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© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

New Edition

First Published 2012

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by

any means without the prior permission in writing of the

publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of

binding or cover other than that in which it is published

and without a similar condition including this condition

being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

The copy right holder of this book is the Director

of School Education, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

This Book has been printed on 80 G.S.M. Map litho Paper,

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

Free Distribution by Government of Andhra Pradesh

Printed in India

at the Andhra Pradesh Govt. Text Book Press,

Mint Compound, Hyderabad,

Andhra Pradesh.

–– o ––

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¬s+&ÉT #‘·T\÷ πø yÓ#·Ã<äHêìï dü÷∫düTÔHêïj·÷?

¬s+&ÉT #‘·T\÷ πø s¡T>∑\ bÕÁ‘· À ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°ˇø£ #˚‹øÏ yÓ#·Ã>±qT, eTs=ø£ #˚‹øÏ #·\¢>±qTnì|ædüTÔHêïsTTø£<ë! #·÷&É+&ç! eTq #˚‘·T Ò eTq≈£îy˚s¡Ty˚s¡T düe÷#êsêìï ÇdüTÔHêïsTT. eTq+ #˚‹‘√‘êø£&É+e\¢ edüTÔe⁄ ø£∫Ã‘·+>± b+‘· y˚&ç>± ñ+<√,b+‘· #·\¢>± ñ+<√ #Ó|üŒ>∑\e÷?

ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄ m+‘· yÓ#·Ã>± ñ+<äH˚ $wüj·÷ìïeTq nqTuÛÑ÷‹ <ë«sê #Ó|üŒ˝Ò+. #˚‹‘√ ‘êø£&É+<ë«sêH˚ y˚s¡T y˚s¡T bÕÁ‘·\˝À ñqï ˙{Ï yÓ#·Ã<äHêìïK∫Ã‘·+>± #Ó|üŒ Ò+.

ñwüí+ ` ˇø£ s¡ø£yÓTÆq X¯øÏÔ:

eTq+ b+&É˝À>±˙, eT+≥≈£î <ä>∑Zs¡>±>±˙yÓ[flq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT y˚&ç>± ñ+≥T+~. eTq #˚‹ìeT+#·T>∑&É¶MT<ä ñ+∫q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #·\¢>± ñ+≥T+~. Ç˝≤b+<äT≈£î »s¡T>∑T‘·T+<√ b|ü⁄Œ&Ó’Hê Ä˝À∫+#êsê?Ç˝≤ »s¡>∑{≤ìøÏ ø±s¡D+ @$T{Ï?

Ä˝À∫+#·+&ç:

nqï+ e+& ˚≥| ü ⁄ Œ& É TbÕ Á‘ · ô| ’q ñqï eT÷‘ ·b–]|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. b+<äTe\¢?

eT÷‘· ô|{Ïºe⁄qï –HÓï˝À˙{Ïì eT]–+#·& É+ MTs ¡ T#·÷XÊsê? @+ >∑eTì+#ês¡T? eT÷‘· ô|’ø° øÏ+~ø°Ïø£<ä\&É+ #·÷XÊsê? eT÷‘· ø£~*‘˚ e#˚Ã X¯ã∆+$Hêïsê? X¯ã›+ bø£ÿ&ç qT+∫ edüTÔ+~? eT÷‘·b+<äT≈£î ø£<äT\T‘·T+~? ø=ìï kÕs¡T¢ eT÷‘· b–]øÏ+<ä |ü&É&É+ ≈£L&Ü »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. b+<äT≈£î? eT]π>˙s¡T, {Ï Ä$]>± e÷s¡T‘·T+<äì eTq≈£î ‘Ó\TdüTø£<ë!–HÓï˝À ˙{Ï Ä$] |òüTq|ü]e÷D+ ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.|òüTq|ü]e÷D+ ô|s¡>∑&É+ e\¢ ˙{Ï Ä$] ãj·T≥≈£îyÓfi¯fl&ÜìøÏ Á|üj·T‹ïdüTÔ+~. n+<äTø√dü+ –HÓïô|’qTqïeT÷‘·qT ô|’øÏ ˝Ò|ü⁄‘·T+~. eT÷‘· ô|’øÏ ˝Òe&ÜìøÏø±s¡D+ @$T{Ï? edüTÔe⁄qT Ò|ü&ÜìøÏ X¯øÏÔ ø±yê*.eT] á X¯øÏÔ bø£ÿ&ÉqT+∫ edüTÔ+~? eTs¡T>∑T‘··Tqï˙{ÏqT+∫ á X¯øÏÔ e∫Ã+<äì nqT≈£îqï≥¢sTT‘˚ {ÏøÏÄ X¯øÏÔ bø£ÿ&ÉqT+&ç e∫Ã+~? ñwüí+qT+#˚ ø£<ë!ø±ã{Ïº ñwüí+ ˇø£ X¯øÏÔ eqs¡T nì #Ó|üŒe#·TÃ.

