c all to f reedom holt holt, rinehart and winston 1865 to the present 1 peace and prosperity...

CCALL TOALL TOFFREEDOMREEDOM

HOLT

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

1865 to the Present

1

PEACE AND PROSPERITYPEACE AND PROSPERITY(1945-1960)(1945-1960)Section 1:Section 1: Eisenhower Eisenhower’’s Foreign Policys Foreign Policy

Section 2:Section 2: A Prosperous Nation A Prosperous Nation

Section 3:Section 3: A Changing Culture A Changing Culture

Section 4:Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement The Early Civil Rights Movement

Chapter 18


HOLT


1865 to the Present

2

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES What role did nuclear weapons play in What role did nuclear weapons play in

EisenhowerEisenhower’’s foreign policy?s foreign policy? How did the United States fight communism How did the United States fight communism

abroad?abroad? What Cold War crises took place during What Cold War crises took place during

EisenhowerEisenhower’’s presidency?s presidency?

Section l:Section l:EisenhowerEisenhower’’s Foreign Policys Foreign Policy


HOLT


1865 to the Present

3

Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhowerand Eisenhower’’s Foreign Policys Foreign Policy In January 1950 the U.S. tested its first atomic bomb In January 1950 the U.S. tested its first atomic bomb

and a year later the Soviet Union tested its own and a year later the Soviet Union tested its own hydrogen bomb.hydrogen bomb.

Both countries were afraid to let the other side gain Both countries were afraid to let the other side gain superiority in nuclear weapons and built more superiority in nuclear weapons and built more nuclear bombs.nuclear bombs.

In January 1958 the U.S. launched its first satellite.In January 1958 the U.S. launched its first satellite.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

4

Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhowerand Eisenhower’’s Foreign Policys Foreign Policy Later in 1958 Congress created the Later in 1958 Congress created the National National

Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to (NASA) to carry out research.carry out research.

Eisenhower and Secretary of State Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster John Foster DullesDulles create a create a ““New LookNew Look”” for U.S. foreign policy for U.S. foreign policy using using massive retaliationmassive retaliation – the threat of using – the threat of using nuclear weapons to stop communist aggression – and nuclear weapons to stop communist aggression – and brinkmanship.brinkmanship.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

5

Fighting Communism AbroadFighting Communism Abroad Eisenhower used Eisenhower used covert operationscovert operations, or secret , or secret

missions, to gain more foreign policy options missions, to gain more foreign policy options carried out by the carried out by the Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA).(CIA).

During the Eisenhower administration, the During the Eisenhower administration, the CIACIA’’s size and influence increased greatly.s size and influence increased greatly.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

6

Cold War Crises Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower AdministrationDuring the Eisenhower Administration In 1953 British and U.S. leaders planned In 1953 British and U.S. leaders planned Operation Operation

AjaxAjax to overthrow Iran to overthrow Iran’’s premier Mohammad s premier Mohammad Mosaddeq.Mosaddeq.

The CIA also became involved in the country of The CIA also became involved in the country of Guatemala to overthrow the president who had Guatemala to overthrow the president who had nationalized the American owned United Fruit nationalized the American owned United Fruit Company.Company.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

7

Cold War Crises Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower AdministrationDuring the Eisenhower Administration In 1953 In 1953 Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev became leader of the became leader of the

Soviet Union and in November 1956 he invaded Soviet Union and in November 1956 he invaded Hungary to stop an uprising. The U.S. remained Hungary to stop an uprising. The U.S. remained neutral and the Soviets crushed the revolt.neutral and the Soviets crushed the revolt.

In 1955 the In 1955 the Suez CrisisSuez Crisis occurred when Egyptian occurred when Egyptian leader Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez leader Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which raised the possibility of a third world Canal which raised the possibility of a third world war.war.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

8

Cold War Crises Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower AdministrationDuring the Eisenhower Administration As a result, Eisenhower announced the As a result, Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Eisenhower

DoctrineDoctrine in January 1957. in January 1957.

Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine – a promise by Eisenhower to give – a promise by Eisenhower to give U.S. aid to any Middle Eastern nation fighting U.S. aid to any Middle Eastern nation fighting communist aggressioncommunist aggression


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

9

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES How did economic prosperity increase under How did economic prosperity increase under

President Eisenhower?President Eisenhower? In what ways did new inventions help change In what ways did new inventions help change

American society in the 1950American society in the 1950 ’’s?s? What was life like in the suburbs during the What was life like in the suburbs during the

19501950’’s?s?

Section 2:Section 2:A Prosperous NationA Prosperous Nation


HOLT


1865 to the Present

10

Economic Prosperity Under EisenhowerEconomic Prosperity Under Eisenhower The economy boomed in the l950The economy boomed in the l950’’s and s and

American industry was very strong.American industry was very strong. The federal government spent millions of The federal government spent millions of

dollars on Cold War defense creating new jobs.dollars on Cold War defense creating new jobs. Personal income soared for most Americans Personal income soared for most Americans

and more than 60 percent were a part of the and more than 60 percent were a part of the middle class.middle class.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

11

New Inventions Change America during the 1950New Inventions Change America during the 1950 ’’ss New technology caused factories to use greater New technology caused factories to use greater

automationautomation in production. in production. This change affected labor unions and took jobs This change affected labor unions and took jobs

away from industrial workers.away from industrial workers. Changes worried the American Federation of Labor Changes worried the American Federation of Labor

(AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) who joined together in 1955 to form the AFL-(CIO) who joined together in 1955 to form the AFL-CIO.CIO.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

12

New Inventions Change America during the 1950New Inventions Change America during the 1950 ’’ss Advances in medical technology helped millions of Advances in medical technology helped millions of

Americans improve their quality of life with devices such Americans improve their quality of life with devices such as hearing aids.as hearing aids.

New technology came out of military research and the New technology came out of military research and the government spent millions on research projects for government spent millions on research projects for national defense.national defense.

Some technologies affected home life such as a nuclear Some technologies affected home life such as a nuclear power plant providing electricity to homes and power plant providing electricity to homes and businesses.businesses.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

13

Life in the Suburbs in the 1950Life in the Suburbs in the 1950’’ss Federal programs, including the Federal programs, including the Highway ActHighway Act

(June 1956) changed the American countryside by (June 1956) changed the American countryside by building a new national system of interstate building a new national system of interstate highways and allowed people to live in the highways and allowed people to live in the suburbs.suburbs.

Homes in the suburbs were inexpensive and Homes in the suburbs were inexpensive and neighborhoods had their own parks, schools, and neighborhoods had their own parks, schools, and public services.public services.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

14

Life in the Suburbs in the 1950Life in the Suburbs in the 1950’’ss Suburb culture placed a strong emphasis on Suburb culture placed a strong emphasis on

consumer goods.consumer goods. Most people that lived in the suburbs were Most people that lived in the suburbs were

white, middle-class Americans.white, middle-class Americans.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

15

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES How did television affect American culture?How did television affect American culture? What comments did some writers make about What comments did some writers make about

American society?American society? Why did certain films and music appeal to Why did certain films and music appeal to

teenagers during the 1950teenagers during the 1950 ’’s?s?

Section 3:Section 3:A Changing CultureA Changing Culture


HOLT


1865 to the Present

16

Television Affects CultureTelevision Affects Culture By 1956 there were 35 million households with a By 1956 there were 35 million households with a

TV set.TV set. Televisions allowed Americans to share the same Televisions allowed Americans to share the same

experiences by watching a single program or event.experiences by watching a single program or event. By 1955 television advertising became a big By 1955 television advertising became a big

business with advertisers spending more than $1 business with advertisers spending more than $1 billion a year on commercials.billion a year on commercials.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

17

Television Affects CultureTelevision Affects Culture Some of the popular movies in the 1950Some of the popular movies in the 1950 ’’s s

were about young rebels, and as a result were about young rebels, and as a result Americans tried to copy their behavior.Americans tried to copy their behavior.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

18

Writers and Comments Writers and Comments About American SocietyAbout American Society Some writers of the 1950Some writers of the 1950’’s criticized s criticized

American society as being too focused on American society as being too focused on conformity.conformity.

