ferre constituit.

36. Pompey enters Thessaly. His Party are confidentof Victory.

Pompeius paucis post diebus in Thessaliam pervenitcontionatusque apud cunctum exercitum suis agitgratias, Scipionis milites cohortatur, receptisque om-nibus in una castra legionibus suum cum Scipionehonorem partitur. Auctis copiis Pompei duobusquemagnis exercitibus coniunctis pristina omnium con-firmatur opinio et spes victoriae augetur adeo ut, siquando quid Pompeius tardius aut consideratiusfaceret, unius esse negotium diei, sed ilium delectariimperio et consulares praetoriosque servorum habereiiumero dicerent. Postremo omnes aut de honoribussuis aut de praemiis pecuniae agebant neque quibusrationibus superare possent, sed quemadmodum utivictoria deberent cogitabant.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.37. Each side tries to secure Vantage Oround for a Battle.Ee frumentaria praeparata confirmatisque militibus

temptandum Caesar existimavit, quidnam Pompeiuspropositi aut voluntatis ad dimicandum liaberet.Itaque ex castris exercitum eduxit aciemque instruxit.Pompeius, qui castra in colle habebat, ad infimasradices montis aciem instruebat, semper, ut videbatur,exspectans, si iniquis locis Caesar se subiceret.Caesar nulla ratione ad pugnam elici posse Pompeiumexistimans, banc sibi commodissimam belli rationemiudicavit, uti castra ex eo loco moveret et insolituniad laborem Pompei exercitum cotidianis itineribusdefatigaret. His constitutis rebus, signo iam profec-tionis dato animum adversum est extra cotidianamconsuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompeiprogressam, ut non iniquo loco posse dimicari vide-retur. Tunc Caesar apud suos, 'DifFerendum est,'inquit, 'iter in praesentia nobis et de proelio cogi-tandum. Animo simus ad dimicandum parati : nonfacile occasionem postea reperiemus ' ; confestimque

3 copias educit.

38. Battle of Pharsalia.

Inter duas acies tantum erat relictum spatii, utsatis esset ad concursum utriusque exercitus. Sed


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 27Pompeius suis praedixerat, ut Caesaris impetum ex-ciperent neve se loco moverent aciemque eius distrahipaterentur. Sed nostri milites dato signo cum in-festis pilis procucurrissent atque animum advertissentnon concurri a Pompeianis, usu periti ac superioribuspugnis exercitati sua sponte cursum represserunt etad medium fere spatium constiterunt^ ne consumptisviribus appropinquarent, parvoque intermisso temporisspatio ac rursus renovato cursu pila miserunt celeri-terque, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, gladios strinxer-unt. Neque vero Pompeiani huic rei defuerunt.Nam et tela missa exceperunt et impetum legionumtuleruut.

39. Pompey^s Cavalry at first gain some Advantage, hut areafterwards routed and driven to the Mountains. GeneralRout of Pompey's Forces.

Eodem tempore equites ab sinistro Pompei cornuuniversi procucurrerunt. Quorum impetum nosterequitatus non tulit, sed paulatim loco motus cessit,equitesque Pompei aciem nostram a latere apertocircumire coeperunt. Quod ubi Caesar animum ad-vertit, quartae aciei, quam instituerat sex cohortium,dedit signum. Illae celeriter procucurrerunt infes-tisque signis tanta vi in Pompei equites impetumfecerunt, ut eorum nemo consisteret omnesque con-


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28 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.versi non solum loco excederent, sed protinus incitatifuga montes altissimos peterent. Eodem impetucoliortes sinistrum cornu pugnautibus etiam turn acresistentibus in acie Pompeianis circumierunt eosquea tergo sunt adortae. Eodem tempore tertiam aciemCaesar, quae quieta fuerat et se ad id tempus locotenuerat, procurrere iussit. Ita cum recentes atqueintegri defessis successissent, alii autem a tergo adori-rentur, sustinere Pompeiani non potueruut atqueuniversi terga verterunt.

40. Pompey retires to his Camp. The Gamp is taken, andPompey, escapinrj with difficulty, makes his tcay first toLarissa and afterwards to the Sea-shore ivhere he embarkson board a Corn Ship.

Sed Pompeius, ut equitatum suum pulsum viditatque earn partem, cui maxima confidebat, perterritamanimum advertit, aliis quoque diffisus acie excessitprotinusque se in castra equo contulit, summae reidiffidens et tamen eventum exspectans. Castra acoliortibus, quae ibi praesidio erant relictae, industriedefendebantur. Neque vero diu, qui in vallo con-stiterant, multitudinem telorum sustinere potuerunt,sed confecti vulneribus locum reliquerunt, protinusqueomnes ducibus usi centurionibus tribunisque militumin altissimos montes, qui ad castra pertinebant, con-


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 29fugerunt. Pompeius, iam cum intra vallum nostriversarentur, equum nactus detractis insignibus im-peratoris decumana porta se ex castris eiecit protin-usque equo citato Larissam contendit. Neque ibiconstitit, sed eadem celeritate paucos suos ex fuganactus nocturno itinere ad mare pervenit navemquefrumentariam conscendit.

41. Flight of Pomjiey.

Caesar omnibus rebus relictis persequendum sibiPompeium existimavit, ne rursus copias compararealias et bellum renovare posset. Erat edictum Pompeinomine Amphipoli propositum, uti omnes eius pro-vinciae iuniores, Graeci civesque Romani, iurandicausa convenirent. Sed utrum avertendae suspicioniscausa Pompeius proposuisset, ut quam diutissimelongioris fugae consilium occultaret, an novis dilecti-bus, si nemo premeret, Macedoniam tenere conaretur,existimari non poterat. Ipse ad ancoram una nocteconstitit et vocatis ad se Amphipoli hospitibus etpecunia ad necessaries sumptus corrogata, cognitoCaesaris adventu ex eo loco discessit et Mytilenaspaucis diebus venit. Biduum tempestate retentusnavibusque aliis additis actuariis in Ciliciam atque in-de Cyjirum pervenit. Ibi cognoscit consensu omniumAntiochensium civiumque Romanorum, qui illic nego-


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30 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.tiarentur, arcem captam esse excludendi sui causanuntiosque dimissos ad eos, qui se ex fuga infinitimas civitates recepisse dicerentur, ne Antio-chiam adirent.

42. Po7npey arrives in Egypt and /s there treaclierotislymurdered.Quibus cognitis rebus, Pompeius, deposito adeundae

Syriae consilio, aeris magno pondere ad militaremusum in naves imposito duobusque milibus hominuniarmatis Pelusium pervenit. Ibi casu rex eratPtolemaeus, puer aetate, magnis copiis cum sororeCleopatra bellum gerens, quam paucis ante mensibusper suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat;castraque Cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius castrisdistabant. Ad eum Pompeius misit, ut pro hospitioatque amicitia patris Alexandria reciperetur atqueillius opibus in calamitate tegeretur, Sed amici regis,qui propter aetatem eius in procuratione erant regni,sive timore adducti, ut postea praedicabant, sollicitatoexercitu regio, ne Pompeius Alexandriam Aegypt-umque occuparet, sive despecta eius fortuna, ut pler-umque in calamitate ex amicis inimici existunt, iis, quierant ab eo missi, palam liberaliter resi)onderunteumque ad regcm venire iusserunt ; ipsi clam consilioinito Achillam, praefectum regium, singulari hoini-


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAE. 31nem audacia, et L. Septimium, tribuiium militum, adinterficiendum Pompeium miserunt. Ab his liberaliteripse appellatus et quadam notitia Septimii productus,quod bello praedonum apud eum ordinem duxerat,navicnlam parvulam conscendit cum paucis suis : ibiab Acliilla et Septimio interficitur.


