Nhng thao tc v th thut di y c th s hu ch cho bn khi s dng Ubuntu c 2 phin bn Desktop v Server. sudo: khi sudo c i km trc mt dng lnh n s gi quyn root thc thi cu lnh , v khi thc thi xong n s tr li quyn ca user bn ang dng. sudo apt-get install package_name: apt-get install s tin hnh ci t gi phn mm v bn mun ci t phn mm g th thay package_name bng tn ca gi phn mm cn ci t. V bn gi sudo trc cu lnh yu cu quyn ci t ca ngi dng cao nht y l root hoc xc nhn t chnh bn nu tn ngi dng ca bn thuc nhm ngi dng root. VD: sudo apt-get install rar sudo apt-get remove package_name: ngc li ca apt-get install, apt-get remove s g b mt gi phn mm no trong Ubuntu. Thay package_name bng gi phn mm bn mun g b. VD: sudo apt-get remove rar touch: to mt file mi. VD: touch hello.txt &&:2 k t && i lin tip s gip bn thc thi 2 cu lnh vi 1 dng lnh, tt nhin n s thc thi 1 lnh trc sau s n lnh th 2. Cu lnh di s dng touch to mt file mang tn helloworld.txt v sau s dng vi m v thm ni dung vo file helloworld.txt VD: touch helloworld.txt && vi helloworld.txt wget download file dng lnh trn mt host internet . VD: wge http://getdeb.agetta.de/ubuntu/hardyetdeb1_all.deb dpkg: qun l cc gi phn mm trong Ubuntu, mun ci t 1 gi phn mm bn ch cn thm vo tham s -i. Mun g b thm vo tham s -r. Bn cn thm lnh sudo c quyn tin hnh cu lnh. VD: dpkg -i ubuntu-tweak_0.3.5-1~getdeb1_all.deb #S ci t gi Ubuntu-Tweak dpkg -r rar #S g b rar ifconfig: cc thng kt ni mng v cu hnh mng ca my. ping: kim tra s tn ti ca mt my tnh no trong mng. VD: ping 192.168.1.1 whereis: nu bn mun bit mt cu lnh nm u trong Ubuntu bn ch gn g whereis cu lnh VD: whereis ls find: tm kim mt tp tin. Cu lnh di s tm trong ng dn th mc /home/vunguyen tham s -name tm theo tn file v nu nh bn mun tm file c ui l .txt th ch gn thm du * trc phn tn file m rng. VD: find /home/vunguyen/ -name *.txt uname -a: ch cn g l bn s bit c version ca Linux kernel m bn ang s dng. cat /etc/issue: phin bn hin ti ca Ubuntu bn ang dng. Nu bn mun tt my: sudo shutdown -h now sudo init 0 sudo halt Hi: Lm th no c th xem c nhng kt qu c tr v trn mn hnh nu nh n qu di? - Nu ang dng Ubuntu Server hoc trong console ca Ubuntu Desktop xem c nhng g tr v trn mn hnh bn nhn Shift + Page Up xem nhng g trn vShift + Page Down cun xung di! Bn mun tm hiu thm v cch s dng ca mi cu lnh. Bn ch cn g thm man vo trc cu lnh

Lnh lin quan n h thng

exit: thot khi ca s dng lnh. logout: tng t exit. reboot: khi ng li h thng. halt: tt my. startx: khi ng ch xwindows t ca s terminal. mount: gn h thng tp tin t mt thit b lu tr vo cy th mc chnh. unmount: ngc vi lnh mount.

Lnh thao tc trn tp tin

ls: ly danh sch tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc hin hnh. pwd: xut ng dn ca th mc lm vic. cd: thay i th mc lm vic n mt th mc mi. mkdir: to th mc mi. rmdir: xo th mc rng. cp: copy mt hay nhiu tp tin n th mc mi. mv: i tn hay di chuyn tp tin, th mc. rm: xa tp tin. wc: m s dng, s k t... trong tp tin. touch: to mt tp tin. cat: xem ni dung tp tin. vi: khi ng trnh son tho vn bn vi. df: kim tra dung lng a. du: xem dung lng a dng cho mt s tp tin nht nh

