c ells s tructure and f unction c hapter 7. i dentify the class of lipids that form biological...
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CELLS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 7
IDENTIFY THE CLASS OF LIPIDS THAT FORM BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES (CELL MEMBRANE)?
Phospholipids
Lipid monomer = gylcerol and fatty acids
EXPLAIN WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A POLAR MOLECULE
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE TERMS HYDROPHILIC AND HYDROPHOBIC
DO YOU REMEMBER ANY OF THE EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS?
1. Living things are based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
2. Living things grow and develop3. Living things respond to their environment
(stimulus)4. Living things reproduce5. Living things maintain a stable internal
environment (homeostasis)6. Living things obtain and use material and energy
(metabolism)7. Living things are made up of CELLS8. Taken as a group, living things evolve over time
SOME SHORT VIDEOS/SONGS FOR CELL THEORY
History and Scientists of Cell Theory
Cell Theory Rap :)
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
Developed the first microscope
ROBERT HOOKE (1665)
English physicist used a primitive compound microscope to look at plant tissue (stems, wood, and cork).
Discovered cells He called the chambers “cells” because they
reminded him of the small rooms in a monastery
ROBERT BROWN
Discovered the nucleus
MATHIAS SCHLEIDEN
Stated that all plants are made of cells
THEODOR SCHWANN
Stated that all animals are made of cells
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1855)
Stated that all cells arise from the division of preexisting cells
THE CELL THEORY:
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
All cells come from preexisting cells
TWO TYPES OF CELLS:
TWO TYPES OF CELLS:
Prokaryotic Cell or Prokaryote – unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
pro = before; karyon = nucleus or kernel contain cell membranes and cytoplasm but no
nucleus DNA is scattered through cytoplasm examples: bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell or Eukaryote – organism whose cells contain a nucleus ( plant and animal)
eu = true; karyon = nucleus or kernel contain a nucleus that holds DNA and membrane
bound organelles that have specific functions examples: all plants, animals, some fungi, some
microorganisms
TWO CATEGORIES OF CELLS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
No Nucleus (Nucleoid)
No membrane-bound organelles
“O” shaped chromosome (plasmid)
Have a Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
“X” shaped chromosomes
Prokaryotes: Eukaryotes:
Two categories of cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
-No Nucleus
-Nucleus
-Smaller Ribosomes less complex
-Less complex
-DNA is X shaped
- Ribosomes larger and complex
-Membrane bound organelles
-Complex-Cell wall (plants and bacteria)
-DNA is circular
-Cell membrane-DNA-Cytoplasm-Ribosomes
-Multicellular
-Living things
-Unicellular
0.1-10µm10-100µm
ANIMAL CELL - EUKARYOTIC
ProkaryoticPlant Cell - Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES:
Cell Organelles
How small are cells?How much is a micrometer?
1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m
Typical cell size = 5 to 50 µm in diameterIn a dice that is 1 cm3
We could fit 1,000,000 cellsCells Alive
How small are cells?
Cell Organelles: specialized structures that perform a specific
function inside of a cellCytoplasmNucleusNucleolusNuclear EnvelopeVacuoleLysosomeCytoskeletonCentrioles
RibosomesEndoplasmic
ReticulumGolgi ApparatusChloroplastMitochondriaCell WallCell membraneCilia & Flagella
Cytoplasm:Found: between the nucleus and the
cell membraneStructure: a clear “jelly-like” materialFunction: supports the organelles
Nucleus: control center of the cell
Found: in the cytoplasm near middle of cell
Structure: filled with chromatin (tightly coiled DNA)
Function: Stores hereditary information (DNA)
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, but they do contain DNA
Chromatin and Chromosomes:Inside the nucleus are fine strands of
chromatin = a complex of DNA bound to protein
Chromatin coil up and become densely packed, forming chromosomesChromosomes are visible under a
microscope when a cell divides
Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope:
Nucleolus – small dense region within the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized
Nuclear Envelope – double membrane (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the nucleus -allows materials to move out of the nucleusNuclear Pore – allows RNA and proteins out of
the nucleus
Vacuole:Found: in the cytoplasmStructure: sac-like, fluid-filled organelles
Plant cells, there is a single large central vacuole filled with fluid - can occupy up to 90% of the cell’s volume
Animal cells – much smallerFunction: storage structure (water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates) AnimalAnimal
Plant
Paramecium’s Contractile Vacuole
Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water out of the cell – controls the water content of the organism
Paramecium Contractile Vacuole
Lysosomes:Found: In the cytoplasmStructure: Small enzyme filled organellesFunction: Breakdown large organic molecules,
and old nonfunctioning organellesRemoves “junk” that would clutter the cellKnown as the “Clean Up Crew” Found in animal cells and specialized
plant cellsSome humans have diseases that result from lysosomes that fail to function properly.