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ABBREVIATIONS.a., active.abhrev., abbreviation,abl. , ablative,abs., absolute,ace, accusative,adj., adjective,adv., adverb,com., common,comp., comparative,couj., conjunction,contr., contraction,dat., dative,defect., defective,dem., demonstrative,distrib. , distributive,esp., especially,f. , feminine,freq. , frequeutative.fut., future,gen., genitive,gov., governing,imperat., imperative,impf., imperfect,impers. , impersonal,incept., inceptive,indecl., indeclinable,indef., indefinite,inf., infinitive,interrog. , interrogative,irreg., irregular.

lit., literallj\m., masculine.n., neuter.n. f., noun feminine.n. m., noun masculine.n. n., noun neuter.num., numeral.part., participle.part.adj.,participial adjective.pass., passive.perf., perfect.pers., person.pi., plural.poss., possessive.prep., preposition.pres,, present.pron., pronoun.pronom. , pronominal.reflex., reflexive.rel., relative.sing., singular.subj., subjunctive.subst., substantive.superl., superlative.trans., transitive.usu., usually.V. a., verb active.V. dep., verb deponent.V. n., verb neuter.voc, vocative.


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VOCABULARY.litter-a, -ae, n. f. sing., a letter

(of the alphabet); Tp\.,aletter,epistle.

a or ab, prep. gov. abl., by,from, atoay.C, abbrev. for Caius, n. m.,a praenomen.

Caes-ar, -aris, n. m., Caesar, acognomen.cons-Ill, -iilis, n. m., consid, one

of the two supreme magis-trates at Rome,

reddo, reddidi, redditum, v. a..3, restore, deliver (a letter),

aegre, adv., scarcely, withdifficulty; comp., aegrius ;siiperl., aegerrime.

impetro, v. a. 1, obtain (byasking).

sum, esse, fui, v. n. irreg.,ut or uti, conj. with subj., that,

so that, in order that ; adv.

,

as, how, ivhen.in, prep, with ace, into, for,

arjamst, to : with abl. , in, on,at, upon, among.

senat-us, -us, n. m., the senate,the council of elders or noblesat Rome.

rScito, V. a. 1 , read, read aloud.refgro, referre, rettttli, relatum,

V. a. irreg., carr'y back, bearback, propose a motion; pe-dem referre, to retire, retreat.

de, prep. gov. abl. , from, con-cerning, about, of the numberof; his de causis, for thesereasons; de tertia vigilia,in the third night-watch.

respublica, reipublicae, n. f.,the state, the commonwealth.infinite, adv., without limita-

tion, in general terms (as con-trasted with a motion onsome particular matter).

L. , abbrev. for Lucius, a prp.e-uonien.

Lentul-us, -i, n. m., a cognomen.-que, enclitic conj., and.sui (there is no nom.), dat.

sibi ; ace. and abl. se orsese, pron. of 3rd pers. sing,and pi. , himself, herself, itself,themselves, he, she, it, they.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.non, ;.(lv., not.desum, deesse, defui, v. n.irreg. , with dat., fail, am

ii-antiiKj ; defuturum (supplyesse), fut. inf.

polliceor, pollicCri, pollicitussum, V. dep. a. and n. 2,ya-omi'O!.

idem, eadem, idem, pron., thesententi-a, -ae, n. f., opinion,

piiri.ort.loquor, loqui, lucutus sum, v.

dep. 3, n. and a., speak,talk.

Scipi-o, -unis, n. m., Scipio, acoj^'nomen.

dico, dixi, dictum, v. a. 3, say;dictatorem dicere, to namea dirta/or ; sacramentumdicere, to take the oath ofallc'ijianct.

Pompeius, Pompei, n. m., aRoman gentile name ; Pom-pei-us, -a, urn, adj., of orheloiKjiiiij to Pompey, Pom-peian.anim-us, -i, n. m., mind, spirit.

hie, haec, lioc, dem. pron.,this.

orati-o, -onis, n. f., speech.quod, conj., because, that.urbs, urbis, n. f., city, esp. the

citi/, Rome..habeo, habui, habitum, v. a. 2,

have, hold ; senatum habere,to hold a meeting of the senate.absum, abesse, afui or abfui,V. n. irreg., am absent, amdistant.

e or ex, prep. gov. abl.,/TO?,out of.

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipsius,dem. pron. used both as subst.and adj., self, myself, him-self, etc.

OS, oris, n. n., mouth.mitto, misi, missum, v. a. 3,

send, dismiss, utter, discharge,hurl, launch, send word.

video, vidi, visum, v. a. 2, see ;pass., seem.

ad, prep. gov. ace, to, at, mar,toivards, for.

vesp-er, -6ns and eri, u. m.,eveiiing.

omn-is, -e, adj., all, every.qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius,

rel. pron., loho, tuhich, that.is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron.,

he, she, it, that, this.ord-o, -inis, n. m. , line, rank of

so\(\\ers,class, order; ordinemducere, to command a com-pany, he an officer, be a cen-turion.

evoco, v. a. 1, summon forth,call out.laudo, V. a. 1, praise.atque, conj., and.post&r-us, -a, -um, adj., subse-

quent, next, ensuing ; in pos-terum (supply tempus), /oj-the future.

ccnfirmo, v. a. 1, strengthen,encourage, reassure, assert,protest; se confixmare, totake courage.

compleo, complevi, completum,V. a. 2,/.

tribiln-us, -i, n. m., tribune;tribunus plebis, a tribune of


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VOCABULARY. 35the pleb'i, one of ten annualmagistrates, whose duty itwas to defend the riglits ofthe plebeians ; tribunus mili-tum, a inilitanj /riliuiie, anofficer of high rank. Eachlegion had six of them.

centurio, -unis, n. m., cen-turion, tlie commander of acenturia or company, occu-pying a station below thetribunus.

evocatus, perf. part, of evoco,used as a subst. , a soldier ofthe reserve.

uecessari-us, -a, -um, adj.,necessary, needful ; neces-sarius as a subst., ni. an in-(imate friend, kinsvian.

iiiimlc-us, i, n. m. , a (personal)enemy.cogo, coegi, coactum, v. a. 3,

collect, assenihle (the regularw ord for calling together thesenate), compel.

vox, vocis, n. f., voice; in pi.,cries, exjjressions (esp. ofabuse).et,conj. ,a?jrf; et ..e%,both...and.

concurs-us, -us, n. m., a rnn-niwj together, rallying, en-counter, onset.

terreo, v. a. 2, alarm, frighten.infirm-US, -a, -um, adj., weak,

u:avering.dubi-us, -a, -um, adj., doubtful,

irresolute, undecided.plerique, pleraeque, pleraque

(sing, rare), adj., very many,most.

vero, adv., but, however, indeed,in truth.

libere, adv. , freely.decerno, decrOvi, deci-etum, v.a. 3, decide, decree, fight.potest-as, -atis, n. f., poiver.

eripio, eripgre, eripui, ereptum,V. a. 3, snatch, take aivay.

ia,m, adv., now, already, bythis time.

tot-us, -a, -um, gen. totlus,dat. toti, adj., the tchole of,all, wholly.

amiciti-a, -ae, n.L, friendship.averto, averti, aversum, v. a.