Lnh khi lm vic trn terminal

clear: xo trng ca s dng lnh. date: xem ngy, gi h thng. cal: xem lch h thng.Lnh qun l h thng

rpm: kim tra gi ci t hay cha, hoc ci t mt gi, hoc s dng g b mt gi. ps: kim tra h thng tin trnh ang chy. kill: dng tin trnh khi tin trnh b treo. Ch c ngi dng super-user mi c th dng tt c cc tin trnh cn ngi dng bnh thng ch c th dng tin trnh m mnh to ra. top: hin th s hot ng ca cc tin trnh, c bit l thng tin v ti nguyn h thng v vic s dng cc ti nguyn ca tng tin trnh. pstree: hin th tt c cc tin trnh di dng cy. sleep: cho h thng ngng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian. useradd: to mt ngi dng mi. groupadd: to mt nhm ngi dng mi. passwd: thay i password cho ngi dng. userdel: xo ngi dng to. groupdel: xo nhm ngi dng to.

gpasswd: thay i password ca mt nhm ngi dng. su: cho php ng nhp vi t cch ngi dng khc. groups: hin th nhm ca user hin ti. who: cho bit ai ang ng nhp h thng. w: tng t nh lnh who. man: xem hng dn v dng lnh nh c php, cc tham s...

hiu v s dng tt cc cu lnh trn, cc bn nn s dng lnh man vi c php: man ten_cau_lenh c c nhng thng tin y v chc nng cng nh c php ca cu lnh. Chc cc bn c nhng giy pht th v khi khm ph h iu hnh ny. clear: lm sch ca s dng lnh ls tenthumuc: Lit k ni dung bn trong mt th mc cat tentaptin: Hin th ni dung ca mt tp tin ln ca s dng lnh rm tentaptin: Xa mt tp tin cp taptinnguon taptindich: Sao chp mt tp tin passwd: i mt khu motd: Thng ip ca ngy finger tentruycap: Chng trnh tm kim thng tin ngi dng startx: Khi ng X Window System server less tentaptin hocr more tentaptin: Hin th ni dung mt tp tin trong ca s dng lnh mt trang mi ln info: Hin th thng tin v ti liu trn shell, cc tin ch v chng trnh. lpr tentaptin: Gi tp tin ti my tin grep chuoi tentaptin: tm kim chui trong tp tin head tentaptin: Hin th 10 dng u tin ca tp tin tail tentaptin: Hin th 10 dng cui cng ca tp tin mv tentaptincu tentaptinmoi: Di chuyn hoc i tn tp tin file tentaptin: Hin th thng tin v ni dung ca tp tin echo chuoi: Sao chp chui ti mn hnh dng lnh date: Hin th ngy v gi hin ti cal: Hin th lch gzip tentaptin: Nn mt tp tin gunzip tentaptin: Gii nn mt tp tin which lenh: Hin th ng dn ti lnh whereis lenh: Hin th ng ti ni cha lnh who: Hin th cc ngi dng ang nhp finger tentruycap@maychu: Thu thp thng tin chi tit v ngi dng hin ang dng h thng w: Hin th ngi dng ng nhp vi cc tin trnh s dng mesg y/n: t ty chn cc ngi dng khc vit thng ip cho bn write nguoidung: Gi tin nhn cho ngi dng khc talk nguoidung: Cho php 2 ngi chat vi nhau chmod quyen tentaptin: Thay i quyn truy cp tp tin mkdir tenthumuc: To mt th mc rmdir tenthumuc: Xa mt th mc rng ln existingfile new-link: To mt ng dn ti mt tp tin (lin kt cng) df: Hin th tt c cc mount ca h thng top: Hin th danh sch cc tin trnh ang chy tty: Hin th tn ca ca s dng lnh m trn lnh c dng

