c all to f reedom holt holt, rinehart and winston 1865 to the present 1 world war i section 1: the...

CCALL TOALL TOFFREEDOMREEDOM

HOLT

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

1865 to the Present

1

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR ISection 1:Section 1: The Road to War The Road to War

Section 2:Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality Wilson and Neutrality

Section 3:Section 3: Americans Prepare for War Americans Prepare for War

Section 4:Section 4: Americans Americans ““Over thereOver there””

Section 5:Section 5: Establishing Peace Establishing Peace

Chapter 11


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Section 1: The Road to War

Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality

Section 3: Americans Prepare for War

Section 4: Americans “Over There”

Section 5: Establishing Peace

CHAPTER 11

World War I


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SECTION 1

The Road to War

Question:Where did early fighting in the war occur?


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SECTION 1

The Road to War

GERMANY

RUSSIA

ROMANIA

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

FRANCE

SWITZERLAND

ITALY

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

GREECE

SERBIA

BULGARIA

BLACK SEA

NORTH SEA

BALTIC SEA


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SECTION 2

Wilson and Neutrality

Question:In what ways did trench warfare and new weapons affect the fighting in World War I?


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SECTION 3

Americans Prepare for War

Question:How did the U.S. government prepare its citizens and the military for war?


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SECTION 3

Americans Prepare for War

PREPARING FOR WAR

Citizens Military

Committee on Public Information, propaganda and publicity

Selective Service Act and training camps


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SECTION 4

Americans “Over There”

Question:How did the Bolshevik Revolution and the U.S. entry affect the war?


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SECTION 4

Americans “Over There”

CauseEffect

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolshevik Revolution resulted in Russia’s leaving the war.

This event temporarily weakened the Allies.Germany took the opportunity to launch a series of successful attacks on the western front.

U.S. Entry into War

American forces help the French push Germany away from Paris.

The Allies squash the Germans in the Second Battle of the Marne.

The Allies launch a successful counterattack, pushing past enemy lines.


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Establishing Peace

Question:What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

SECTION 5


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Establishing Peace

SECTION 5

Treaty of Versailles

partial incorporation of the right of self-determination

formation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslaviarestoration of Polandcreation of the League of Nationsoversight of the Central Powers’ former colonies


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Chapter Wrap-Up

CHAPTER 11

1. How did the United States attempt to increase support for World War I at home?

2. How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand start a world war?

3. Explain how the airplane and the machine gun changed fighting in World War I.

1. How did the United States attempt to increase support for World War I at home?

2. How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand start a world war?

3. Explain how the airplane and the machine gun changed fighting in World War I.


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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES What were the main causes of World War I?What were the main causes of World War I? How did most of Europe become involved in How did most of Europe become involved in

the war?the war? Where was the early fighting in the war and Where was the early fighting in the war and

what were the results?what were the results?

Section 1: Section 1: The Road to WarThe Road to War


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Main Causes of World War I - ANIMALMain Causes of World War I - ANIMAL AAlliances lliances – secret relations with other countries– secret relations with other countries NNationalismationalism – the feeling that a specific nation, – the feeling that a specific nation,

language, or culture is superior to all otherslanguage, or culture is superior to all others IImperialismmperialism – nations compete to gain territories and – nations compete to gain territories and

build overseas empiresbuild overseas empires MMilitarismilitarism – a policy of aggressive military – a policy of aggressive military

preparednesspreparedness AAnarchynarchy – lack of governments in Southeastern Europe – lack of governments in Southeastern Europe LLeadership eadership – lack of international leadership– lack of international leadership



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Central Powers vs. AlliesCentral Powers vs. Allies

Central PowersCentral PowersHungaryHungaryTurkeyTurkeyBulgariaBulgariaAustriaAustriaGermanyGermany

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AlliesAlliesBritainBritainRussiaRussiaFrance France United StatesUnited StatesJapanJapanItalyItaly


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Assassination of Archduke FerdinandAssassination of Archduke Ferdinand June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

Did the assassination really cause the outbreak Did the assassination really cause the outbreak of war?of war?

16


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Europe Becomes Involved in the WarEurope Becomes Involved in the War RussiaRussia’’s mobilization led other countries to fulfill their s mobilization led other countries to fulfill their

own alliance obligations.own alliance obligations. In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war on In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war on

Russia on August 1, l914 and on France on August 3, Russia on August 1, l914 and on France on August 3, 1914.1914.

Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914 leading Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914 leading Britain into the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary.Britain into the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Eventually 30 nations would fight in WWI.Eventually 30 nations would fight in WWI.



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Early Fighting and Results of the WarEarly Fighting and Results of the War On the western front, most fighting took place along a On the western front, most fighting took place along a

battle line that extended from Switzerland to the North battle line that extended from Switzerland to the North Sea.Sea.

The Russians attacked the The Russians attacked the Central PowersCentral Powers on the eastern on the eastern front, which extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic front, which extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea.Sea.

The result was that both the The result was that both the Central PowersCentral Powers and the and the Allied PowersAllied Powers realized that the war would not be a short realized that the war would not be a short one.one.



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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES What was trench warfare like?What was trench warfare like? How did new weapons affect the fighting in How did new weapons affect the fighting in

World War I?World War I? How did the United States try to remain How did the United States try to remain

neutral in the war, and what events forced the neutral in the war, and what events forced the United States to enter the war?United States to enter the war?

Section 2: Section 2: Wilson and NeutralityWilson and Neutrality


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Characteristics of Trench WarfareCharacteristics of Trench WarfareTrench WarfareTrench Warfare – the strategy of defending a – the strategy of defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep position by fighting from the protection of deep ditchesditchesRanged from simple holes to complex Ranged from simple holes to complex

networks that were six to eight feet deep with networks that were six to eight feet deep with rooms for sleeping and eatingrooms for sleeping and eating

Cold, wet, and dirtyCold, wet, and dirtyHealth problems and diseaseHealth problems and disease



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New TechnologyNew Technology New technology made the war even more dangerous.New technology made the war even more dangerous. Machine and other types of big guns launched Machine and other types of big guns launched

deadly artillery shells and poison gas.deadly artillery shells and poison gas. Tanks were used to support infantry attacks and were Tanks were used to support infantry attacks and were

difficult to destroy.difficult to destroy. Airplanes were used to gather information, shoot Airplanes were used to gather information, shoot

down enemy planes and fire on trenches.down enemy planes and fire on trenches.



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SECTION 2

Wilson and Neutrality

wet, cold, dirty,

unhealthy, and

dangerous

destroyed soldiers’ lungs, killing them

slowly; caused them to wear gas

masks

sent soldiers into

trenches, contribute

d to stalemate

caused heavy

losses to Allied shipping

Trench Warfare

Machine Guns

Poison Gas U-Boats Tanks

slow, but very tough and could cause heavy damage


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Neutrality and WarNeutrality and War President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson’’s declaration of s declaration of

neutrality reflected the nationneutrality reflected the nation’’s policy of s policy of isolationism.isolationism.

Most Americans viewed the war as a European Most Americans viewed the war as a European conflict.conflict.

U.S. neutrality did not prevent Americans from U.S. neutrality did not prevent Americans from trading with the warring European nations.trading with the warring European nations.

The sinking of the The sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania infuriated the American infuriated the American public.public.


(continued)


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Neutrality and WarNeutrality and War The German violation of the The German violation of the Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge on on

February 1, 1917, led to America breaking February 1, 1917, led to America breaking diplomatic relations with Germany.diplomatic relations with Germany.

The The Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note led to an American war led to an American war declaration on Germany on April 6, 1917.declaration on Germany on April 6, 1917.


Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note – telegram sent by Germany – telegram sent by Germany’’s foreign s foreign minister to Mexico during World War I proposing an minister to Mexico during World War I proposing an alliance between the two countriesalliance between the two countries


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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES How did the U.S. government prepare the How did the U.S. government prepare the

military for war?military for war? What contributions did women and African What contributions did women and African

Americans make to the war effort?Americans make to the war effort? How did the war affect industry and labor?How did the war affect industry and labor?

Section 3: Section 3: Americans Prepare for WarAmericans Prepare for War


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Government Prepares for WarGovernment Prepares for WarMay 18, 1917, Congress passed the May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Selective

Service ActService Act..Army built training camps to train soldiers for Army built training camps to train soldiers for

the war.the war.Selective Service ActSelective Service Act – required all men between the – required all men between the ages of 21-30 to register to be drafted into the armed ages of 21-30 to register to be drafted into the armed forcesforces



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Contributions of Women Contributions of Women and African Americansand African Americans Some 25,000 female volunteers served as nurses, Some 25,000 female volunteers served as nurses,

signalers, typists, interpreters, translating calls and signalers, typists, interpreters, translating calls and sending battle orders.sending battle orders.