3, turn aivay, divert ; seavertere, to alienate oneself,be estranged.

cum, prep. gov. abl., ivithconj., tolien, since; cum ...turn, both ... and.communis, -e, adj., sharedtogether, common.

grati-a, -ae, n. {., favour, grati-tude ; in gratiam redire, tobe reconciled ; in pi. , thanks;gratias agere, give thanks.

redeo, redire, redivi or redii,reditum, v. n. 4, go back,return.

res, rei, n. f., thing, matter,affair, property, effects.

arm-a, -orum, n. n. pi., arms,weapo)is.

dedtlco, deduxi, deductum, v.a. 3, lead, bring dovmmUites deducere, with in andace, to guarier soldiers in aplace,

stiideo, v. a. and n. 2, amzealous, eager, attend to, striveafter.


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3G TALES OF THE CIVIL WAE.caus-u, -ae, n. I., cause, reason;

in abl. sing, with gen., onaccount of, for the sake of,

ago, egi, actum, v. a. 3, do, act,unje, plead, discuss, push on,carry forward.

raptim, adv., hastily.turbate, adv., confusedly.decurro, decurri and decu-

curri, decursum, v. n. 3, rundown ; with ad, have recourseto.

ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron.,that, he, she, it.

extrem-us, -a, -um, adj., last,hi)id)iwst.

ultimus, -a, -um, &&]. , fnaJ,.consult um. -i, n. n., decree;senatus consultum, decree ofthe senate.

do, dare, dedi, datum, v. a. 1,(jive.

6p6r-a, -ae, n. f. , ivork, service;dare operam, to take heed,look to it.

praet-or, -oris, n. m., praetor,one of the higher magistratesat Rome,

plebs, plebis, n. f. , thepopviace,cotnmoHs.

ne, conj., lest, that not; adv.,ne . . . quidem, not even.

quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.,any, anyone, anything.

detriment-uni, -i, n. n., injury,loss.capio, cipere, cepi, captum,

V. a. 3, take, receive, get.profugio, profugere, profugi,

v. n. 3, take to flight, escape.statlm, adv., immediately.

confero, conferre, contuli, col-latum, V. a. irreg. , hrivgtogether, collect, compare ; seconferre, to betake oneself,

temp-us, -oris, n. n., time.Ravenna, -ae, n. f., Kavenna.exspecto, v. a. and n, 1, await,

wait, expect, anticipate.su-us, -a, -um, poss. pron., his,

her, its, their; sui (supplymilites), his men, his troops.len-is, -e, adj., gentle, mild,moderate.

postulat-um, -i, n. n., demand.respons-um, -i, n. n., answer,

reply.4.

proxim-us, -a, -um, supeii.adj., nearest, very near, next.

dies, -ei, n. m., sometimes f.in sing., day.

extra, prep. gov. ace, outsideof

per, prep. gov. ace, through,by, by means of.

ostendo, ostendi, ostensum andostentum, v. a. 3, show, de-clare, express ; se ostendere,to show oneself, appear.

Italia, -ae, u. f., Italy.dilect-us, -us, n. m., conscrij)-

tion, levy (of troops).impero, v. a. and n. 1, order,command, levy (supplies).pecuni-a, -ae, n. f., money ; pi.,sums of money.municipi-um, -i, n. n., a free

toion (particularly in Italy).exigo, exegi, exactum, v. a. 3,demand, exact.fan-um, -i, n. n., shrine, temple.


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VOCABULARY.toUo, snstuli, sublatum, v. a.

irreg. 3, take ivp, remove,carry away.cognosco, cognovi, cognitum,V. a. 3, know, learn, hear of.

apud, prep. gov. ace, at, inpresence of, with.

mll-es, -itis, n. m., soldier.contionor, contionatus sum, v.

dep. 1, make a speech to auassembly.iniuri-a, -ae, n. f., wrong.commemoro, v. a. 1, mention,recount.

conclamo, v. a. and n. 1, shouttoi/efher ; vasa conclamare,to shout or give the signal,before breaking up, /or pack-ing, to give the order fordtcainping, elliptical for,conclamare ut vasa colli-gantur ; conclamare ad arma,to call to arms.

legi-o, -onis, n. f. , legion, adivision of the Roman armj',varying in number of menat different periods. InCaesar's time the legion wasusually 300U or 3600 strong,though it theoretically con-tained nearly double thatnumber of men.

terti-us, -a, -um, num. adj.,third ; tertius decimus, thir-teenth.

declm-us, -a, -um, m;m. adj.,tenth.adsum, adesse, adfui, v. n.irreg., am present, am athand.

parat-us, -a, -um, part, adj.,prepared, ready.

imperat-or, -oris, n. m., com-mander-in-chief, general.

defen-do, di, -sum, v. a. 3,defend, repel, avert.

volunt-as, -atis, n. f., ivish, v/dl,inclination.Arimin-um, -i, n. n., Ari-minum, now Rimini, a townin Umbria.proficiscor, proficisci, pro-fectus sum, v. dep. 3, setout.

reliqu-us, -a, -um, adj. , re-maining.

Mbern-a, -orum (supply castra),n. n. pi., lointer-quarters.

subsequor, subsequi, subse-cutus, V. dep. 3, follow closeafter.

iubeo, iussi, iussum, v. a. 2,order, command.

M. , abbrev. for Marcus, a prae-nomen.Antoni-us, -i, n. m., Antony.C3hor-s, -tis, n. f., cohort, one

of the divisions of a legion,quinque, indecl. num. adj.,fve.

Arreti-um, -i, n. n., .4rre-tium, now Arezzo, a townin Etruria.

du-o, -ae, -o, num. adj., two.subsisto, substiti, v. n. 3, sto^j,

stay behind.ibi, adv., there.instituo, institui, institutum,

V. a. 3, set up, arrange,form, establish, begin.

Pisaur-um, -i, n. n., nowPesaro, a city of Umbria.


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38 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.Fan-um, -i, ii. n., now Faiio,

:i city in Umbria.Ancon-a, -ae, n. f., Ancona, a

city iu Picenum.singul-i, -ae, -a, distrib. num.

adj., one apiece, one each.occiipo, V. a. 1, seize, occupy.

Roma, -ae, n. f., Rome.nuntio, v. a. \,rej)ort,tant-us, -a, -um, adj., so great,mch.repente, adv., suddenly.terror, -oris, n. m., fright,invade, invasi, invasiun, v. a.

',], allark, full on.Marcell-us, -i, n. m., Murcd-lus.coUeg-a, -ae, n. m., colleague.magistrat-us, -us, n. m., magis-

trate.consSoiuor,consecj[ui, consccQtussum, V. dep. 3, follow.

Cn. , abbrev. for Cnaeus, a prae-nomen.pridie, adv.^ on the day before:

often followed by eius diei,on the day before this day,the day hfore.

iter, itineris, n. n., road, jour-ney, way, march ; iter habere,to be on one's way.

accipio, accipere, accepi, ac-ceptum, V. a. 3, receive.Apuli-a, -ae, n. f., a district inlower Italy.

dispone, djsposui, disp5situm,V. a. 3, set in different j^laces,ftatiun.

nihil, n. n., indecl., nothing.

citra, prep. gov. ace, on thisside of.

Capu-a, -ae, n. f., the chief cityof Campania,

tut-us, -a, -um, adj., safe.primum, adv., fir.'it ; quamprimum, as soon as possible.coUigo, coUegi, collectum, v.

a. 3, collect, gather ; se colli-gere, to rally.