kill PID hoc s %job: Ngng mt tin trnh bng s PID (Process Identification Number) hoc s cng vic jobs: Hin th mt danh sch cc cng vic hin ti netstat: Hin th cc kt ni mng traceroute maychu: In gi nh tuyn ti my ch nslookup: Truy vn my ch tn min hostname: Hin th tn nh danh ca h thng rlogin maychu: Tin ch kt ni vi mt h thng xa telnet maychu: Tin ch kt ni ti mt h thng xa (tng t nh rlogin nhng tng tc tt hn) rcp taptin maytuxa: c dng sao chp t mt my tnh xa ftp: Tin ch truyn tp tin gia cc h thng trn mt mng rsh lenh: Tin ch chy mt lnh trn mt h thng xa m khng cn ng nhp ping maychu: Tin ch kim tra kt ni ti mt h thng xa lcd duongdanthumuc: Thay i th mc my cc b khi ng nhp trn my xa KSTP 03-02-2012, 02:26 PM Tng hp cc lnh c bn trong Linux vo h thng file, dng: - pwd: xem th mc hin hnh - cd: di chuyn n th mc - ls: a ra danh sch ni dung th mc - mkdir: to th mc mi . - touch: to file mi - rmdir: b mt th mc - cp: copy file hoc th mc - mv: di chuyn file hoc thay i tn file - rm: loi b file tm kim file, bn c th dng: - find : dng cho cc tn file. - grep < tiu chun tm kim>: tm ni dung trong file. xem mt file, bn c th dng: - more : hin th file theo tng trang. - cat < tn file>: hin th tt c file. - head < tn file>: hin th cc dng u tin.

- tail < tn file>: hin th cc dng cui cng (c th hu ch trong nhng trng hp nh khi bn mun xem thng tin cui cng ca mt file h thng). chnh sa file, bn phi s dng trnh son tho tch hp sn trn dng lnh. Thng thng, y l vi v c dng vi c php: vi . gii nn mt lu tr (thng thng c ui tar.gz), bn phi dng lnh tar vi c php tar -xvf . in mt file, dng lnh lpr . Ch l bn phi c mt s daemon hot ng qun l my in. Thng thng y l cc cup (ch yu l UNIX Printing System) c th s dng cho tt c cc phn phi chnh. loi b file khi hng i my in (bn c th ln danh sch hng i bng lnh lpq), s dng cu lnh lprm . lp hoc g b thit b (thm vo h thng file vi vai tr nh mt phng tin c php s dng), dng: - mount /mnt/floppy: lp thm mm. - umount /mnt/floppy: g b mm. - mount /mnt/cdrom: lp CD-ROM. - mount /mnt/cdrom: g DC-ROM. Cc thit b ny thng c ci v cho php s dng mt cch t ng. Nhng c th mt ngy p tri no bn li phi t mnh thc hin cng vic ny khi c li xy ra. ng lo lng! to mt phn vng u tin, to mt th mc trong /mnt (mkdir /mnt/_a_mi). Sau s dng lnh mount (mount /dev/source /mnt/ _a_mi), trong /dev/source l thit b (tc phn vng) bn mun lp thm vo h thng file. Nu mun kt ni ti mt host t xa, s dng lnh ssh. C php l ssh . Qun l h thng: - ps: hin th cc chng trnh hin thi ang chy (rt hu ch: ps l ci nhn ton b v tt c cc chng trnh). Trong danh sch a ra khi thc hin lnh ps, bn s thy c s PID (Process identification - nhn dng tin trnh). Con s ny s c hi n khi mun ngng mt dch v hay ng dng, dng lnh kill .

- top: hot ng kh ging nh Task Manager trong Windows. N a ra thng tin v tt c ti nguyn h thng, cc tin trnh ang chy, tc load trung bnh Lnh top -d thit lp khong thi gian lm ti li h thng. Bn c th t bt k gi tr no, t .1 (tc 10 mili giy) ti 100 (tc 100 giy) hoc thm ch ln hn. - uptime: th hin thi gian ca h thng v tc load trung bnh trong khong thi gian , trc y l 5 pht v 15 pht. Thng thng tc load trung bnh c tnh ton theo phn trm ti nguyn h thng (vi x l, RAM, cng vo/ra, tc load mng) c dng ti mt thi im. Nu tc c tnh ton l 0.37, tc c 37% ti nguyn c s dng. Gi tr ln hn nh 2.35 ngha l h thng phi i mt s d liu, khi n s tnh ton nhanh hn 235% m khng gp phi vn g. Nhng gia cc phn phi c th khc nhau mt cht. - free: hin th thng tin trn b nh h thng. - ifconfig : xem thng tin chi tit v cc giao din mng; thng thng giao din mng ethernet c tn l eth(). Bn c th ci t cc thit lp mng nh a ch IP hoc bng cch dng lnh ny (xem man ifconfig). Nu c iu g cha chnh xc, bn c th stop hoc start (tc ngng hoc khi_ng) giao din bng cch dng lnh ifconfig up/down. - passwd: cho php bn thay i mt khu (passwd ngi_dng_s_hu_mt_khu hoc tn ngi dng khc nu bn ng nhp h thng vi vai tr root). - useradd: cho php bn thm ngi dng mi (xem man useradd). thot hay ng shell, g exit hoc logout. Hin th tin trnh trong h thng Linux Mt trong nhng cng vic cn thit khi qun tr h thng Linux l kim sot cc tin trnh hin ang chy. Khi bit c nhng tin trnh no ang chy bn c th tt nhng tin trnh gy gim tc ca h thng. Ngoi ra, thng tin v nhng tin trnh h thng cho chng ta bit nn tt nhng tin trnh lm cho h thng vn hnh khng n nh. Do vic bit c nhng tin trnh no ang chy trn h thng rt quan trng. Linux h tr nhiu phng php kim tra tin trnh, mt trong s l s dng lnh ps. Khi s dng lnh ny mi thng tin v nhng tin trnh ang chy s c hin th. Bn ch cn nhp c php lnh sau vo ca s terminal: # ps aux | less Ngoi ra lnh ny c th s dng kt hp vi mt s tham s khc nh: # ps A: Kim tra mi tin trnh trong h thng. # ps -U root -u root N: Kim tra mi tin trnh ngoi tr nhng tin trnh h thng. # ps -u username: Kim tra nhng tin trnh c thc hin bi mt ngi dng nht nh. Hoc bn c th s dng lnh # top xem nhng tin trnh ang chy trn h thng trong thi gian thc. 2. Kim tra thng tin Socket v thng tin mng TCP/UDP Sau khi cu hnh nhng dch v mng ca h thng Linux, bn cn phi gi li tab ca cc cng ang thc s nhn tn hiu trn giao din mng ca h thng. iu ny rt quan trng v h thng c th b

xm nhp qua cc cng m. C mt s cng c qun l Linux thng bo cho bn bit thng tin ca nhng cng mv truy cp vo nhng cng ang m trn mng. Mt trong nhng phng php n gin v tin cy nht l s dng lnh ss kim tra thng tin Socket, ngoi ra lnh ny cn c th hin th nhiu thng tin TCP v thng tin trng thi hn cc cng c khc. Lnh ss ny cung cp thng tin v: Mi Socket TCP. Mi Socket UDP. Mi kt ni ssh/ftp/http/https. Mi tin trnh cc b c kt ni ti my ch X. Mi Socket TCP trong trng thi FIN-WAIT-1. Di y l mt s lnh ss: # ss s: Hin th tng s Socket. # ss -1: Hin th mi cng m. # ss pl: Kim tra tn tin trnh s dng Socket m s dng lnh sau: # ss -lp | grep: Kim tra ngi dng ang lm vic vi Socket m. # ss -t a: Hin th mi Socket TCP. # ss -u a: Hin th mi Socket UDP. 3. Theo di Average CPU Load v Disk Activity Nu l mt qun tr vin h thng Linux, bn cn phi bit phng php duy tr mt s cn bng hp l trong qu trnh ti u vo v u ra gia cc a vt l. Bn c th thay i cu hnh h thng thc hin tc v ny. Tuy nhin c mt phng php n gin hn rt nhiu l s dng lnh isostat qun l h thng thit b ti u vo v u ra trong Linux bng cch theo di thi gian hot ng v tc truyn trung bnh ca nhng thit b ny. Lnh ny s thng bo thng tin ca CPU (Central Processing Unit), thng tin u vo v u ra cho nhng thit b, phn vng v h thng file mng (NFS). Khi chy lnh isostat thng tin kt xut c dng: ly thng tin th mc NFS bn hy s dng lnh sau: # iostat n 4. Kim tra Memory Map ca cc tin trnh trong Linux Khi lm vic trong h thng Linux c th bn cn kim tra dung lng b nh s dng trong h thng. Linux tch hp nhiu lnh cho php kim tra dung lng b nh chim dng. Trong c mt lnh n gin gip hin th thng tin tng dung lng chim dng v cha chim dng ca b nh vt l v tng dung lng b nh l lnh free. Sau khi chy lnh ny bn s thy tng dung lng chim dng v cha chim dng ca b nh vt l v tng dung lng b nh trong h thng. Ngoi ra n cn hin th thng tin b nh m m cc nhn s dng. 5. Kim tra thi gian vn hnh ca h thng