ñwüí+ ø£s¡ø£yÓTÆq XøÏÔ. n~ b≈£îÿe ñc íÁ>∑‘·>∑\edüTÔe⁄qT+&ç ‘·≈£îÿe ñc íÁ>∑‘· >∑\ edüTÔe⁄≈£î Á|ükÕs¡+»s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. yÓTT<ä{Ï ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À X¯øÏÔ dü÷s¡T´ì<ä>∑Zs¡qT+∫>±ì eT+≥qT+∫>±ì eTq X¯Øs¡+˝ÀøÏÁ|üeVæ≤düTÔ+~. n+<äTπø eTq≈£î y˚&ç nì|ædüTÔ+~.¬s+&√ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À eTq X¯Øs¡+qT+∫ X¯øÏ Ô

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eT+#·TeTTø£ÿ˝ÀøÏ Á|üeVæ≤düTÔ+~. n+<äTe\¢ eTq≈£î#·*>± nì|ædüTÔ+~. X¯øÏÔ Á|ükÕs¡+e\¢ edüTÔe⁄\T#·\¢>±>±˙ y˚&ç>±>±˙ ñqï≥T¢ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìïªñwüí+µ n+{≤s¡T.

X¯øÏÔ e÷s¡TŒ\T

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• d ü T‹ Ô‘√ | ü< ˚ | ü< ˚ø={ Ï ºq| ü ⁄ Œ& É T ÇqTeTTy˚&Óø£ÿ&Üìï MTs¡T b|ü⁄Œ&Ó’Hê >∑eTì+#êsê?

• ˇø£ ≈£î+≈£î&ÉT –+»qT rdüTø=ì sê‹MT<äns¡>∑Bj·T+&ç. –+»qT ‘êøÏ #·÷&É+&ç. @+>∑eTì+#ês¡T.

ô|’ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À j·÷+Á‹ø£X¯øÏ Ô ñwüíX¯øÏ Ô>±e÷s¡T‘·T+~ nì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~.

• o‘êø±\+˝À MT¬s|ü⁄Œ&Ó ’Hê #·\¢ì ˙fi¯ ¢‘√kÕïq+#˚XÊsê? @+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~?

• #·*qT+∫ ãj·T≥|ü&É&ÜìøÏ ˙y˚+ #˚kÕÔe⁄?

• #·*ø±\+˝À eTq≈£î y˚&ç fi¯ófl b˝≤ \_ÛkÕÔsTT?

• y˚&ç˙fi¯flø√dü+ eTq+ ˙{Ïì y˚&ç#˚kÕÔ+. MTÇ+{Ï À {Ïì b˝≤ y&ç#kÕÔs¡T? @ @ eqs¡T\qT$ìjÓ÷–+#·T≈£î+{≤s¡T?

ˇø£y˚fi¯ MTs¡T ˙{Ïì y˚&ç#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ b\ÁøÏºø˘V”≤≥sYqT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫qf…Æ¢‘˚ $<äT´‘YX¯øÏÔ ñwüí+>±e÷s¡T‘·T+~. n˝≤π> MTs¡T >±´dt düºyéqT yê&çq≥¢sTT‘s¡kÕj·TqXøÏÔ ñwüí+>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~. k˛˝≤sY V”≤≥s¡¢qT$ìjÓ÷–+∫q≥¢sTT‘ kÂs¡XøÏÔ ñwüí+>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.

ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À¢ $$<Ûä s¡ø±\ X¯≈£îÔ\T ñwüí+>±e÷s¡&Üìï eTq >∑eTì+#ê+. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ñwüí+

≈£L&Ü $$<Ûä X¯øÏÔ s¡÷bÕ\˝ÀøÏ e÷s¡T‘·T+~. MTs¡T<∏äs¡à˝Ÿ $<äT´‘Y πø+Á<ë\ (<∏äs¡à˝Ÿ |üesY ùdºwüHé\T)ù|s¡T $H˚ ñ+{≤s¡T. Çø£ÿ&É ñwüíX¯øÏÔ $<äT´‘Y X¯øÏÔ>±e÷s¡T‘·T+~. d”º+ Ç+»Hé À ñwüíXøÏÔ j·÷+Á‹ø£ XøÏÔ>±e÷s¡T‘ ·T+~. Ä j·÷+Á‹ø£X ¯ø Ï Ô ø £< ä\&ÜìøÏñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. ñwüíX¯øÏ Ô Ç‘·s¡ X¯≈£îÔ\T>±e÷s¡&ÜìøÏ, Ç‘·s¡ X¯≈£îÔ\T ñwüíX¯øÏÔ>± e÷s¡&ÜìøÏeT]ø=ìï ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T sêj·T+&ç.

ñwüí+ ` ñc íÁ>∑‘·:

eTq+ eT+≥≈£î <ä>∑Zs¡ ì\TÃ+fÒ yÓ#·Ã<äq+bı+<äT‘ê+. y&ç|ü<ës¡ú+ #·\¢{Ï |ü<ësêúìï ‘êπø≥≥T¢>±ñ+∫‘˚ ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ësêú\ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· düe÷q+nj˚T´es¡≈£î ñwüíX¯øÏÔ y˚&ç edüTÔe⁄ qT+&ç #·\¢{Ïed ü T Ôe ⁄≈ £ î # ˚s ¡ T‘ · T+~. eTq+ ñc˛ í Á> ∑‘ · ,ñwüíX¯øÏÔ ˇø£ÿfÒ nì nqT≈£î+{≤+. ø±ì n$ ¬s+&ÉTy˚s¡T. ñwüí+ ˇø£X¯øÏÔ. ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄ Ç‘·s¡ edüTÔe⁄\qT+∫ b+‘· ñwüí+ bı+<äT‘√+~ Ò<ë yπs edüTÔe⁄\≈£îb+‘· ñcÕíìï Çk˛Ô+~ nì #Óù|Œ<˚ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·.ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·qT ø=\e&ÜìøÏ eTq+ <∏äsêàMT≥s¡¢qTñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+.

• MTs¡T ì»J$‘·+˝À @yÓ’Hê <∏äsêàMT≥s¡¢qT#·÷XÊsê? yÓ’<ä XÊ\˝À &Üø£ºs¡T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚<∏äsêàMT≥s¡TqT #·÷XÊsê?

• <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T˝À @$T ñ+≥T+~?

• ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·qT ø=\e&ÜìøÏ <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T eTq≈£îb˝≤ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.

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<∏äsêàMT≥s¡TqT |ü]o*<ë›+:

<ÛäsêàMT≥s¡TqT |ü≥Tºø=ìC≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± |ü]o*+#·+&ç. Ç~<˚ì‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡sTT+~ ?

<ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T À|ü\ @+>∑eTì+#ês¡T?

<Û äsêàMT≥s¡T ¬s+&ÉT∫es¡\˝À @+ >∑eTì+#ês¡T?

¬s+&ÉT ∫es¡\˝À @+‘˚&Ü >∑eTì+#ês¡T?

<Û äsêàMT≥s¡TqT ˇø£∫es¡ ã\T“qT >∑eTì+#ês¡Tø£<ë! ã\T“˝À bÕ<äs¡dü+ì+|æe⁄+~. <∏äsêàMT≥s¡TeTs√ ∫es ¡ MTs ¡ T @+>∑eTì+#ês¡T?

>=≥º+ ¬s+&√ ∫es¡qT À|ü\ ñqï >±*ì rùddæeT÷ùdj·T&É+ »]–+~. >=≥º+ ô|’q MTπsyÓTÆHê >∑Ts¡TÔ\T>∑eTì+#êsê? n$ @$T{Ï?