7.interea, adv., meanwhile.Ascul-uni, -i, n. n., now Ascoli,

the capital of Picenum.Picen-us, -a, -um, adj., Picene,

of or belonging to Picenum.oppid-um, -i, n. n., toivji.Spinth-er, -eris, n. m., a cog-nomen.decern, num. adj., teii.teneo,tenui,tentum,v.a.2,//o/(Z.advent-us, -us, n. m., approach,

arrival.Vitaulli-us, -i, n. m., a Roman

gentile name.Ruf-us, -i, n. m., a cognomen.incido, incidi, v. n. 3, with inand ace. , fall in loith.dimitto, diniisi, dimissum, v.

a. 3, disiiii^x, siikI away,disband, hi ^lii>, a


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VOCABULARY. 39pervenio, perveni, perventum,

V. n. 4, mctl-e. one's way, cometo, reach.im-us, -a, -uni, gen. unius, num.adj., one.

frumentari-us, -a, -inu, adj.,bf/(i7i(jiii;/ to com; res fru-mentaria, com ~ovision ship,store-sliij).

moror, moifitus sum, v. dep.n. and a. 1, delay.

contendo, conteudi, contentum,V. 11. 3, strive, Jiijht, hasten.

eo, adv., thither.' 'venio, veni, ventum, v. n. 4,

come.consisto, constiti, constitum,

V. n. 3, stand, make a stand,om 'posted, halt.iuxta, prep. gov. ace, near.mur-us, -i, n. ra., luall.castr-a, -orum, n. n. pi., camp.pono, posui, positum, v. a. 3,

place, pitch (a camp).

perit-us, -a, -uin, adj. with geu.,experienced in, acquaintedwith, skilled in, shilful.

regi-o, -unis, n. f., region,disfnct.

peto, petivi and petii, petitum,V. a. 3, seek, beg, make for(a place).

oro, V. a. 1, pray, entreat.subvenio, subveni, subventum,

V. n. 4, with dat., aid,help.

rescribo, rescripsi, rescriptum,V. a. 3, xvrite hack, answer.

summ-us, -a, -um, superl. adj.,highest, utmost.

pericul-um, -i, n. u., pjeril, risk,danger.copi-a, -ae, n. f., supply, plenty

pi. , forces, troops.flo, fifiri^ factus sum, v. used

as pass, of facio, am made,effected, become.possum, posse, potui, v. n.irreg., am able.

otosidi-o, -onis, n. f., siege,blockade.

circummuniti-o, -onis, n. f.,a line of investment.arcano, adv., secretly.pauc-i, -ae, -a (sing, very rare),

ad]., few.familiar-is, -e, adj., intimate;

as subst. m. , intimate friend.colloquor, colloqui, collocutussum, V. dep. 3, with cum,converse with.

consili-um, -i, n. n., advice,plan.

fug-a, -ae, n. i., flight.constituo, constitui, constitu-tum, V. a. 3, set, post, drawup, ap2Mint, determine.

divulgo, V. a. 1, make commonlyknown, publish.

sal-us, -utis, n. f., safety.rati-o, -onis, n. f., reason, plan,method ; rationem habere

with gen., to take account of,jyrovide for.

itaque, couj., and so, therefore,accordingly.

legat-us, -i, n. m., ambassador,erivoy, lieutenant.

numer-us, -i, n. m., number,rank.


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to TALKS OF THE CIVIL WAR.porta, -;ie, ii. f.,


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VOCABULARY.excedo, excessi, excessum, v.

n. 3, with abl., go out from,quit.

silenti-um, i, n. n., silence.nav-is, -is, n. f., vessel, ship.conscendo, conscendi, con-

scensum, v. a. and n. 3, goon hoard, embark on.

sub, prep, with ace, up to,jnst hefore, toivards ; withabl., under, beloiv, near, atthe time of.

nox, iioctis, n. f., night.solvo, solvi, solutum, v. a. 3,

loosen, pay, discharge, jmi/off; navem solvere, weighnnchor, set sail.

etsi, conj., although.spes, spei, n. f., hopeconficio, confic6re, confeci,

confectum, v. a. 3, make up,complete, finish, end, carryout,' wear out; confectus,exhausted.

negoti-um, -i, n. n., business,difficulty.maxime, superl. adj., chiefly,most, especially.

proliO, V. a. 1, apjjrove.mare, maris, n. n., sea.transeo, transire, transivi or

transit, transitum, v. a. andn. 4, cross, pass over, de-sert.

sequor, sequi, secutus sum, v.dep. S, follow, pursue.tamen, conj., however, never-theless, yet.

mor-a, -ae, n. f., delay.longlnquit-as, -atis,n. f., length,

duration.timeo, V. a. and n. 2. fear.

praesens, praesentis, adj.,pri'Stnt.

facult-as, -atis, n. f., power,opporlunUy.insequor, iusequi, insecutussum, V. dep. 3,folloiv, pursue.

adlmp, ademi, ademptum, v.a. 3, tcCke away.

praesenti-a, -ae, n. f., thepresent ; in praesentia, forthe jwesent.omitto, omisi, omissum, v. a.3, give up, abandon.

Hispani-a, -ae, n. f., Spain.lO.

patienti-a, -ae, n. f., forbear-ance, endurance.

propone, propSsui, propositum,V. a. 3, set before (one), setforth, rcprese7it, projjose.

uitro, adv., to the further side,beyond expectation, actually,voluntarily.

postiilo, V. a. 1, demand.acerbit-as, -atis, n. f., bitter-

ness, harshness, malignity.doceo, docui, doctum, v. a. 2,

teach, instruct, set forth, tellof

alter, altera, alteram, adj., theother (of two), one (of two),the second.

recUso, V. a. 1, refuse.compositi-o, -onis, n. f., settle-

ment, agreement.oportet, oportuit, impers. v. 2,it behooves, it is becoming,one ought.

sed, conj., but.reperio, repperi, repertum, v.

a. 4:,fnd.


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42 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.tim-or, -oris, n. m. ftar, alarm.pro, prep. gov. abl., he.fore, infront ,;/; on na-ount of, inCdiisiil, raiioii of; pro sequisque, inch for himself.

quisque, (juaeque, quodque,iiidef . proii. , each, every one.

inun-us, -t-ris, n. n., duttj,office.

legati-o, -onis, n. f., commis-sion, emhassi/.

enim, conj., for.discedo, discessi, discessum,

V. n. 3, depart, come off.locus, -i, n.m. (pi. loci, m.loca, u. ), place, spot, position :eodem loco habere, to holdin. the same esteem.

frustra, adv. , in vain.aliquot, indecl. num. adj.,

several.consumo, consumpsi, consump-tum, V. a. 3, use up, consume,spend.

ulteri-or, -us, gen. -oris, comp.adj . , . further : Gallia ulteri or,Further (tliat is, Transalpine)Gaul ; Hispania ulterior.Further S/iain, that is, Spainbeyond the Ebro.

Galli-a, -ae, n. f., Gaul.11.

Fabi-us, -i, n. m., a Eomangentile name,

tres, tria, trium, tribus, num.adj., th7-ee.

praemitto, praemisi, praemis-sum, V. a. 3, send fortoard,send in advance, send wordheforehand.

celeriter, adv., quicl-hj.

salt-us, -us, n. m., mountain-pass.

Pyrenae-us, -a, -um, adj., ofor hclonfjing to the Pyrenees,Pyrenaean.

Afrani-us, -i, n. m., Afranius,a general of Pompey in Spain.

praesidi-um, -i, n. n,, defence,garrison.

Petreius, Petrei, n. m. , Petreius,a lieutenant of Pompey inthe civil war.

Varr-o, -onis, u. m., Varro, alieutenant of Pompey in thecivil war, and a famousgrammarian.

citeri-or, -us, gen. -oris, comp.adj., on this side; Hispaniaciterior. Hither Spain, aname applied at first tothe part of Spain northof the Plbro, but after-wards extended to thecountiy as far south as theSaltus Castulonensis.

Castulonens-is, -e, adj., of orhelonging to Castulo, a townin Hispania Tarraconensis,near the borders of Baetica,now the village of Cazlona

;

saltus Castulonensis,


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VOCABULARY.Lusitani-a, -ae, n. f., Ludtania,

the western part of Spain,corresponding to the modernPortugal and part of theSpanish provinces of Estre-madiira and Toledo.

par, paris, adj., equal.obtineo, obtinui, obtentum, v.

a. 2, hold, occupt/.ofiBci-uni, -i, .n. m., service,

duty.inter, prep. gov. ace, hetiveeii,among.partior, partltus sum, v. dep.

4, share, divide.tueor, tuitus sum, v. dep. 2,

defend, iwoteet.12.

Sicor-is, -is, n. m. , the riverSicoris, now Segre, a trib-utary of the Iberus nearIlerda.

flum-en, -inis, n. n. , river.pons, pontis, n. m., bridge.efficio, elEcgre, efFeci, effectum,

V. a. 3, malce up, make, com-plete, conMrvA:t.

disto, V. n. defect. 1, am dis-tant, stand apart; distantesinter se, distant from onefmother.

mille, indecl. in sing., pi. milia,milium, milibus, num. adj.,thousand; mille passus ormille passuum, or simplymille, a thousand paces, a(Roman) mile, about 1618yards, or 142 yards less thanan English mile.

pass-US, -us, n. m., pace, aboutfive (Roman, which are some-

what shorter than English)feet.

quattuor, num. adj.,/o?(?'.nongent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj.,

7iine hundred.tripl-ex, -icis, adj., threefold,

in three lines.instruo, instruxi, instructum,

V. a. 3, draio up, marshal.aci-es, -ei, n. f., line of battle,

battle-array, army.Ilerd-a, -ae, n. f., Ilerda, nowLerida, a city of Hispania

Tarraconensis on the Sicoris.coll-is, -is, n. m., hill.ubi, adv., where, when.tumul-us, -i, n. m., mound, hill.paulo, adv., by a little, some-

what, a little.edit-us, -a, -urn, part, adj., higli,lofty, elevated.commtoio, communivi andcommunii, communitum, v.a. 4:, fortify.commeat-us, -us, n. m., j)ro-visions, supplies.

intercliido, intercliisi, inter-clusum, V. a. 3, with ace,and abl. with or without ab,shut off, separate, cut offfrom.

adversari-us, -a, -um, adj.,oiyposed to one; adversari-us, i, n. m., antagonist, adver-sary, enemy.

confido, coufisus sum, v. n. 3,trust, confide, am confident.

13.spero, v. a. 1, hope, hope for,

expect.educe, eduxi, eductum, v. a. 3,

lea


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44 TALES OF THE CIVIL ^YAPt.antesignan-i (supply milites),

-onnn, n. m., sokliers irliofojKjhf hi'forr. the s/amlards,'mm III fhejirsf line

procurro, procucurri and pro-curri, procursum, v. n. 3,runforiuard.

brev-is, -e, adj., short.proeli-um, -i, n. n., battle.prius, comp. adv., 6e/bre, sooner,jlM.Afranian-us, -a, -um, adj., of orhelimr/ing to Afranius ; Afra-niani, n. in., soldiers ofAfrnnius.

nost-er, -ra, -rum, pronom.adj.,our ; nostri (supply milites),our m''7i, our troops.

repello, rcppuli, i-epulsum, v.a. :^, drirc hc(rl\ n/,^/.

terg-uin, -i, n. ii., /-rr,/-, reara tergo,. /)'


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VOCABULARY. 45imperat-um, -i, n. n., order,command ; imperata facere,

to execute orders, obey.facio, facere, feci, factum, v.a., do, make.

Tarraconens-es, -ium, n. in.1)1 .,the inhabitants of Tarraco,now Tarragona.

lacetan-i, -orum, n. m. pi., apeople in nortliern Spain, atthe foot of the Pyrenees, inwhat is now called Catalonia.

Ausetan-i, -orum, n. m. pi., apeople of Hispania Tarra-conensis, in what is nowCatalonia.

post, prep. gov. ace, after,behind ; adv. , aftenvards,after.

lUurgavonens-es, -ium, n. m.pi., a people of HispaniaTairaconensis, on the seacoast near the mouth of theEbro.

Hiber-us, -i, n. m., a river inSpain, now the Ebro.

attingo, attigi, attactum, v. a.3, touch, reach, harder on,come to.

commutati-o,-onis,n. f. , change.mult-us, -a, -um, adj., much;

pi., many; comp., plus,pluris, in pi. plures, plura,plurium ; superl. , plurimus.longinqu-us, -a, -um, adj.,distant.civit-as, -atis, n. f., state, com-munity.

descisco, descivi or descii, de-scitum, v. n., 3, revolt.

Celtiberi-a, -ae, n. f., Celliheria,the land of the Celiiberi, a

people of Middle Spain, whooriginated by a mingling ofCelts with the originalIberians.

bell-um, -i, n. n,, war.transfero, transferre, transtttli,

translj^tum, v. a. irreg.,bring over, shift, transfer.

hie, adv., here.equitat-us, -us, n. m., cavalry ;

p]., troops of horse.auxili-um, -i, n. n., help, aid;pi., auxiliaries.

hiems, higmis, n. f.. winter.cogito, V. a. 1, think, p)lan, pur-

pose.ineo, inire, inivi or inii, initum,

V. a. and n., enter, enter on,adopt.

conquiro, conquislvi, conquisi-tum, V. a. 3, searchfor, huntlip.

Octoges-a, -ae, n. f., a town ofHispania Tarraconensis, atthe spot where the Sicorisflows into the Hiberus, themodern Mequinenza, near LaGranja.adduce, adduxi, adductum, v.a. 3, bring to, induce, prompt.

triginta, num. adj. indecl.,thirty.

iungo, iunxi, iunctum, v. a. 3,join, fasten together.traduco, tradu.xi, traductum,

. a. 3, lead across, bring over.15.

allqui, aliqua, aliquod, indef.pronom. adj., some.vad-nm, -i, n. n., fo7'd, shoal,shallow water.


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46 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.hue, adv., hither, to this point.reduco, reduxi, reductum, v. a.

.3, lead back, bring (to astate).

audeo, ausus sum, v. a. and n.2, dare.

ped-es, itis, n. m.,foot-iohlifr;pi., infantry.

altitud-o, -Inis, n. f., depth.aqua, aijuae. u. f. , water.turn, adv., then; cum ... turn,}>oth . . . and.rapidit-as, -atis, n. f., swift-

ness, speed.relinquo, rellqui, relictum, v.

a. 3, leave.nisi, conj., if not, unless.agmen, agminis, n. u. , army on

the march, train, march.male, adv.

,

badly ; male hatoere,annoy, hamper.

carpo, carpsi, carptum, v. a. 3,harass.

vigill-a, ae, n. f., ivatch (of thenight).

nov-us, -a, -um, adj., new;superl., novissimus, last,hindmost; novissimum ag-men, rear-guard.

incipio, incipere, incepi, incep-tum, V, a. and n., begin.

16.lux, lucis, n. f., light.cert-us, -a, -um, adj., certain,fixed ; certiorem (aliquem)facere, to inform, tell.

ea (supply via or parte), adv.,by that rcay, there.

qua, adv., lohere.magnitud-o, -inis, n. f., great-

ness, large rolume.

obicio ,oblcere, obieci , obiectum

,

v. a. 3, expose, put in way of.Conor, confitus sum, v. dep. 1,make an attempt, attempt.experior, expertus sum, v. dep.

4, try, make trial of.iudico, V. &. 1, judge, consider.centuri-a, -ae, n. f., centiiry,

compjany, theoretically con-sisting of one hundred men,but, for the most part, reallylittle over half that number.

dellgo, delegi, delectum, v. a.3, pick out, choose.

aut, conj., or ; aut ... 3M\,,eithervis, ace. vim, abl. vi, n. f.,force, violence, quantity,number; pi., vires, virium,strength, power.

expedlt-us, -a, -um, part, adj.,lightly equipped, in lightmarching order, unimpeded,free, easy.iument-um, -i, n. n., beast ofburden.

supra, adv., above.infra, adv., beloiv.

17.conspicio, conspicere, conspexi,

conspectum, v. a. 3, catchsight of, descry.campus, -i, n. m., plain.

reficio,refic6re, refeci,refectum,V. a. 3, repair, refresh, re-cruit, rest.

defess-us, -a, -um, part, (ofdefetiscor), tired, exhausted.

progredior,progr6di,progressussum, V. dep. 3, go forth,advance.


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VOCABULARY. 47necessario, adv., of necessity,

unavoidably.mature, adv., soon, early;comp. maturius ; superl.,maturissime and maturrime.quam, adv., than.quoque, conj., also, too.medi-us, -a, -um, a,di.,7)iiddlemedia nox, midnight.circiter, adv., about.dux, dOcis, n. m., leader,(jeneral.vas, vasis, pi. vasa, vasorum,

n. n., utensil, implementas a military term, bai/r/aije.

militar-is, -e, adj., of or belomj-ing to a soldier, military.

mos, mOris, n. m., custom,usage, manner.

exaudio, exaudivi or exaixdii,exaudltum, v. a. 4, hear,overhear.

clam-or, oris, n. m., shout, cry,shouting.

vereor, veritiis sum, v. dep. a.and n. 2, fear.noctu, adv., by night.impedit-iis, -a, -um, pass. part.

(of impedio, 9), embarrassed,encumbered.

onus, oneris, n. n., burden,load.

confligo, conflixi, conflictum,V. n. 3, engage, fight.

contineo, coutinui, contentum,V. a. 2, hold together, keep to-gether, confine, detain.

occulte, adv., secretly.exploro, V. a. 1, examine, vieiv,

reconnoitre.Decidi-us, -i, n. m., a proper

name.

Sax-a, -ae, n. m., a surname ofL. Decidius, a partisan ofCaesar.

natiir-a, -ae, n. f., nature,character.

perspicio, perspic6re, perspexi,perspeotum, v. a. 3, examine,look into.

renuntio, v. a. 1, bring backivord, rejwrt.

intercede, intercessi, inter-cessum, v. n. 3, intervene,come betK-een, exist between.

campest-er, -ris, -re, adj., of orbelonging to a plain, level,flat.

inde, adv., thence, after that.excipio, excipgre, excepi, ex-

ceptum, V. a. 3, catch, catchup, follow after, succeed, re-ceive, await.

asp-er, -6ra, -erum, adj., rough,rugged.

montfi6s-us,-a,-um, adj., moun-tainous.

pri-or, -us, gen. -oris, comp.a.Ai., former, first (of two).

angusti-ae, -arum, n. f. pi.,narrow pass, defile, difficul-ties.

prohibeo, prohibui, prohibitum,V. a. 2, keep in check, hinder,forbid.

18.circiiit-us, -lis, n. m., circuit,

round, detour, ivay roimd,compass.null-US, -a, -um, adj. , no, none,

not any.nam, adv., /or.pertineo, pertinui, v. n. 2,

stretch out, extend to.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.oppono, opp5sui, opp5sTtum, v.

a. 3, set against, oppose,.ac. conj. and.primo, adv., at first.viso, visi, visum, v. a. 3, view,

visit, see.laet-us, -a, -um, adj., glad,joilfid.

contumelios-us, -a, -um, adj.,insulting.

prosequor, prosequi, prosecutussum, V. dep. , escort, attend,pursue : voclbus prosequi, toshout after.

proposit-um, -i, n. n. , purpose,intention, j)lan, design.

divers-us, -a, -um, part, (ofdiverto), turned a differentway, in a different direction,different, op2Wsite.

contrari-us, -a, -um, adj., con-trary, opposite.

60, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. n. 4,go.

paulatim, adv., little by little,gradually.

retorqueo, retorsi, retortum, v.a. 2, bend back, turn back.

dextr-a, -ae, n. f., right-hand.supero, V. a. and n. 1, go past,pass beyond, overcome, con-

quer.adverto, adverti, adversum, v.

a. 3, turn to; anirnum ad-vertere, also as one wordanimadvertere, to turn themind to, to observe, notice.

exeo, exire, exivi or exii, exi-tum, V. n. 4, go out, marchout.

rect-us, -a, -um, part, adj.,.straight.

celerit-as, -atis, n. f., speed,swiftness.

certam-en, -inis, n. n., contest.uter, utra, utrum, gen. utriua,

pron. , ivhirh of two.mens, montis, n. m., mountain,hill.

rup-es, -is, n. f., rock, cliff.nanciscor, nancisci.nactussum,

V. dep. 3, obtain, gain, reach,meet with.planiti-es, -ei, n. f., j^lain.

contra, prep. gov. a,cc. , against.ante, prep. gov. ace. and adv.

befo7'e.quidam, quaedam, quoddam,pron., a certain, somebody.

19.occasi-o,-onis, n. i.,opportAtnily.bene, adv., well.sine, prep. gov. abl., without.pugn a, -ae, n. i., fight, battle,vulnus, -6ris, n. n., wound,

loss.premo, pressi, pressum, v. a. 3,

press hard, distress.pabulati-o, -onis, n. f., /c

i7ig.aquor, v. dep. 1 , fetcJi tvater.cotidie, adv., daily.perfugio, perfugere, perfugi, v.

n. 3, desert.explicit-US, -a, -um, part, adj,free from difficulties, easy.

revertor, reverti, reversus sunV. dep. 3, return.

paul-um, -i, n. n., a little.frument-um, -i, n. n., com,

grain.Tarrac-o, -onis, n. f., a town in

Spain, now Tarragona.


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VOCABULARY. 49longe, adv., Jar ojf; comp.,

longius ; superl., longissime.spati-um, -i, n. n., space, dis-

tance, interval, period.casus, -us, n. m.,/aU, disaster,

minfort^me, accident, event;casu, by chance, as it chanced.

intellego, intellexi, intellectum

,

V. a. 3, understand, perceive.acriter, adv., fiercely, eagerly,

loith spirit.complur-es, -a and -ia, gen.-ium, adj. or subst., several,very many.

interficio, interficei-e, interfeci,interfeetum, v. a. 3, kill.

procul, adv. , far off, at a dis-tance.

tandem, adv., at length, at last.obsldeo, obsedi, obsessum, v.

a. 2, beset, besiege, hamper.lignum, -i, n. n., wood; pi.,firewood.

inopi-a, -ae, n. f. ,ioant, scarcity.colloqui-um, i, u.n., conference,

parley.audio, audivi or audii, audltum,

V. a. 4, hear.perpetior, perpeti, perpessussum, V. dep. 3, endure to theend, bear steadfastly, suffer.

nunc, adv., now.neque or nee, conj., and not,

nor ; neque . . . neque, neithercorp-us, -oris, n. n., body.dol-or, -oris, n. m., pain.ignomini-a, -ae, n. f., disgrace,

igyiominy.fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a.

irreg., bear, carry, suffer, re-sist, propose (a law).

viaco, vici, victum, v. a. 3,conquer.

conflteor, confessus sum, v. dep.2, confess.

respondeo,respondi,respousuni,v. a. 2, answer, reply.nemo, neminis (but in classicalLatin nullius, from nullus,is used as the gen. and nuUo,nulla as the abl.), pi'on., no

noceo, nocui, nocitum, v. n. 2,with dat., harm, do hurt to.provinci-a, -ae, n. I. , provijice.