Bn c mun bit my ch vn hnh bao lu? Nu mun bn ch cn s dng lnh uptime kim tra thi gian m h thng vn hnh. Lnh n gin ny khng ch cho bn bit thi gian h thng vn hnh m cn cho bit lng ngi dng ng nhp vo h thng trong mt khong thi gian trc . 6. Kim tra ngi dng ng nhp Ngoi nhng cng c qun l Linux, bn c th s dng mt lnh kim tra nhng ngi dng no thc hin ng nhp vo h thng v nhng g h thc hin. Lnh ny s hin th thi gian hin ti, thi gian h thng vn hnh, lng ngi dng ng nhp. Ngoi ra lnh ny cng hin th lng ti trung bnh trong mi 1, 5 v 15 pht. Lnh ny rt hu dng vi nhng Admin h thng mun s dng thng tin ti trung bnh hoch nh dung lng. kim tra ai ng nhp vo h thng v nhng tc v h thc hin bn ch cn chy lnh sau: # w username 7. Kim sot hnh vi h thng, phn cng v thng tin h thng trong Linux Vi nhiu ngi dng Linux, kim sot h thng l mt tc v phc tp. Hu ht cc bn phn phi Linux tch hp kh nhiu cng c kim sot. Nhng cng c kim sot ny cung cp cc phng php c th c p dng kim tra thng tin hnh vi h thng. Vic kim sot h thng cho php ngi dng theo di nguyn nhn kh nng thc thi ca h thng b cn tr. Mt trong nhng tc v cn thit ca qu trnh kim sot h thng l tra cu thng tin v hnh vi h thng, phn cng v thng tin b nh. C mt lnh n gin gip hin th thng tin v tin trnh, b nh, trang ghi, nhm IO, li v hnh vi CPU l lnh vmstat. Bn ch cn nhp lnh sau vo ca s terminal: # vmstat 3 Ngoi ra bn c th s dng lnh # vmstat m kim tra thng tin b nh, v lnh # vmstat a hin th thng tin trang nh ang hot ng v khng hot ng. 8. Kim tra thng tin phn cng ca h thng Linux Vi mt s ngi dng Linux th vic kim tra thng tin phn cng tht khng d dng. Linux l mt h thng phc tp nhng n li tch hp mt s cng c gip ly thng tin chi tit ca phn cng, chng hn chng ta c th s dng mt lnh kh n gin kim tra thng tin a cng trn h thng l lnh hdparm. Lnh ny cung cp mt giao din dng lnh thc hin qun l nhiu loi a cng c h thng ph iu khin thit b ATA/IDE ca Linux h tr. N cung cp mt lnh gip hin th thng tin xc minh nh dung lng, thng tin chi tit, trc tip t a. Thng tin ny c lu di mt nh dng m rng mi. Bn ch cn ng nhp di quyn root user v s dng lnh sau: # hdparm -I /dev/sda Hoc dng lnh: $ sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda Khi thng tin v a cng ca h thng s lp tc hin th. KSTP 03-06-2012, 02:52 PM Trn ubuntu vi nhng cu lnh c sudo u. L ch thc hin cu lnh v gi quyn ca root thc thi cu lnh , v khi thc thi xong n s tr li quyn ca user bn ang dng.

sudo apt-get install package_name: apt-get install s tin hnh ci t gi phn mm v bn mun ci t phn mm g th thay package_name bng tn ca gi phn mm cn ci t. V bn gi sudo trc cu lnh yu cu quyn ci t ca ngi dng cao nht y l root hoc xc nhn t chnh bn nu tn ngi dng ca bn thuc nhm ngi dng root. VD: sudo apt-get install rar sudo apt-get remove package_name: ngc li ca apt-get install, apt-get remove s g b mt gi phn mm no trong Ubuntu. Thay package_name bng gi phn mm bn mun g b. VD: sudo apt-get remove rar Cn vi cu lnh touch: to mt file mi. VD: touch hello.txt Vi && : 2 k t && i lin tip s gip bn thc thi 2 cu lnh vi 1 dng lnh, tt nhin n s thc thi 1 lnh trc sau s n lnh th 2. Cu lnh di s dng touch to mt file mang tn helloworld.txt v sau s dng cu lnh vi m v thm ni dung vo file helloworld.txt VD: touch helloworld.txt && vi helloworld.txt Cu lnh wget dng download file dng lnh trn mt host internet . VD: wge http://www.nvdung.net/upload/abcxyz.xxx #S ti file abcxyz.xxx no t internet v. Cu lnh dpkg : qun l cc gi phn mm trong Ubuntu, mun ci t 1 gi phn mm bn ch cn thm vo tham s -i. Mun g b thm vo tham s -r. Bn cn thm lnh sudo c quyn tin hnh cu lnh. VD: dpkg -i ubuntu-tweak_0.3.5-1.deb #S ci t gi Ubuntu-Tweak VD: dpkg -r rar #S g b rar. Cu lnh ifconfig : cc thng kt ni mng v cu hnh mng ca my. Ci ny ai cng bit nn min bn Cu lnh ping : kim tra s tn ti ca mt my tnh no trong mng. VD: ping 192.168.1.1 #Ci ny ai cng bit nn min bn Cu lnh whereis : nu bn mun bit mt cu lnh nm u trong Ubuntu bn ch gn g whereis cu lnh VD: whereis ls Cu lnh find : tm kim mt tp tin. Cu lnh di s tm trong ng dn th mc /home/nvdung tham s -name tm theo tn file v nu nh bn mun tm file c ui l .txt th ch gn thm du * trc phn tn file m rng. VD: find /home/nvdung/ -name *.txt #S tm cc file ui .txt trong th mc /home/nvdung/ VD: locate t_kha #S tm tp tin m tn ca n c cha t_kha Cu lnh uname -a : ch cn g l bn s bit c version ca Linux kernel m bn ang s dng. Cu lnh cat /etc/issue : phin bn hin ti ca Ubuntu bn ang dng. Nu bn mun tt my:

sudo shutdown -h now sudo shutdown -h time #time y l thi gian bn mun hn gi tt my nh. sudo init 0 sudo halt Hoc vi cu lnh : poweroff Khi ng li my th l cu lnh : reboot Cu lnh -help | more hin th tr gip, | more dng gip xem d dng tng trang ca s, tuy nhin mt s lnh s khng c phn help ny. Thc mc ln ca mnh : Lm th no c th xem c nhng kt qu c tr v trn mn hnh nu nh n qu di? - Nu ang dng Ubuntu Server hoc trong console ca Ubuntu Desktop xem c nhng g tr v trn mn hnh bn nhn Shift + Page Up xem nhng g trn v Shift + Page Down cun xung di! - Mi th thi m search google mi mi bit. Bn mun tm hiu thm v cch s dng ca mi cu lnh. Bn ch cn g thm man vo trc cu lnh . VD: man cu_lnh #S hin th phn s tay s dng, nhn q thot khi xem (man = manual) thc thi mt chng trnh hay tp tin c th thc thi trong th mc hin hnh. Bn ch cn g ng tn file l c th thc thi. VD: ./tomcat_start.sh #S khi ng tomcat vi file khi ng c cu hnh t ti th mc hin ti. chnh gi th dng cu lnh sudo date ngy_gi V cn rt nhiu na. Vit cho nhanh nh - pwd: a ra ngoi mn hnh th mc ang hot ng (VD: /etc/ssh). - cd: thay i th mc (VD: cd .. ra mt cp th mc hin ti; cd vidu vo th mc /vidu). - ls: a ra danh sch ni dung th mc. - mkdir: to th mc mi (VD: mkdir tn_thumuc_moi). - rmdir: xa b mt th mc (rmdir ten_thumuc). - cp: copy file hoc th mc (cp file_ngun file_ch). - mv: di chuyn file hoc th mc; cng c dng t li tn file hoc th mc (mv v_tr_c v_tr_mi hoc mv tn_c tn_mi). - rm: loi b file (rm tn_file). tm kim ni dung trong file, bn c th dng:

