100 B.C. – 44 B.C.

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Their concept of an afterlife is not extremely pleasant for most people

Shades (manes) in Orcus, Hades, Chaos, Tartarus, etc.

Shining examples of virtue and valor go to Elysium (among the Roman authors, only famous people are here)

Reincarnation possible, not necessarily a widely held belief

Concept is less developed No Elysium (at the time of Homer)

15As for man, his days are as grass: as a flower of the field, so he flourisheth.

 16For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place thereof shall know it no more.

17But the mercy of the LORD is from everlasting to everlasting upon them that fear him, and his righteousness unto children's children;

 18To such as keep his covenant, and to those that remember his commandments to do them.

 19The LORD hath prepared his throne in the heavens; and his kingdom ruleth over all.

Achilles’ choice:1) Great and famous war hero—die young

OR2) Live a long and happy life with

family but NO FAME

-Serving as quaestor (provincial administrator) in Hispania in 69 BC

-Sees a statue of Alexander the Great-Realizes that by the time he was30, Alexander had the world at his feet

Alexander conquered all major civilizations of the near East  (356–323 BC)

No to make it to ElysiumFama (fame)Gloria (glory)Fatum (destiny) to a lesser extent;

applies especially to AeneasLiving as a part of history/making

history with their livesCaesar’s view of Alexander

  In vocabulo HOMMO littera ‘m’

______________________________ [is extra].

Verb of caput, potest, oportet, necesse est

Oportet litteram “H” _________________ [delete] in HOCULUS.

Marcus _________________________ [letters] ad patrem absentem non scribit quia improbus est.

Charta e papyro ________________________ [is made out of/from].

Magister _________________ [with a pen] in _____________________ [paper] scribit.

Cera est materia _______________________ [soft].

LItterae Titi et Marci aeque __________________________ [=foedae] sunt.

_____________________ [iron] est materia _________________ [hard].

________________________ sunt bestiolae quae ceram efficiunt.

_________________________ [such] litterae sunt difficile legere.

Marcus multa __________________________ [mistakes] facit quia stultus atque impiger est.

Pastor bonus pastores boniPastorem bonum pastores bonosPastoris boni pastorum bonorumPastori bono pastoribus bonisPastore bono pastoribus bonis

Materia mollis materiae mollesMateriam mollem materias mollasMateriae mollis materiarum

molliumMateriae molli materiis

mollibusMateria molli materiis mollibus

Talis littera tales litteraeTalem litteram tales litterasTalis litterae talium litterarumTali litterae talibus litterisTali littera talibus litteris

1st declension: a, charta, epistula, insula, materia, cera

2nd declension masculine: us/r, magister, magistrum, magistri, discipulus, calamus

2nd declension neuter: um, mendum, oppidum

3rd declension masc, fem, or neuterNominative: ovis, mollis (adj.)Nominative: mare, rex, mater, pes maris,

regis, matris, pedis,

Materia dura materiae durae

Etc.

Are the same!

CrassusPompeyJulius Caesar

HW: Finish questions about Caesar and the third triumvirate. Quiz Friday: Julius Caesar and the Third Triumvirate

You need a notebook out, because we are going to take notes for about 10-15 min.

The first triumvirate including Crassus, Pompey the Great, and Caesar is formed

Caesar becomes consul with the support of Crassus and Pompey

Julia, wife of Pomey and daughter of Caesar dies, and the bond between the two men weakens.

Crassus is killed in the East by the Parthians; third triumvirate weakened

Caesar dominates Gaul and makes a lot of money; the Senate and Pompey grow to fear his power

Caesar begins his return March to Rome and refuses to disband his army as Pompey wishes.

Caesar crosses the Rubicon river in Northern Italy and states “alea iacta est:” “the die is cast.” He has rolled the die of fate. (We often say dice erroneously because “dice” is plural).

Pompey moves his troops to Greece so he can fight Caesar on more open terrain

Caesar travels, without field rations for his troops, to Greece and defeats Pompey at the battle of Pharsalia.

Pompey is assassinated and Caesar is given his severed head.

A conspiracy of sixty senators, including Cassius and Brutus, was formed because Caesar’s immense power and prestige were feared by Roman nobles.

Caesar is assassinated by the conspirators, including some of his closest friends on the Ides of March. His last words are supposedly, “Et tu, Brute?”

YEAR: 44 B.C.

Caesar’s will is read and Octavian, later Augustus Caesar, is listed the heir to his power

Pompey/Pompey the Great

Crassus

Triumvirate

Spartacus

The Rubicon

Octavian/Augustus

Pharsalia

“Alea iacta est;” “The die is cast”

Crucifiction

Latin Club today

Need a tutor for a Latin 2 studentMatt Koch needs to pay me for Fall

Forum.

Please finish your group translation of the paragraph about Janus.

1) Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.All Gaul is divided into three parts.

2) Nihil est incertius vulgo, nihil obscurius voluntate hominum, nihil fallacius ratione tota comitiorum.

Nothing is more uncertain than the mob, nothing is secretive than the will of men, nothing is more deceitful than all the reckoning of the assemblies.

(Review: -ius is the ending for the comparative adverb as well as the neuter singular comparative adjective)

Alea iacta est

Veni vidi vici.

Et tu Brute?

What they literally mean/why he said them

Greedy, unscrupulous/immoral businessman

Wealthy Fires Brought back decimation: killed every

tenth Crucified 6000 of Spartacus’ rebellious

comrades Chopped off head, gold poured down

throat

Eliminated piracy in the Mediterranean in three months

Pompey began his career as a victorious commander under Sulla

Defeated Mithradates in Pontus Married Julia, Julius Caesar’s daughter Defeated by Caesar at battle of

Pharsalus Assassinated/decapitated on his way to

Egypt

Caesar defeated Mithradates’ son in Pontus

Originally applied to a victorious commander; command/power; leave “imperium” untranslated; the emperor and some higher ranking officials had imperium

Pro RoscioDefends Roscius on charge of patricide; Roscius is acquitted ; Roscius was accused by a

powerful associate of Sulla

In VerremVerres was a corrupt governor in Sicily;

Cicero prosecuted him for corruption; defense attorney for Verres gave up

In CatilinumCatiline was the mastermind behind a

conspiracy to overthrow the state; Cicero sucessfuly prosecuted him

Cicero sides with Brutus and Cassius against Caesar; staunchest and most vociferous defender of the Roman republic;

Eventually he is killed by Antony and Augustus

2,ooo,ooo million people in Gaul

“As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but, as he was ambitious, I slew him.”

Brutus, in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar