Cc ch tiu cn bit trong nc sch Xt nghim nc l cng vic cn lm tm ra nhng vn ca ngun nc. Da trn kt qu xt nghim ta c th d dng chn la cng ngh v thit b x l nc. Everpure Vietnam xin s lc cc ch s trong bng xt nghim nh sau: 1. Mi v Nc ging ngm: mi trng thi l do c kh H2S, kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong lng t v ha tan vo mch nc ngm. Mi tanh ca st v mangan.

Nc mt (sng, sui, ao h): mi tanh ca to l do s xut hin ca cc loi to v vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny nc thng c mu xanh. Nc my: mi ha cht kh trng (clo) cn d li trong nc.

Mi v khc l s gy cm gic kh chu khi dng nc. Tu theo loi mi v m c cch x l ph hp nh dng ha cht dit to trong ao h, keo t lng lc, hp ph bng than hot tnh, 2. Mu

Mu vng ca hp cht st v mangan. Mu xanh ca to, hp cht hu c.

Nc c mu cao thng gy kh chu v mt cm quan. Vi cc quy trnh x l nh sc kh ozn, clo ha s b, keo t, lng lc c th lm gim mu ca nc. Cn lu , khi ngun nc c mu do hp cht hu c, vic s dng Clo c th to ra cht mi l trihalomethane c kh nng gy ung th. 3. pH Ngun nc c pH > 7 thng cha nhiu ion nhm carbonate v bicarbonate (do chy qua nhiu tng t ). Ngun nc c pH < 7 thng cha nhiu ion gc axit. Bng chng d thy nht lin quan gia pH v sc khe ca ngi s dng l n lm hng men rng pH ca nc c lin quan n tnh n mn thit b, ng ng dn nc v dng c cha nc. c bit, trong mi trng pH thp, kh nng kh trng ca Clo s mnh hn. Tuy nhin, khi pH > 8,5 nu trong nc c hp cht hu c th vic kh trng bng Clo d to thnh hp cht trihalomethane gy ung th. Theo tiu chun, pH ca nc s dng cho sinh hot l 6,0 8,5 v ca nc ung l 6,5 8,5. 4. c c l i lng o hm lng cht l lng trong nc, thng do s hin din ca cht keo, st, to v vi sinh vt. Nc c gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi dng v c kh nng nhim vi sinh. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh c nh hn 5NTU, nhng gii hn ti a ca nc ung ch l 2 NTU. Cc quy trnh x l nh keo t, lng, lc gp phn lm gim c ca nc. 5. kim kim ca nc l do cc ion bicarbonate, carbonate v hydroxide to nn. Trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc, kim c lin quan n cc ch tiu khc nh pH, cng v tng hm lng khong. Vic xc nh kim ca nc gip cho vic nh lng ha cht trong qu trnh keo t, lm mm nc cng nh x l chng n mn. Hin nay, khng c bng chng c th no lin quan gia kim v sc khe ca ngi s dng. Thng thng, nc dng cho n ung nn c kim thp hn 100 mg/l. 6. cng cng l i lng o tng cc cation a ha tr c trong nc, nhiu nht l ion canxi v magi. Nc mt thng khng c cng cao nh nc ngm. Ty theo cng ca nc ngi ta chia thnh cc loi sau: cng t 0 50mg/l -> Nc mm cng t 50 150mg/l -> Nc hi cng cng t 150 300mg/l -> Nc cng cng > 300mg/l -> Nc rt cng Nc cng thng cn nhiu x phng hn to bt, hoc gy hin tng ng cn trng trong thit b un, ng dn nc nng, thit b gii nhit hay l hi. Ngc li, nc cng thng khng gy hin tng n mn ng ng v thit b.Theo tiu chun nc sch, cng c quy nh nh hn 350 mg/l. i vi nc n ung, cng nh hn 300 mg/l. Tuy nhin, khi cng vt qu 50 mg/l, trong cc thit b un nu xut hin cn trng. Trong thnh phn ca cng, canxi v magi l 2 yu t quan trng thng c b sung cho c th qua ng thc n. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi c nguy c mc bnh si thn cn hn ch vic hp th canxi v magi hm lng cao. C th kh cng bng phng php trao i ion. 7. Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS) TDS l i lng o tng cht rn ha tan c trong nc, hay cn gi l tng cht khong.