- grep < tiu chun tm kim>: tm ni dung trong file. xem mt file, bn c th dng: - more : hin th file theo tng trang. - cat < tn file>: hin th tt c file. - head < tn file>: hin th cc dng u tin. - tail < tn file>: hin th cc dng cui cng (c th hu ch trong nhng trng hp nh khi bn mun xem thng tin cui cng ca mt file h thng). chnh sa file, bn phi s dng trnh son tho tch hp sn trn dng lnh. Thng thng, y l vi v c dng vi c php: vi . gii nn mt lu tr (thng thng c ui tar.gz), bn phi dng lnh tar vi c php tar -xvf . in mt file, dng lnh lpr . Ch l bn phi c mt s daemon hot ng qun l my in. Thng thng y l cc cup (ch yu l UNIX Printing System) c th s dng cho tt c cc phn phi chnh. loi b file khi hng i my in (bn c th ln danh sch hng i bng lnh lpq), s dng cu lnh lprm . lp hoc g b thit b (thm vo h thng file vi vai tr nh mt phng tin c php s dng), dng: - mount /mnt/floppy: lp thm mm. - umount /mnt/floppy: g b mm. - mount /mnt/cdrom: lp CD-ROM. - mount /mnt/cdrom: g DC-ROM. Cc thit b ny thng c ci v cho php s dng mt cch t ng. Nhng c th mt ngy p tri no bn li phi t mnh thc hin cng vic ny khi c li xy ra. ng lo lng! to mt phn vng u tin, to mt th mc trong /mnt (mkdir /mnt/_a_mi). Sau s dng lnh mount (mount /dev/source /mnt/ _a_mi), trong /dev/source l thit b (tc phn vng) bn mun lp thm vo h thng file. Nu mun kt ni ti mt host t xa, s dng lnh ssh. C php l ssh . Qun l h thng: - ps: hin th cc chng trnh hin thi ang chy (rt hu ch: ps l ci nhn ton b v tt c cc chng trnh). Trong danh sch a ra khi thc hin lnh ps, bn s thy c s PID (Process identification nhn

dng tin trnh). Con s ny s c hi n khi mun ngng mt dch v hay ng dng, dng lnh kill . - top: hot ng kh ging nh Task Manager trong Windows. N a ra thng tin v tt c ti nguyn h thng, cc tin trnh ang chy, tc load trung bnh Lnh top -d thit lp khong thi gian lm ti li h thng. Bn c th t bt k gi tr no, t .1 (tc 10 mili giy) ti 100 (tc 100 giy) hoc thm ch ln hn. - uptime: th hin thi gian ca h thng v tc load trung bnh trong khong thi gian , trc y l 5 pht v 15 pht. Thng thng tc load trung bnh c tnh ton theo phn trm ti nguyn h thng (vi x l, RAM, cng vo/ra, tc load mng) c dng ti mt thi im. Nu tc c tnh ton l 0.37, tc c 37% ti nguyn c s dng. Gi tr ln hn nh 2.35 ngha l h thng phi i mt s d liu, khi n s tnh ton nhanh hn 235% m khng gp phi vn g. Nhng gia cc phn phi c th khc nhau mt cht. - free: hin th thng tin trn b nh h thng. - ifconfig : xem thng tin chi tit v cc giao din mng; thng thng giao din mng ethernet c tn l eth(). Bn c th ci t cc thit lp mng nh a ch IP hoc bng cch dng lnh ny (xem man ifconfig). Nu c iu g cha chnh xc, bn c th stop hoc start (tc ngng hoc khi_ng) giao din bng cch dng lnh ifconfig up/down. - passwd: cho php bn thay i mt khu (passwd ngi_dng_s_hu_mt_khu hoc tn ngi dng khc nu bn ng nhp h thng vi vai tr root). - useradd: cho php bn thm ngi dng mi (xem man useradd). D phn phi no, bn cng c th dng phm TAB t ng hon chnh mt lnh hoc tn file. iu ny rt hu ch khi bn quen vi cc lnh. Bn cng c th s dng cc phm ln, xung cun xem cc lnh nhp. Bn c th dng lnh a dng trn mt dng. V d nh, nu mun to ba th mc ch trn mt dng, c php c th l: mkdir th_mc_1 ; mkdir th_mc_2 ; mkdir th_mc_3. Mt iu th v khc na l cc lnh dng pipe. Bn c th xut mt lnh thng qua lnh khc. V d: man mkdir | tail s a ra thng tin cc dng cui cng trong trang xem th cng ca lnh mkdir. Nu lc no c yu cu phi ng nhp vi ti khon gc (tc siu admin ca h thng), bn c th ng nhp tm thi bng cch dng lnh su. Tham s -1 (su-1) dng thay i th mc ch v cho cc lnh hoc ang dng. Ch l bn cng s c nhc mt mt khu. thot hay ng shell, g exit hoc logout. vBulletin v3.6.5, Copyright 2000-2013, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.