c lassification of coal by satyajit rout. t erms used v(vm) : volatile matter content c : carbon...
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CLASSIFICATION OF COALBy Satyajit Rout
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TERMS USED
V(VM) : volatile matter content C : Carbon content A : ash content M : moisture content O: oxygen N: nitrogen H: hydrogen, S: sulfur daf: dry ash free basis dmmf: dry mineral matter free basis BTU: British thermal unit
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CLASSIFICATION AND ITS OBJECTIVE
Classification means classifying or categorising objects as per their characteristics or property.
Objective is to place like things together and separate things that differs.
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CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
Coal is a naturally available heterogeneous organic mass. So very difficult to classify.
Hence for last 150 years many attempts have been made.
Since then many system of classifications have classified coals according to different classification basis.
Followings are examples of such classification system.
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CLASSIFICATION BY VISUAL CHARACTERS
Category Attributes Flame
Brown coal/lignite Brown colour, woody structure
----------------
Bituminous coal Black and banded Smoky yellow flame
Anthracite Black and lustrous Burns without flame
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEIR SOURCE OF GENESIS: HUMIC AND SAPROPELIC COAL
Humic coal: Those developed from terrestrial plant debris
that was exposed to atmosphere and passed through peat stage
Higher plant kingdom is sourceSapropelic coal: Developed from plankton, algae, terrestrial
plant but in anaerobic or Lacustrine condition.
E.g. bog head coal, cannel coals
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CLASSIFICATION BY ULTIMATE ANALYSIS:1. REGNAULT-GRÜNER-BROSQUET SYSTEM
First attempt in 1837 Based on the C, H, O content Only includes coal with more than 75% carbon on
d.a.f basis. Initially Regnault gave a system considering only
O+N but later modified
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Click icon to add picture
Classification table of Regnault-Grüner-Brosquet system
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2. SYLER’S CLASSIFICATION
The complete system was published in 1899 %age of C, N, O and H is considered in dry
ash sulfur free basis His classification divided coal into 7 carbon
planes and 2 hydrogen planes. The 7 carbon planes are Anthracite (>93.3% C) Carbonaceous (91.2-93.3% C ) Bituminous
1. Meta(91.2-89% C)2. Ortho(87-89% C)3. Para (84-87% C)
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SEYLER’S CLASSIFICATION (CTD…)
Lignitous1. Meta (80-84% C)2. Ortho (75-80% C)
Hydrogen planes1. Per- hydrous(>5.8% of H)2. Sub hydrous(< 4% of H)
Disadvantages Complex naming Inadequate classification for low rank coals Applicable only to British Carboniferous Coal
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SEYLER’S CHART
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3. GROUT AND RALSTON CLASSIFICATION
In 1907 Grout plotted C, H, O contents of American Coal on a tri-axial diagram.
The plot separated cannel coal(high H) from ordinary coal
Classification was based on dry-ash free analysis including fixed C and Total C
In1915 Ralston extended the study and found coal of equal Volatile matter(isovols) and equal calorific value(isocals) can be represented by straight lines in the triangle.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon content play the role of criteria
“fuel ratio” which is fixed carbon/volatile matter is used most
1. Roger’s classification: in 1858 he divided coals into 4 groups on
basis of %age V, M,Ash.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
2. Frazer’s classification: In 1877, he used fuel ratio to classify coal as
given:
Coals of lower rank than bituminous were not considered
Study was on only Pennsylvania coal.
Sl no Coal type Fuel ratio
1. Anthracite 100-12
2. Semi anthracite 8-12
3. Semi bituminous 5-8
4. Bituminous 0-5
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
3. Campbell classification: also based on fuel ratio but all coals below 5
FR were taken as bituminous coal In 1926, he combined fuel ratio to different
characteristics for distinguishing lower rank coal.
Sl no. Coal type fuel ratio
1. Anthracite 10-50
2. Semi anthracite 5-10
3. Semi bituminous 2.5-5
4. Bituminous <2.5
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CLASSIFICATION INVOLVING BOTH PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND CALORIFIC VALUE:
1. Parr’s classification: He considered Volatile Carbon, Total Carbon,
inert volatile matter and gross coal index(C+ available H+ S)
The basis was Volatile carbon X 100/Total carbon.
He gave a new classification in 1928, where he used following formula
(indicated BTU-50S) X100 Unit B.T.U=--------------------------------------- 100-(1.08A +0.55S)
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PARR’S CLASSIFICATION
[V as determined-(0.8A+0.4S)]X 10
unit VM=------------------------------------------------ 100-(1.08A +0.55S)
Class % unit VM Unit BTU
Anthracite 0-8 15000-16500
semi Anthracite 8-12 15000-16500
Bituminous A 12-24 15000-16500
Bituminous B 25-50 15000-16500
Bituminous C 30-55 14000-15000
Bituminous D 35-60 12500-14000
Lignite 35-60 11000-12500
Peat 55-80 9000-110000
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A.S.T.M. CLASSIFICATION
It classifies coal to 4 broad classes based on fixed carbon and calorific value (BTU) on dry mineral matter free basis.