>=≥º+ ô|’>∑\ >∑Ts¡TÔ\T &çÁ^\T. eTq+ ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT&çÁ^\˝À ø=\TkÕÔ+. bÕ<äs¡dü+ y˚&ÓøÏÿq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëìeT≥º+ >=≥º+˝ÀøÏ yê´ø√∫düTÔ+~. bÕ<äs¡düeT≥º+kÕúq+ @ >∑Ts¡TÔ e<ä› ñ+fÒ n~ <ëì ñc íÁ>∑‘·>±&çÁ^\˝§ #ÓãT‘ê+. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± á &çÁ^\qTôd*‡j·Tdt, bòÕs¡HéV”≤{Ÿ &çÁ^\T>± ø=\TkÕÔs¡T.

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á >∑Ts¡TÔ\ neT]ø£H ªñc íÁ>∑‘êe÷|üìµ n+{≤+.

y&ç#ùdÔ |ü<ësêú\T yê´ø√∫kÕÔsTT nH <Ûäs¡à+MT<äÄ<Ûës¡|ü&˚ <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T¢ |üì#˚düTÔHêïsTT. y˚&ç#˚ùdÔ|ü<ësêú\T b˝≤ yê´ø√∫kÕÔjÓ÷ #·÷<ë›+.

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>±E>=≥º+˝À ˙{Ï eT{≤ ºìï C≤Á> ∑‘ · Ô>±|ü]o*+#·+&ç. @+ >∑eTì+#ês¡T?

>±EbÕÁ‘·qT ˝ÀVü≤bÕÁ‘·qT+∫ ãj·T≥≈£îrj·T+&ç. ¬s+&ÉT ì$TcÕ\ ‘·sê«‘· >±E>=≥º+˝Àì˙{Ï eT{≤ºìï |ü]o*+#·+&ç.

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˙s¡T˝≤>± bÕ<äs¡dü+≈£L&Ü y&ç#ùdÔ yê´ø√∫düTÔ+~.#· ≤¢]ùdÔ dü+ø√∫düTÔ+~. ÀVü‰\˝À bÕ<äs¡dü+ e÷Á‘·yT>∑~ (kÕ<ës¡D) ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· e<ä › Á<äes¡÷|ü+˝Àñ+≥T+~. n+<äTπø <∏ääsêàMT≥s¡T\˝À ñc íÁ>∑‘·\qTdü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ bÕ<äs¡kÕìï Á<äe+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+.

<∏äsêàMT≥s¡¢ À dü+ø√#·, yê´ø√#·+ »]ù| Á<äe|ü<ësêú\T>± bÕ<äs¡kÕìï, Ä\ÿVü‰ ŸqT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

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bÕ<äs¡dü+ <Ûäsêà\T:

• bÕ<äs¡dü+˝À yê´ø√#·+ düeT+>± ñ+≥T+~.n+fÒ d üe÷q | ü]e÷D+˝À ñcÕ íìïn+~+∫q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëì yê´ø√#·+˝À e÷s¡TŒ≈£L&Üdüe÷q+>± ñ+≥T+~.

• BìøÏ yÓT]ùd dü«uÛ≤e+ ñ+≥T+~. n+‘˚ø±ø£ø±+‹ ìs√<Ûäø£+>± |üì#˚düTÔ+~.

• >±EbÕÁ‘·≈£î n+≥Tø√<äT.• eT+∫ ñwüíyêVü≤ø£+.• dü«#·Ã¤yÓTÆq bÕ<äs¡dü+ düT\uÛÑ+>± \uÛÑ eTÚ‘·T+~.

Ä\ÿVü‰˝Ÿ <Ûäsêà\T :

• n‹ ‘ ·≈ £ î ÿe ñc˛ í Á> ∑‘ ·\qT ≈ £L&ÜqyÓ÷<äT#˚j·Te#·TÃ.

• ˇø£ &çÁ^ôd*‡j·Tdt ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· ô|s¡T>∑T≥≈£îyê´ø√#·+ #ê\ m≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~.