Tiu chun nc sch quy nh TDS nh hn 1.000 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh TDS nh hn 500 mg/l. 8. oxy ha (Cht hu c) oxy ha c dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun nc. C 2 phng php xc nh oxy ha ty theo ha cht s dng l phng php KMnO4 v K2CrO7. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh oxy ha theo KMnO44) nh hn 2 mg/l. nh hn 4 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh oxy ha (theo KMnO 9. Nhm Nhm l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi khong, t st. Nhm c dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut cht bn dn, thuc nhum, sn v c bit l ha cht keo t trong x l nc. Nc khai thc t vng t nhim phn thng c pH thp v hm lng nhm cao. Nhm khng gy ri lon c ch trao i cht, tuy nhin c lin quan n cc bnh Alzheimei v gia tng qu trnh lo ha. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm lng nhm nh hn 0,2 mg/l. 10. St Do ion st hai d b oxy ha thnh hydroxyt st ba, t kt ta v lng nn st t tn ti trong ngun nc mt. i vi nc ngm, trong iu kin thiu kh, st thng tn ti dng ion Fe2+ v ho tan trong nc. Khi c lm thong, st hai s chuyn ha thnh st ba, xut hin kt ta hydroxyt st ba c mu vng, d lng. Trong trng hp ngun nc c nhiu cht hu c, st c th tn ti dng keo (phc hu c) rt kh x l. Ngoi ra, nc c pH thp s gy hin tng n mn ng ng v dng c cha, lm tng hm lng st trong nc. St khng gy c hi cho c th. Khi hm lng st cao s lm cho nc c v tanh, mu vng, c v mu tng nn kh s dng. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng st nh hn 0,5 mg/l. 11. Mangan Mangan thng tn ti trong nc cng vi st nhng vi hm lng t hn. Khi trong nc c mangan thng to lp cn mu en ng bm vo thnh v y bn cha. Mangan c c tnh rt thp v khng gy ung th. hm lng cao hn 0,15 mg/l c th to ra v kh chu, lm hoen qun o. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng mangan nh hn 0,5 mg/l. 12. Asen (thch tn) Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha asen nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra asen c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip, thuc tr su. Khi b nhim asen, c kh nng gy ung th da v phi. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh asen nh hn 0,05 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh asen nh hn 0,01 mg/l. 13. Cadimi Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha hm lng cadimi nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra Cadimi cn thy trong ngun nc b nhim nc thi cng nghip khai thc m, nc r bi rc. Cadimi c th xut hin trong ng ng thp trng km nu xy ra hin tng n mn. Cadimi c tc ng xu n thn. Khi b nhim c cao c kh nng gy i ma. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Cadimi nh hn 0,003 mg/l. 14. Crm Crm c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip khai thc m, xi m, thuc da, thuc nhum, sn xut giy v gm s. Crm ha tr 6 c c tnh mnh hn Crm ha tr 3 v tc ng xu n cc b phn c th nh gan, thn, c quan h hp. Nhim c Crm cp tnh c th gy xut huyt, vim da, u nht. Crm c xp vo cht c nhm 1 (c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi v vt nui). Tiu chun nc ung quy nh crm nh hn 0,05 mg/l. 15. ng ng hin din trong nc do hin tng n mn trn ng ng v cc dng c thit b lm bng ng hoc ng thau. Cc loi ha cht dit to c s dng rng ri trn ao h cng lm tng hm lng ng trong ngun nc. Nc thi t nh my luyn kim, xi m, thuc da, sn xut thuc tr su, dit c hay phim nh cng gp phn lm tng lng ng trong ngun nc. ng khng tch ly trong c th nhiu n mc gy c. hm lng 1 2 mg/l lm cho nc c v kh chu, v khng th ung c khi nng cao t 5 8 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ng nh hn 2 mg/l. 16. Ch Trong ngun nc thin nhin ch pht hin hm lng ch 0,4 0,8 mg/l. Tuy nhin do nhim nc thi cng nghip hoc hin tng n mn ng ng nn c th pht hin ch trong nc ung mc cao hn. Khi hm lng ch trong mu cao c th gy tn thng no, ri lon tiu ha, yu c, ph hy hng cu. Ch c th tch ly trong c th n mc cao v gy c. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ch nh hn 0,01 mg/l. 17. Km Km t khi c trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca cc khu khai thc qung. Cha pht hin km gy c cho c th ngi, nhng hm lng > 5 mg/l lm cho nc c mu trng sa. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng km < 3mg/l. 18. Niken