Applicable only to vitrinite rich coal and excludes southern Gondwanaland coal
Gross Heating Value found on a moist and mineral matter free basis. Moist refers to the natural inherent water contained (MJ/kg X 430.11=Btu/lb).
Coals containing 69 wt % or more fixed carbon on a dry mmf basis are ranked according to their fixed carbon content regardless of their Gross Heating Value.
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Class orRank
Group
Fixed Carbon (wt % dry mmf)
Volatile Matter (wt % dry mmf)
GrossHeating Value (MJ/kg moist
mmf)
Equal orgreater
thanLess than
Greaterthan
Equal orless than
Equal orgreater
thanLess than
Anthracitic
1. Meta-anthracite
2. Anthracite
3. Semi-anthracite
989286
9892
28
28
14
Bituminous
1. Low-volatile bituminous2. Medium-volatile bituminous
3. High-volatile A bituminous4. High-volatile B bituminous5. High-volatile C bituminous
78
69
-----
-----
----
86
78
69
-----
----
14
22
31
----
----
22
31
----
----
----
32.55
30.23
26.74
24.41
32.5530.2326.74
Subbituminous
Sub-bituminous ASub-bituminous BSub-bituminous C
24.4122.0919.30
26.7424.4122.09
LigniteLignite ALignite B
14.6519.3014.65
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CLASSIFICATION BY NATIONAL COAL BOARD
Specifically designed for commercial use Rank based Uses 3 digit code to identify main class, class
and subclass to which a coal belongs Applicable to vitrinite rich coal Volatile matter in dmmf basis and Gray-King
coke type values are considered.
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ClassVolatile matter1)
(weight %)General description
101 < 6.1Anthracites
102 3.1 - 9.0
201 9.1 - 13.5 Dry steam coals
Low volatile steam coals
202 13.6 - 15.0
203 15.1 - 17.0 Cooking steams coals
204 17.1 - 19.5
206 19.1 - 19.5 Heat altered low volatile steam coals
301 19.6 - 32.0 Prime cooking coals
Medium volatile coals305 19.6 - 32.0Mainly heat altered coals
306 19.6 - 32.0
401 32.1 - 36.0Very strongly coking coals
High volatile coals
402 > 36.0
501 32.1 - 36.0Strongly coking coals
502 > 36.0
601 32.1 - 36.0Medium coking coals
602 > 36.0
701 32.1Weakly coking coals
702 > 36.0
801 32.1 - 36.0Very weakly coking coals
802 > 36.0
901 32.1 - 36.0Non-coking coals
902 > 36.0
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INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF HARD COAL
Mainly for anthracites and bituminous coal but covers fairly all kinds
Uses 14 digit code that defines 8 parameters namely
1. vitrinite reflectance2. Reflectogram characteristics3. Inertinite content4. Exinite/liptinite content5. Caking property(FSI)6. 2 for VM7. 2 for Ash8. 2 for S9. 2 for gross calorific value
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CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN COAL
Scientific Coding of Indian Coal 3 basic parameters and 1 supplementary
parameter 1st digit (1-9) corresponds to Calorific value
(dmmf) 2nd (0-9) one Volatile matter (dmmf) 3rd (0-5)one Coke type 4th (1-6) one: Maximum thickness of plastic
layer for Caking coal and M % for non caking.
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GRADING OF INDIAN COAL
For grading of Non-Coking coal useful heat value is used, which is calculated by
HU= 8900- 138(ash + moisture) kcal/kg
1. if M<2% and VM< 19% then deduct 150 kcal/kg for each 1% reduction in VM
2. M at 40 c and 60% RH
Grading does not include coal from North East India
Grading of coking coal is done as per their ash content
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GRADING OF NON- COKING COAL
Grade Useful heat value(kcal/kg)
A >6200
B 5601-6200
C 4941-5600
D 4201-4940
E 3361-4200
F 2401-3360
G 1301-2400
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GRADING OF COKING COAL
Grades Ash content
Steel I <15%
Steel II 15-18%
Washery grade I 18-21%
Washery grade II 21-24%
Washery grade III 24-28%
Washery grade IV 28-35%
Semi coking I <19%(A+M)
Semi coking II 19-24%(A+M)
Hard coke by product premium <25%
Ordinary 25-30%
Beehive premium <27%
Beehive superior 27-31%
Beehive Ordinary 32-36%
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CLASSIFICATION FOR EXPORT PURPOSE
Grade Low volatile High volatile
Selected <13% A; >7000 cal <11% A; <6% M; >6800 cal
First <15% A; >6500 cal <13% A, <9% M; >6300cal
Second <18% A; >6000 cal <16% A;<10% M; >6000 cal
Third --------------------------- ------------------------
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REFERENCE
Sarkar S. (1988), “Fuels and Combustion”, Orient Longman Publication, 2nd edition, pp-71-85
Rose H.J.(1945),“Chemistry of Coal Utilisation”, John Wiley & Sons, Vol. I, pp 25-80
Berkowitz N (1994), “An Introduction to Coal Technology”, Academic Press, 2nd edition, pp-61-72
“Classification and Codification of Indian Coals and Lignite”, IS:770-1977
Krishnan M.S. (1940), “Classification of Coal”, Vol. III
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THANK YOU