• BìøÏ s¡+>∑Ty˚j·Te#·TÃ. düŒwüº+>± ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~.<∏äsêàMT≥s¡T b˝≤ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*?

|ü<ës¡ú+ Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄ ñc íÁ>∑‘· ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê\+fÒ<∏äsêàMT≥s¡T≈£îqï ã\T“≈£î Ä |ü<ës¡ú+ Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄‘ê≈£î‘·÷ ñ+&Ü*. <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T˝À yÓT]ùd bÕ<äs¡kÕìï|ü]o*+#·+&ç. bÕ<äs¡dü+ @ ôd*‡j·Tdt &çÁ^ es¡≈£îyê´ø√∫+∫ dæús¡+>± ñ+<√ n< Ä |ü<ës¡ú|ü⁄ ñc íÁ>∑‘·.

ñ<ë: MT ns¡#‹ ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê\+fÒ<ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T ã\T“qT #˚‹˝À ñ+∫ H=øÏÿ|ü≥Tºø√yê*.Ç˝≤ ¬s+&ÉT ì$TcÕ\T |ü≥Tº≈£îqï ‘·s¡yê‘· bÕ<äs¡düeT{≤ºìï |ü]o*+#·+&ç. bÕ<äs¡dü+ yê´ø√∫+#·&É+Ä– dæús¡+>± ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ø&ç+>¥qT <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T>=≥º+ô|’ #·÷&Ü*. Ä Ø&ç+>¥ MT ns¡#˚‹ ñc íÁ>∑‘·.MTs¡T #˚dæ #·÷&É+&ç. b+‘· ñ+<√ #Ó|üŒ+&ç.

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˙{Ï ÀqT+∫ <∏ääsêàMT≥s¡T ã\T“qT ãj·T≥≈£îrj·T+&ç. bÕ<äs¡dü eT{≤ºìï C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± |ü]o*+#·+&ç.

@+ »]–+~? ø=+‘· düeTj·T+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· bÕ<äs¡düeT{≤ºìï |ü]o*+#·+&ç. @+ >∑eTì+#ês¡T? b+<äT≈£î?

X¯Øs¡ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·qT ø=\e&ÜìøÏ Á|üjÓ÷>∑XÊ\<ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T yê&É&É+ dü¬s’+~ ø±<äì n+≥T+{≤+b+<äT≈£î? (H=≈£îÿqT <äèwæº À ñ+#·Tø√+&ç)

Á|üjÓ÷>∑XÊ\ <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T≈£L, »«s¡e÷ììø°Ï >∑\‘˚&Ü˝Ò$T{À >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. MT H√≥T|ü⁄dü Ôø£+˝Àsêj·T+&ç.

eTq |ü]düsê\˝À ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\qT ø=\e&ÜìøÏeTq+ <∏äÛäsêàMT≥s¡¢qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+. dæø‡ ø£ìwü, >∑]wü˜ñwüíe÷|üø±ìï ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ |ü]düsê\˝À ñc íÁ>∑‘·qTø=\TkÕÔs¡T. X¯Øs¡ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\qT ø=\e&ÜìøÏˇø£s¡ø £yÓT Æq <∏ äsêàMT≥s¡ ¢q÷, Á|üjÓ÷>∑XÊ\˝À¢ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&Üìø Ï eTs=ø £ < ∏ äsê àMT≥s¡ ¢q÷ñ|üjÓ÷–dü÷Ô ñ+{≤+. <ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T¢ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± ñ+&É&É+ nedüs¡+. K∫Ã‘·yÓTÆqø=\‘·\T qyÓ÷<äT#˚j·T&É+ ≈£L&Ü nedüs¡+.

ø°\ø£ |ü<ë\T :

ñwüíX¯øÏÔ, ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·, <∏äsêàMT≥sY, »«s¡e÷ì,yê´ø√∫+#·&É+, ôd*‡j·Tdt ùdÿ˝Ÿ, bòÕs¡HéV”≤{Ÿ ùdÿ˝Ÿ,bÕ<äs¡dü+

eTq+ @+ H˚s¡TÃ≈£îHêï+?

• ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄≈£îqï yÓ#·Ã<äq+ Ò<ë #·\¢<äq+ kÕúsTTì‘Ó*ù|<˚ ñc íÁ>∑‘·.