20.diffido, difFlsus sum, v. n. 3,with dat. , distrust.Pompeian-us, -a, -um, adj., of

or belonging to Fompty

:

Pompeian-i, -orum, n. m.,the soldiers of Pompey, Pom-pey's party; Pompeianae res,PomjJey's cause or side.

amice, adv., in a friendly man-ner; superl., amicissime.

vl]1-us, -a, -ixtn, ad]. ,any ,any oyie.postea, adv., afltnvards.Massili-a, -ae, n. f., a seaporttown in Gallia Narbonensis,now Marseilles.detineo, detinui, detentum, v.

a. 2, heeji back, detain.coniungo,coiiiunxi,coniunctuni,

V. a. 3, join, unite.conv6nio, conveui, conventnm,V. n. and a. 4, c07ne tofjethtr,

assemble, muster, meet ivith.late, adv., broadly, widely, inan exaggerated manner

comp. , latins ; superl. , lat'-s-


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50 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.inflate, adv. , hawjhtily,proudly,

pcmipoiidy ; comp. , infiatius.perscribo, perscripsi, perscrip-tum, V. a. 3, ivrite in full or

at length, detail.mot-US, -us, n. m., motion,movement, change.

fortun-a, -ae, n. f., fortune,luck.

coepi, coepisse, V . a. and n.,defect, (properly the perf. ofcoepio, the imperfect tensesof which are not used byclassical writers), begin.

pare, v. a. 1, prepare.Gad-es, -luni, n. f., now Cadiz,

a colony of the Phoeniciansin Hispauia Baetica, on anisland close to the shore.

longius, see longe, 28.consentio, conseusi, consensum,

V. n. 4, agree, determinein common.

Gaditan-i, -orum, n. m., theinhabitants of Gades.

princeps, principis, n. and adj.,frst, chief, chief man,

insiil-a, -ae, n. f., island.servo, V. a. 1, jyreserve, keep.21.

adsto, adstlti, v. n., stand near,stand by.

inspecto, v. a. 1 (classical onlyin pres. part.), look on, lookat, observe.

Hispal-is, -is, n. f., a city ofHispania Baetica, now Se-ville,

perterreo, perterrui, perterri-tum, V. a. 2, frighten orterrify thoroughly.

converto, converti, conversum,V. a. and n. 3, turn round,loheel about, chaiuje.Italic-a, -ae, n. f., a city inHispania Baetica, near Se-ville, now Santiponce.

praecludo, praeclusi, praeclu-sum, V. a. 3, sh^lt to, close,shiU against one.

Sext-us, -i, n. m., a Romanpraenomen.praesto, adv., at hand, ready,

present; praesto esse, to beat hand, attend or wait upon,aid.

conti-o, -onis, n. f., assembly,speech ; contionem habere, tudeliver a speech.

bidu-um, -i, n. n., space of twodays.

Cordiib-a, -ae, n. f., a town inmspania Baetica, on theriver Baetis, now Cordova.eommoror, v. dep. 1, tarry, re-main.

Q., abbrev. for Quintus, a Ro-man praenomen or fore-name.Cassi-us, -i, n. m., a Romangentile name.

praeficio, praeficere, praefeoi,praefectum, v. a. 3, withace. anddat., set over,appointto the command of,

Narb-o, -onis, n. m., a city inGaul, from which GalliaNarbonensis takes its name,now Narbonne.

lex, legis, n. f., law.dictator, -oris, n. in., dictator,

a chief magistrate appointedbv the Romans for six


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VOCABULARY. 51months in seasons of emer-gency, and armed with ab-solute authority.

Lepid-us, -i, n. m., a Romansurname.

22.dum, conj., v:hile, whilst.Treboni-us, -i, n. m., a Roman

gentile name. C. Treboniuswas a legate of Caesar inGaul.

oppugnati-o, -onis, n. f.agger, aggeris, n. m.vine-a, -ae, n. f., penthouse,

shed, mantlet, built like anarbor for sheltering be-siegers.

turr-is, -is, n. f., toioer.antiquitus, adv., from ancienttimes, of old.

apparat-us, -us, n. m., pre-paration, provision, equij)-

multitud-o, -inis, n. f., multi-tude, number.

torment-um, -i, n. n., enginefor hurling missiles.

contexo, contexui, contextum,V. a. 3, entwine, interleave.

vim-en, -inis, n. n., a plianttwig, ivithe, osier.

Massiliens-es, -ium, n. m., in-habitants of Massilia.mal-um, -i, n. n., evil, misfor-tune, suffering.

bis, adverbial num., twice.naval-is, -e, of or belonging to

shijjs, naval.cre'b-er,-ra,-rum, adj.,frequent,numerous, repeated.

erupti-o, -onis, n. f., sally.

fundo, fudi, fusum, v. a. 3,overthroiv, rout.

grav-is, -e, adj., heavy, severe,grievous.

pestilenti-a,-ae, n. i., pestilence,plague.

conflicto, V. a. I, afflict, ruin,overwhelm.dedo, dedidi, deditum, v. a. 3,

give up; se dedere, to sur-render, capitulate.compare, v. a. 1, prepare,provide, make ready.

turbid-iis, -a, -um, adj., wild,stormy.

tempest-as, -atis, n. f., weather.conspect-us, -us, n. m., range

or reach of sight, view.abeo, abire, ablvi or abii, abi-tum, V. n. 4, go away, de-

j)art.profero, proferre, protuli, pro-

latum, v. a. irreg. , bringforth.

public-um, -i, n. n., ptMicpurse, pidAic treasury.

23.Curi-o, -onis, n. m., a surname

in the gens Scribonia.Afric-a, -ae, n. f., Africa.Sicili-a, -ae, n. f., Sicily.appello, apptxli, appulsum, v.

a. and n. 3, jJttf in to shore,land.

appello, v. a. 1, call Ly name,address, entitle, name.Anquillari-a, -ae, n. f . , a townon the Gulf of Carthage, to

the south of the Promun-turium Mercurii or CapeBon.


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TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.Utic-a, -ae, ii. f., a town in

Africa, north of Carthage,now Boushater.vall-um, -i, n. n., stockade,rampart.

circummunio, circunimunivi,circumniunitum, v. a. 4, wallup around, fortify, secure.

insolens, insoleutis, adj., withucn., innirriis/ctutd to.

diuturnit as, -ati.s, n. f., lov(jduration.oti-um, -i, n. u., inactivity, ease,

repose, peace.dediti-o, -onis, n. f., surrender,

capitulation.palam, adv. , openly, publicly

.

nunti-us, -i, n. m. , messenger.rex, regis, n. m.. Icing.luba, -ae, n. m. , a Numidian

king, who joined the partyof Pompey, gained a victoryover Caesar's legate Curio,and put an end to his own lifeafter the battle of Thapsus.

custodi-a, -ae, n. f., g\iard,care, protection.

defensi-o, -onis, n. f. , defending,defence.

hortor, v. dep. 1, encourage,cheer, exliort.

simult-as, -atis, n. f., disseu-.sion, enmity, jealousy.

promulgo, v. a. 1, promulgate,publish, propose.

regn-um, -i, n. n., kingdom.publico, v. a. 1, confiscate.perfug-a, -ae, u. m., deserter.revoco, v. a. 1, 7-ecall.finitim-us, -a, -uni, adj., border-

ing upon, adjoining, neigh-bouring.

resisto, restiti, v. n. li, halt,stop, stay behind, rtnuiin,u-ithstand, resist.