Niken t khi hin din trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca ngnh in t, gm s, c quy, sn xut thp. Niken c c tnh thp v khng tch ly trong cc m. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng niken nh hn 0,02mg/l. 19. Thy ngn Thy ngn him khi tn ti trong nc. Tuy nhin cc mui thy ngn c dng trong cng ngh khai khong c kh nng lm nhim ngun nc. Khi nhim c thy ngn cc c quan nh thn v h thn kinh s b ri lon. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng thy ngn nh hn 0,001 mg/l. 20. Molybden Molybden t khi c mt trong nc. Molybden thng c trong nc thi ngnh in, ha du, thy tinh, gm s v thuc nhum. Molybden d hp th theo ng tiu ha v tn cng cc c quan nh gan, thn. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh molybden nh hn 0,07 mg/l. 21. Clorua Ngun nc c hm lng clorua cao thng do hin tng thm thu t nc bin hoc do nhim t cc lai nc thi nh m km, khai thc du, sn xut giy, sn xut nc t quy trnh lm mm. Clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe. Gii hn ti a ca clorua c la chn theo hm lng natri trong nc, khi kt hp vi clorua s gy v mn kh ung. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh Clorua nh hn 300 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Clorua nh hn 250 mg/l. 22. Amni Nitrit - Nitrat Cc dng thng gp trong nc ca hp cht nit l amni, nitrit, nitrat, l kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c hoc do nhim t nc thi. Trong nhm ny, amni l cht gy c nhiu nht cho c v cc loi thy sinh. Nitrit c hnh thnh t phn ng phn hy nit hu c v amni v vi s tham gia ca vi khun. Sau nitrit s c oxy ha thnh nitrat. Ngoi ra, nitrat cn c mt trong ngun nc l do nc thi t cc ngnh ha cht, t ng rung c s dng phn ha hc, nc r bi rc, nc ma chy trn. S c mt hp cht nit trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc cho thy du hiu nhim ngun nc. 23. Sunfat Sunfat thng c mt trong nc l do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c c cha sunfua hoc do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt nhum, thuc da, luyn kim, sn xut giy. Nc nhim phn thng cha hm lng sunfat cao. nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy bnh tiu chy. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh sunfat nh hn 250 mg/l. 24. Florua Nc mt thng c hm lng flo thp khong 0,2 mg/l. i vi nc ngm, khi chy qua cc tng vi, dolomit, t st, hm lng flo trong nc c th cao n 8 9 mg/l. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi hm lng flo t 2 mg/l lm en rng. Nu s dng thng xuyn ngun nc c hm lng Flo cao hn 4 mg/l c th lm mc xng. Flo khng c biu hin gy ung th. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm lng flo trong khong 0,7 1,5 mg/l. 25. Xyanua Xyanua c mt trong ngun nc do nhim t cc loi nc thi ngnh nha, xi m, luyn kim, ha cht, si tng hp. Xyanua rt c, thng tn cng cc c quan nh phi, da, ng tiu ha. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng xuanua nh hn 0,07 mg/l. 26. Coliform Vi khun Coliform (ph bin l Escherichia Coli) thng c trong h tiu ha ca ngi. S pht hin vi khun Coli cho thy ngun nc c du hiu nhim. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng E. Coliform bng 0. Ring Coliform tng s trong nc sch c cho php 50 vi khun / 100 ml.

Cng Ty C Phn Mi Trng Cuc Sng XanhLab & Office: 189 in Bin Ph, Phng 15, Qun Bnh Thnh, TP.HCM, Vit Nam Tel: (8) 6660.4577 - 6660.4877 - Fax: (8) 6294.9066 Email: info@greenlifecom.com - Web: www.Greenlifecom.com Copyright 2008 by Green Life J.S.C

Thnh phn c bn ca ncTC HI KHI CC CH TIU VT TIU CHUN CHO PHPSTT Thnh phn cc ch tiu c bn Cch X l

Mi v:

1

Ty theo Nc ging ngm: mi trng thi l do c kh H2S, kt qu phn hy cc cht hu c mi v ta s trong lng t ha tan vo cc mch nc ngm. Mi tanh l do t st & Mangan dng cht trong nc. ph hp Nc mt Sng, Sui, Ao, H: mi tanh l t ca to v cc vi sinh vt, trong trng x l nh ha cht hp ny nc c mu xanh. dit to, keo t Nc my: c mi ha cht clorine cn d li trong nc lng lc, than Mi v khc l s gy ra kh chu khi s dng nc. hot tnh hp th.