• ñwüí+ ø£ X¯øÏÔdü«s¡÷|ü+.

• ñwüí+ n~Ûø£ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·>∑\ |ü<ës¡ú+qT+∫ ‘·≈£îÿeñc íÁ>∑‘· >∑\ |ü<ës¡ú+˝ÀøÏ Á|üeVæ≤düTÔ+~.

• bÕ<äs¡dü+ (yÓTs¡Tÿ´]) <Û äsêàMT≥s¡T Á<äe+>±ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

• e÷qe X¯Øs¡ ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT ø£qT>=q&ÜìøÏ yÓ’<äT´\T»«s¡e÷ìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

• e÷qe⁄ì kÕ<Ûës¡D X¯Øs¡ ñc íÁ>∑‘· 37°C Ò<ë98.4°F.

• |ü<ësêú\ ñc íÁ>∑‘·\qT ‘Ó\TdüTø√&ÜìøÏ Á|üjÓ÷>∑XÊ\<∏äÛäsêàMT≥s¡TqT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

nuÛÑ´düHêìï yÓTs¡T>∑T|üs¡#·T≈£î+<ë+ :

1. lHê<∏éé XØs¡ ñc íÁ>∑‘· 99°F nsTT‘ n‘·qT »«s¡+‘√u≤<Ûä|ü&ÉT‘·THêï&Ü? b˝≤ #Ó|üŒ>∑\e⁄?

2. <ÛäsêàMT≥s¡¢˝À bÕ<äs¡dü+ b+<äT≈£î yê&É‘ês¡T?bÕ<äs¡dü+ ã<äT\T>± ˙s¡T yê&É>∑\sê? düeTdü \T@+ ñ‘·ŒqïeTÚ‘êsTT?

3. lq> ∑s Y˝À ñc˛ í Á> ∑‘ · `4°C bÕ& ˚s ¡ T˝Àñc˛íÁ>∑‘· 7°C. bø£ÿ&É ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· b≈£îÿe>±ñ+~? ¬s+&ÉT Á|ü<˚XÊ\˝À ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\ e´‘ê´dü+b+‘·?

4. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± #·*ø±\+˝À ñ<äj·T+|üP≥ eTq≈£îb+&É À ì\ã&Ü\ì|ædüTÔ+~ b+<äT≈£î?

|ü≥+`26

5. b+&É À ø=+‘·<ä÷s¡+ q&ç∫q ‘·s¡Tyê‘· eTq+ &É Àì\ã&É‘ê+ b+<äT≈£î?

6. lø±+‘Y o‘·\bÕ˙j·T+ ‘ê–q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #ê˝≤ #·\¢>±ñ+~ nHêï& É T . <ëì ñc˛ í Á> ∑‘ · b+‘ ·ñ+≥T+<√ }Væ≤+#·+&ç. <∏äsêàMT≥s¡T‘√ ø=\e+&ç.‘˚&ÜqT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.

7. >ö‘·$T »«s¡e÷ìì‘√ {Ï ñc íÁ>∑‘· ø=\e≈£L&É<äì#Ó|æŒ+~. CÀ´‹ »«s¡e÷ìì‘√ y&ç {Ï ñc íÁ>∑‘· ø=*ùdÔ@+ Cs¡T>∑T‘·T+~?

8. kÕ«‹ <ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T y˚&ç˙{Ï˝À ø=~›ùd|ü⁄ ñ+∫ãj·T≥≈£î rdæ ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT qyÓ÷<äT #˚dæ+~. Ç~

‘·|ü⁄Œ $<ÛëqeTì sêDÏ #Ó|æŒ+~. sêDÏ‘√ @ø°uÛÑ$kÕÔsê?b+<äT≈£î?

9. X¯Øs¡ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·qT ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ »«s¡e÷ììb+<äT≈£î $~Û*+#ê*?

10.ñwüíXøÏÔ Ç‘·s¡ X≈£îÔ\T>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~ nq&ÜìøÏ ø=ìïñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T Çe«+&ç.