Saburr-a, -ae, n. m., a lieu-tenant of King Juba.

praefect-us, -i, n. m., chief,commaiuler, prefect.

mediocr-is, -e, adj., mode-rate.

appropinquo, v. n. 1, draxonear, apjiroach.auct-or, -oris, n. m., one bylohose influence or advice any-thing is done, instigator,counsellor, adviser.

tem6re,adv. , heedlessly,thought-lessly, rashly.

credo, credidi, credltum, v. a.3, with dat.

,give as a loan,

entrust, trust to, confide in,believe ; credita pecunia, aloan.

committo,commisi,commissuni,v. a. 3, entrust, commit.

Bagrad-a, -ae, n. m., a river inAfrica, near Utica, nowMedscherda.

praesum, praeesse, praefui, v.n. irreg., with dat., am setover, have command of.

nocte, adv. , by night.imprudens, imprudentis, adj.,

not atiticipcUing, unaware, offone's guard.

iuopinans, inopinantis, adj.,not expecting, unprepared.Numid-a, -ae, n. m., a Nu-midian ; the Numidians werea people of northern Africa,between Mauretania and theterritory of Carthage, in themodern Algiers.


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VOCABULARY.aggredior, aggredi, aggressuasum, V. dep. 3, attach, under-take, begin.

24.quart-US, -a, -uni, num. adj.,fourth.

sex, num. adj. indecl., six.accelero, v. a. 1, hasten, ac-

celerate.at, conj., hut.alius, -a, -ud, adj. and subst.,

another, other (of many)

;

alii alio loco, some in oneplace and some in another.

noctum-us, -a, -um, adj., of orbeloiu/ing to ni'jhf, nocturnal,by night, in the night.

sutomitto, submisi, submissum,V. a. 3, se7id secretly, despatch.

elephant-US, -i, n. m., elephant.sexaginta, num. adj., sixty.lente, adv., slowly, leisurely;

comp., lentius.simulati-o, -onis, n. i., pretence.cedo, cessi, ce^sum, v. n. 3, go,

ivithdraiv, retire, retreat.pes, pedis, n. m.,foof.fugio, fiigere, fugi, fiigitum, v.

n. ii, flee, fly, take to flight.arbitror, v. dep. 1, am ofopinion, believe, think.

circumeo, circumire, circumivior circumii, circuitum, v. n.and a. 4, go round, surround,encompass.quidem, adv., indeed; ne ...quidem, not even.

lab-or, -oris, n. m. , toil, labour,exertion.

studi-um, -1, n. n., zeal, eager-ness.

virtus, -litis, n. f., courage.ducent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj., iwc

hundred.25.

crebro, adv., repeatedly, often.augeo, auxi, auctum, v. a. 2,

increase, reinforce.lassitud-o, -mis, n. f., ivectri-

ness, fatigue.deficio, deficere, defeci, de-fectum, V. a. and n.,fail.simul, adv. , at the same time.circumdo, circumdare, circum-

dedi, circumdatum, v. a.,enclose, surround.numquam, adv., Jiever.

amitto, amisi, aniissum, v. a.3, lose.

ita, adv., thus, so.proelior, v. dep. 1, engage in

battle, fight.perpauc-i, -ae, -a, adj., veryfew.

Marci-us, -i, n. m., Romangentile name,

quaest-or, -oris, n. m., quaestor,a Eomau magistrate orofficer.

obsecro, v. a. 1, entreat, beg.reporto, v. a. 1, carry back.lenunciil-us, -i, n. m., bark,

skiff:imperi-um, -i, n. n. , command,order, authority.

lit-us, -6ris, n. n., shore.contenti-o, -onis, n. f., struggle,contest.

potissimum, adv., chiefly, inpreference to all others, first.

nonnull-i, -ae, -a, adj., several,some.


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.54 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAlideprimo, clepressi, depressum,

V. a. 3, j)re-ss down, sink.prope, prep, with ace, near;a,dv., ahiost ; comp. ,propius.adeo, adire, adii, aditnm, v. n.and a., approach, go to.tardo, V. a. 1, delay, hinder,

prevent.accido, accidi, v. n. 3, fall out,happen, occur.Var-us, -i, n. m., a Romansurname.

conspicor, conspicatus sum, v.dep. 1, (jet sight of, see, per-ceive.

praedico, v. a. 1, jiroclaim, de-clare, say.

praed-a, -ae, n. f., booty, spoil.elect-US, -a, -um, part, adj.,

picked, selected.remitto, remisi, remissum, v.

a. 3, send hack.26.

comiti-um, -i, n. n., the placefor the assembling of theEomans voting by the curiae;pi. , the assembly of the Eo-mans for electing magis-trates, etc., "the comitiacomitia babere, to hold theelections.

creo, V. a. 1, create, choose,elect.

luli-us, -i, n. m., a Romangentile name.

P., abbrev. for Publius, aRoman forename.Servili-us, -i, n. m., a Roman

gentile name.fid-es, -ei, n. i., faith, credit (a.s

a commercial term).

angust-ua,-a,-nm, adj. , narrow,contracted, weakened.

arbiter, -ri, n. m., arbiter,umpire, judge.aestimati-o, -on is, n. f., valua-

tion, appraisement.possessi-o, -onis, n. f., posses-

sion, property, estate.quant-US, -a, -um, adj., hoiv

great ; quanti, gen. of price,hoiv dear, at vjhat price, oftvhat value.

creditor, -oris, n. m., creditor.tabiil-a, -ae, n. f., a writing-

tahlet ; pi., ahook of account:novae tabulae, neio account-hooks, by substituting whichfor the old ones debts wereabolished, cancelling or abol-ition of debts.minuo, minui, minutum, v. a.3, lessen, diminish, abate.

fere, adv., nearly, almost, forthe most part.

civll-is, -e, adj., of ov pertain-ing to citizens, civil, civic.

dissensi-o, -onis, n. f. disagree-ment, dissension, discord.consuesco, consuevi,consuetum,V. n. 3., am accustomed, amwont.

debit-or, -oris, n. m., debtor.existimati-o, -onis, n. f., repu^

fation, credit.apt-us, -a, -um, part, adj.,

suited, adapted, fit.item, adv., likeivise, in like

manner.ambit-US, -us, n. m. , canvassing,

corruption, bribery.damno, v. a. 1, condemn, sen-ttnce.


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VOCABULARY. 55integ'-er, -ra, -rum, adj., whole,

(iifirr, wi impaired, v.nex-fiiiii.


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56 TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR.28.

ser5, adv., late, too late; conip.,serius.

proveho, provexi, provectum,V. a. 3, can-yforwards; pass.

,

(JO, proceed, -it't sail.utor, uti, usus sum, v. dep. 3,

iirse, enjoy, take advantage of.aur-a, -ae, u. f., breeze.offendo, oQendi, offensiim, v. a.and n. 3, strike against, sufferdamage.

Bibul-us, -i, 11. 111., a propername.Corcyr-a, -ae, n. f. , an island in

the Ionian Sea, now Corfu,inan-is, -e, adj., empty.occurro, oecurri, occursum, v.

caesar, tales of the civil war

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