Mu sc:

2

Mu xanh l t to, cc cht hu c Mu vng l t hp cht st v mangan Nc c mu cao m gy kh chu, s hi.

Lu : Khi x l vi Clorine dit to, Clorine c th to ra cht mi l Trihalo-methane c kh nng gy ra ung th.

C th dng Clorine dit to, keo t lng lc, than hot tnh hp th gim mu nc.

pH:

3

Ngun nc c pH > 7 thng cha nhiu carbonate v bicarbonate do chy qua nhiu tng t . Ngun nc c pH < 7 thng cha nhiu gc Acid UV, Plasma, Ozone c kh nng x l pH.

Tiu chun pH cho:

Nc sinh hot pH = 6,0 8,5. Nc ung pH = 6,5 8,5. Cc loi nc ngt c gas c pH = 2,0 4,0 Cc loi thc phm thng c pH = 2,9 3,3

Ngoi vic pH thp c th gy h men rng. Ga tr pH ca nc c lin quan n vic n mn thit b, ng dn & thng cha nc. c bit trong mi trng pH thp, kh nng kh trng ca Clorine s mnh hn. Tuy nhin khi pH > 8,5 nu trong nc c hp cht hu c th vic kh trng bng Clorine d to thnh hp cht Trihalo-methane c kh nng gy ra ung th.

kim: kim ca nc l do cc ion carbonate, bicarbonate v hydroxide to nn. kim c lin quan n cc ch tiu khc nh Ph, cng v tng hm lng khong. Vic xc nh kim gip cho vic nh lng ha cht trong qu trnh keo t, lm mm nc, chng n mn. Hin nay khng c bng chng c th no lin quan gia kim v sc khe ca ngi s dng. Thng thng nc dng cho n ung c kim thp hn 100mg/lt

4

Plasma, Ozone c kh nng x l pH.

c:

5

C th dng c l do hm lng cht l lng, cht keo, st, to v vi sinh vt cao. C kh nng gy keo t nhim vi sinh cao. lng lc, than hot TC Nc sch cho php c nh hn 5 NTU tnh hp th TC Nc ung cho php l 2 NTU gim c ca

nc.

cng : cng l i lng o tng cc cation a ha tr c trong nc, nhiu nht la ion canxi v magi. Nc mt c cng thp hn nc ngm. cng ca nc c chia ra cc loi C th nh sau : kh cng cng = 0 50mg/l => Nc mm bng phng cng = 50 150mg/l => Nc hi cng php trao i cng = 150 300mg/l => Nc hi cng mm ion. T trng, Sau mi cng = trn 300mg/l => Nc rt cng chu k Nc cng thng cn nhiu x phng hn to bt. lc, ht nha Nc cng gy hin tng ng cn trng trong thit b un nu, ng dn nc nng, thit b cation gii nhit hoc l hi. Ngc li nc cng khng n mn ng ng v thit b. s c ti sinh Tiu chun quy nh cng ca nc l : bng dung Nc sch = nh hn 350mg/l. dch mui Nc n ung = nh hn 300mg/l n. Khi cng vt qu 50mg/l, cn trng s xut hin trong cc thit b un nu. Canxi & Magi la 2 thnh phn quan trng b sung cho c th qua ng thc n ung. Ch ngoi tr cc chng bnh v si thn cn hn ch vic hp th hm lng cao Canxi & Magi.

6

Hm lng St: Do ion st 2 (Fe2+) d b oxy ha thnh hydroxyt st 3, t kt ta v lng t nn st t tn ti trong ngun nc mt. i ci noc ngm trong iu kin thiu kh, st thng tn ti dng Fe2+ v ha tan trong nc. Khi c lm thong st 2 s ha thnh st 3 (Fe3+) xut Plasma, hin kt ta hydroxyt st 3 c mu vng, d lng t. Trong trng hp nc c nhiu cht c kh hu c, st c th tn ti thnh dng keo (phc hu c) rt kh x l. nng x Ring thnh phn Sulfat cao s c v chua gy bnh tiu chy. Ngoi ra khi nc c pH l hm thp, s gy hin tng n mn ng ng v dng c cha, lm tng lng st trong nc. lng st. St khng gy c hi cho c th. Khi hm lng st cao s lm cho nc c v tanh, mu vng, c v mu tng nn kh s dng.