11. Á|ü‹eT ªñwüí+ ø£ XøÏÔdü«s¡÷|ü+µ nì #Ó|æŒ+~. ÄyÓTqTd üeT] ú+#·&Üìø Ï ˙e⁄ @ @ ñ<ëVü≤s ¡D\TÇe«>∑£\T>∑T‘êe⁄?

12. »«s¡e÷ìì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ >±* ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·\qTb+<äT≈£î ø=\e>∑£L&É<äT?

13. U≤∞\T |üP]+#·+&ç

b. &Üø£ºs¡T¢ ................................. e÷qe⁄ì X¯Øs¡ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· ø£qT>=q&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

_. >∑~ ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· e<ä› yÓTs¡Tÿ ´Ø ................................. dæú‹˝À ñ+≥T+~.

dæ. ñwüíX¯øÏÔ ................................. qT+∫ ................................. øÏ Á|üeVæ≤düTÔ+~.

&ç. `7°C ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· 0°C ñc˛íÁ>∑‘·ø£+fÒ ........................................

14. »‘·|üs¡#·+&ç.

n) »«s¡e÷ì ( ) b) ˇø£ X¯øÏÔ dü«s¡÷|ü+

Ä) e÷qe⁄ì X¯Øs¡ ñc íÁ>∑‘· ( ) _) 100°C

Ç) ñwüí+ ( ) dæ) 37°C

á) ˙{Ï eTs¡T>∑T kÕúq+ ( ) &ç) 0°C

ñ) eT+#·T Á<äMuÛÑeq kÕúq+ ( ) Ç) ñwüíe÷|üø£+

‘˚~ ñc íÁ>∑‘·

|ü≥+`27

15. MT bÕsƒ¡XÊ\˝À Á|ü‹s√peT<Ûë´Vü≤ï uÛÀ»q düeTj·T+˝À<ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ñc íÁ>∑‘·\T qyÓ÷<äT#j·T+&ç.

ñwüí+60

• @ s√E ñc íÁ>∑‘· b≈£îÿe>± qyÓ÷<Ó’+~ b+<äT≈£î?

• @ s√E ñc íÁ>∑‘· ‘·≈£îÿe>± qyÓ÷<Ó’+~ b+<äT≈£î?

• HÓ\˝À düsêdü] ñc íÁ>∑‘· b+‘·?

16. »«s¡e÷ìì |ü≥+^dæ uÛ≤>±\T >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç.ªH=≈£îÿµ e\¢ ñ|üjÓ÷>±ìï ‘Ó\|ü+&ç.

17. Á|üjÓ÷>∑XÊ\ <∏ääsêàMT≥s¡T |ü≥+ ^dæ uÛ≤>±\T>∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. Bìø° »«s¡e÷ììø°>∑\ ‘˚&Ü\T‘Ó\Œ+&ç.

18. X¯Øs¡ ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT, y˚fi¯fleT<Ûä q, Hê\Tø£øÏ+<ä,#·+ø£ À, #‹eT&É‘· À, ø±*eT&É‘·\˝À »«s¡e÷ìñ+∫ ø£qTø√ÿ+&ç. nìï düe÷q+>± ñHêïj·÷?b+<äT≈£î? 15 kÕs¡T¢ >∑+‘·T\T y˚dææq ‘·s¡yê‘·‹]– ny˚ Á|ü<˚XÊ\˝À ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· ø£qTø√ÿ+&ç.@yÓTÆHê ‘˚&Ü ñ+<ë? b+<äT≈£î?

19. &Üø£ºsYqT dü+Á|ü~+∫ »«s¡e÷ì‘√ ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT‘Ó\TdüT≈£îH˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT rdüTø√yê*‡q C≤Á>∑‘·Ô\Tsêj·T+&ç.

20. ø=ìï fiflqT rdüTø√+&ç. yê{Ï ñc íÁ>∑‘·qT <∏ääsêàMT≥s¡T‘√ ø=\e+&ç. {ÏøÏ |ü{Ïºø£ À dü÷∫+∫q |ü<ësêú\qTø£\|ü+&ç. ñc íÁ>∑‘· ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+<√, ‘·>∑TZ‘·T+<√ }Væ≤+#·+&ç. <ÛäsêàMT≥s¡T‘√ ø=*∫#·÷&É+&ç.

|ü≥+`29

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