On the home front women filled important industrial On the home front women filled important industrial jobs in factories.jobs in factories.

Pressure from the NAACP led the military to create Pressure from the NAACP led the military to create some combat units and one officer-training camp for some combat units and one officer-training camp for African Americans.African Americans.



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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES What were the experiences of U.S. soldiers in What were the experiences of U.S. soldiers in

World War I?World War I? How did the final battles of the war progress?How did the final battles of the war progress? Why did Germany finally agree to an Why did Germany finally agree to an

armistice?armistice?

Section 4: Section 4: Americans Americans ““Over ThereOver There””


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U.S. Soldiers in WWIU.S. Soldiers in WWIU.S. troops served as individual units and were U.S. troops served as individual units and were

known as the known as the American Expeditionary ForceAmerican Expeditionary Force..DoughboysDoughboys trained in specially dug trenches trained in specially dug trenches

and practiced with real shells and rifles and and practiced with real shells and rifles and were trained for victory and not stalemate.were trained for victory and not stalemate.

doughboysdoughboys – nickname for American soldiers in World – nickname for American soldiers in World War IWar I



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The Final BattlesThe Final Battles In the spring of 1918 Germany launched a series of attack In the spring of 1918 Germany launched a series of attack

to break the stalemate on the western front.to break the stalemate on the western front. March 21, 1918 the Germans launched an attack on the March 21, 1918 the Germans launched an attack on the

Somme River that ended up costing the Germans 250,000 Somme River that ended up costing the Germans 250,000 casualties.casualties.

In other battles, German advances were halted at In other battles, German advances were halted at northwestern France, the Marne, and the town of northwestern France, the Marne, and the town of Chateau-Thierry; the turning point of the war had finally Chateau-Thierry; the turning point of the war had finally come.come.



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Reasons for An ArmisticeReasons for An Armistice German people and army were weary of war.German people and army were weary of war. Civilians were without food or supplies and Civilians were without food or supplies and

deaths from starvation were intense.deaths from starvation were intense. German soldiers rebelled and the Germans German soldiers rebelled and the Germans

did not have enough soldiers to continue did not have enough soldiers to continue fighting.fighting.



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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES What were the human and economic costs of What were the human and economic costs of

the war?the war? What were the terms of the Treaty of What were the terms of the Treaty of

Versailles?Versailles? How did Americans respond to the Treaty of How did Americans respond to the Treaty of

Versailles?Versailles?

Section 5: Section 5: Establishing PeaceEstablishing Peace


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Human Cost of the WarHuman Cost of the War Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers and Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers and

116,000 American troops died.116,000 American troops died. Central Powers lost about 3.4 million soldiers.Central Powers lost about 3.4 million soldiers. More than 20 million soldiers on both sides More than 20 million soldiers on both sides

were wounded.were wounded. Thousands of civilians were wounded.Thousands of civilians were wounded.



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Economic Cost of the WarEconomic Cost of the War Economies of nations involved in the war were ruinedEconomies of nations involved in the war were ruined War destroyed the land itselfWar destroyed the land itself Cost of the war estimated at more the $145 billion for Cost of the war estimated at more the $145 billion for

the Allies and $63 billion for the Central Powersthe Allies and $63 billion for the Central Powers More than $30 billion in property destroyed and $1 More than $30 billion in property destroyed and $1

billion on reliefbillion on relief War debtsWar debts



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Terms of the Treaty of VersaillesTerms of the Treaty of Versailles The treaty included some of the The treaty included some of the FourteenFourteen PointsPoints such such

as self-determination.as self-determination. People of some nations won the right to decide their People of some nations won the right to decide their

own political situation.own political situation. New nations were formed and old ones were restored New nations were formed and old ones were restored

such as Czechoslovakia and Poland.such as Czechoslovakia and Poland.

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points – President Woodrow Wilson – President Woodrow Wilson’’s plan s plan for organizing post-World War I Europe and for for organizing post-World War I Europe and for avoiding future warsavoiding future wars



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AmericaAmerica’’s Response to the Treatys Response to the Treaty Congress did not approve of the Treaty of Congress did not approve of the Treaty of

Versailles.Versailles. Congress negotiated separate peace treaties Congress negotiated separate peace treaties

with Austria, Germany, and Hungary.with Austria, Germany, and Hungary. U.S. never joined the League of Nations.U.S. never joined the League of Nations.


c all to f reedom holt holt, rinehart and winston 1865 to the present 1 world war i section 1: the...

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