Cytoskeleton:Found: Throughout the cellStructure: A network of
protein filamentsMicrotubules (25 nm)Microfilaments (7nm)
Function: Gives cells structure; helps to maintain shape & size; involved in cell movementHelps to transport materials
between different parts of the cell
Network of protein strands (scaffold)
Microfilaments:Thin threads made of actin (structural
protein) Supports the cellContribute to cell movement
Microtubules:Larger strands; hollow tubes made of tubulin
(proteins)Maintain cell shapeImportant in cell division – forms the mitotic
spindle which helps to separate chromosomesForm centrioles in animal cellsHelp build cilia and flagella
Centrioles:Found: Within the cytoplasm only in animal
cellsStructure: Made of a microtubules (tubulin)
arranged in 9 groups of 3
Function: Used to organize cell division (mitosis)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
Centrioles - Mitosis
Cilia:Short hairs present in large numbers
Propel unicellular organismsLine cells of respiratory tract
Flagella:Longer hairs that are less numerous
Found on sperm cellsWhip back and forth
Ribosomes:Found: Most numerous organelle – found
throughout the cytoplasm in all cells Structure: Small and grain-like, made of large and
small subunits; not surrounded by a membraneFunction: Produce PROTEINS by following
coded instructions that come from DNAMade of RNA and protein in the nucleolus &
transported to the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):Found: just outside the nucleusStructure: System of membranous
tubules & sacsFunction: Moves molecules from one part
of the cell to anotherIntracellular Highway
Rough ER:Dotted with ribosomesInvolved in the synthesis of proteinsAbundant in cells that make large amounts
of protein
Smooth ER:Does not have ribosomes attached Contains collections of enzymes that
perform specialized tasks (i.e. detoxifying - liver)
Golgi Apparatus:Found: in the cytoplasmStructure: Processing, packaging, and
secreting organelleFunction: Modifies, sorts and packages
proteins and other materials for storage or release
Works with the ERModifies proteins for export
Mitochondria:Found: in the cytoplasmFunction: Convert chemical energy stored in
food into compounds that the cell can use – “powerhouse” of the cellTransfer energy to ATP (main energy currency)Surrounded by two membranes and contain
DNAMost numerous in cells with high energy requirements (liver & muscle)
How Cells Obtain Energy
Chloroplast:Found: Only in the cytoplasm of plant cellsStructure: Stack of membranes that contain
photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll)Function: Capture energy from the sun&
convert it to chemical energy (food) - photosynthesisSurrounded by two membranes and contain DNAContains the green pigment chlorophyll
Plastid – major organelle found in plant and algae cells. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's color. Plastids can also store products like starch, fat, protein and can synthesize fatty acids.
Cell Wall:Found: Rigid structure outside the cell
membraneStructure: Made of celluloseFunction: Supports and protects the cellFound only in plant cells
Cell Membrane:Found: Located around the perimeter of the
cell Structure: Made primarily of lipids and
proteinsFunction: Regulates what leaves and enters
the cell and provides protection and supportSelectively permeable
Fluid Mosaic Model:
Components of Cell Membrane:1. Phospholipids – polar head & nonpolar
tails2. Integral Proteins – imbedded in lipid
bilayer; usually have carbohydrates attached to them
3. Peripheral Proteins – surface only
Animal Cell:
Plant Cell:
Animal Cell - Label
Cell membrane Centriole
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi ApparatusMitochondria
Vacuole
Nuclear envelop
e
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Lysosome
Plant Cell - LabelCytoplasm
Plastid
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi ApparatusMitochondria
Chloroplast
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Plant and Animal Cell Comparison
Classification – Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera): 1. Archaea (love extreme cold or heat – food is diverse) 2. Bacteria – regular prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: Everything else (plant, animal, fungi, ciliates, etc.)
Great websites to check out!Interactive Cell Models – Cells Alive
http://www.cellsalive.com/index.htm
Inside a Cell – Learn.Genetics (University of Utah)http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/
Video – BBC Secret Universe: The Hidden
Life of the Cellhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GZXRMG5i_w
Video – Inside the Cellhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao9cVhwPg84