7

TC nc sch v nc ung u quy nh hm lng St nh hn 0,5mg/l

Hm lng Mangan: Mangan (Mn) thng tn ti trong nc cng vi st nhng hm lng t hn. Khi trong nc Plasma, c Mangan thng to lp cn mu en bm vo thnh v y bn cha. c kh Mangan c tc ng nguy him ti thn kinh v pht trin tr tu, nht l tr nh. Nhng nng x ngun nc c hm lng Mangan vt tiu chun s sinh ra lng vi khun ln nh hng l hm n ng rut. Hm lng Mangan cao s gy ung th. hm lng cao hn 0,15mg/l to lng Mangan. ra v kh chu, lm hoen qun o.

8

TC nc sch v nc ung quy nh hm lng Mangan nh hn 0,5mg/l

Hm lng Nhm: Nhm l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi khong, t st. Nhm dng trong cc nghnh cng nghip sn xut cht bn dn, thuc nhum, sn v c bit l ha cht keo t trong x l nc. Nc khai thc t cc vng t nhim phn thng c pH thp v hm lng Plasma, c kh nhm cao. nng x Nhm khng gy ri lon trong c ch trao i cht, tuy nhin c lin quan gy ra bnh l hm Alzheimei lm tng qu trnh lo ha. lng Nhm.

9

TC nc sch quy nh hm lng nhm nh hn 0,3mg/l TC nc ung quy nh hm lng nhm nh hn 0,2mg/l

Hm lng Arsenic (Thch tn): Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha nhiu Arsen hn nc mt. Ngoi ra Arsen c trong nc ngm do b nhim t nc thi cng nghip, thuc tr su. Plasma, Arsen khng c mi v kh chu khi c mt trong nc ngay c khi c hm lng cao lm UV c cht ngi, nn khng th pht hin c bng cm quan. kh nng x 10 Arsen l cht rt c, c hn gp 4 ln Thy ngn. Tc ng xu n h tun hon, h thn kinh. Nu b nhim c t t, mi ngy mt t, ty theo mc nhim v th tng ca mi l, gim ngi c th xut hin nhiu bnh nh rng tc, bun nn, st cn, ung th, gim tr nh hm Arsen lm thay i cn bng h thng Enzim ca c th, nn tc hi ca n rt ln i vi lng Arsenic. ph n v tr em.

TC nc sch quy nh hm lng Arsen nh hn 0,05mg/l TC nc ung quy nh hm lng Arsen nh hn 0,01mg/l

Hm lng Amoniac Nitrit Nitrat: Cc dng thng gp trong nc ca hp cht Nit l Amni, Nitrit, Nitrat l kt qu qu trnh phn ha ca cc cht hu c hoc do nhim t nc thi. Nitrit c hnh thnh t phn ng phn hy hu c v Amni v vi s tham gia ca vi khun. Sau Nitrit c oxy ha thnh Nitrat. Ngoi ra Nitrat cn c mt trong ngun nc thi t nghnh ha cht, ng rung c phn ha hc, nc r t bi rc, nc ma chy trn. S c mt hp cht Nit trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc cho thy du hiu nhim ngun nc.

C th dng keo t lng lc, than Nitrat v Nitrit trong nc ln hn 10mg/l s gy ra bnh, c bit l tr em b bnh da hot tnh 11 xanh, thiu mu. Ring i vi Nitrit d tc dng vi Nitrosamin l cht gy ung th. Trong hp th, Amni l cht gy c nhiu nht cho C v cc loi Thy sinh. v Plasma, TC nc sch quy nh hm lng Amni nh hn 3mg/l UV, Ozone TC nc ung quy nh hm lng Amni nh hn 1,5mg/l tr kh. TC nc sch v nc ung quy nh hm lng Nitrit nh hn 3mg/l

TC nc sch v nc ung quy nh hm lng Nitrat nh hn 50mg/l

Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS): TDS l i lng o tng cht rn ha tan c trong nc hoc cn gi l tng cht khong. 12 Cch x l vi lng, lc, keo t.

TC nc sch quy nh TDS nh hn 1.200mg/l TC nc ung quy nh TDS nh hn 1.000mg/l