In his 1952 novel In his 1952 novel Invisible ManInvisible Man, Ralph , Ralph Ellison explores a young African AmericanEllison explores a young African American ’’s s search for identity in the postwar world.search for identity in the postwar world.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

19

Writers and Comments Writers and Comments About American SocietyAbout American Society BeatniksBeatniks, a group of young writers, used an , a group of young writers, used an

unusual writing style and rebellious behavior unusual writing style and rebellious behavior to criticize American life. to criticize American life. On the RoadOn the Road, by , by Jack KerouacJack Kerouac, is an example of this writing , is an example of this writing style.style.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

20

Teens, Music and FilmTeens, Music and Film Young people rebelled by listening to new kinds of music Young people rebelled by listening to new kinds of music

like bebop and rock like bebop and rock ’’nn’’ roll. roll. Rock Rock ’’nn’’ roll attracted teenagers who wanted to challenge roll attracted teenagers who wanted to challenge

social restrictions.social restrictions. Some of the more popular movies of the 1950Some of the more popular movies of the 1950 ’’s were s were

about young rebels who many young people identified about young rebels who many young people identified with and tried to imitate. For example, James Dean with and tried to imitate. For example, James Dean played a troubled middle-class teen in played a troubled middle-class teen in Rebel Without A Rebel Without A CauseCause..



HOLT


1865 to the Present

21

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES How did African American World War II How did African American World War II

veterans influence the early civil rights veterans influence the early civil rights movement?movement?

What were some of the main events in the What were some of the main events in the struggle for school desegregation? .struggle for school desegregation? .

Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott succeed?succeed?

Section 4:Section 4:The Early Civil Rights MovementThe Early Civil Rights Movement


HOLT


1865 to the Present

22

African American WWII Vets African American WWII Vets and Civil Rightsand Civil Rights Returning vets focused their efforts on voting Returning vets focused their efforts on voting

discrimination such as fees and literacy tests.discrimination such as fees and literacy tests. Intense conflict led President Truman to Intense conflict led President Truman to

create the create the Committee on Civil RightsCommittee on Civil Rights to study to study racial discrimination and to suggest federal racial discrimination and to suggest federal solutions to the problem.solutions to the problem.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

23

African American WWII Vets African American WWII Vets and Civil Rightsand Civil Rights The committee suggested passing new laws to The committee suggested passing new laws to

better protect all voters and to end segregation better protect all voters and to end segregation in the armed forces.in the armed forces.

In 1948 Truman ended segregation in the In 1948 Truman ended segregation in the military and banned racial discrimination in military and banned racial discrimination in the hiring of federal employees.the hiring of federal employees.


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

24

Main Events in the Struggle Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregationfor School Desegregation In 1938 the Supreme Court ruled that every state had In 1938 the Supreme Court ruled that every state had

to offer equal educational opportunities for all races.to offer equal educational opportunities for all races. In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled in In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled in Sweatt v. PainterSweatt v. Painter

that the University of Texas Law School created for that the University of Texas Law School created for African Americans did not provide equal academic African Americans did not provide equal academic prestige, facilities, or instructors and ordered the prestige, facilities, or instructors and ordered the university to admit Sweatt to its law school.university to admit Sweatt to its law school.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

25

Main Events in the Struggle Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregationfor School Desegregation In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board Brown v. Board

of Educationof Education that segregation in public schools was that segregation in public schools was illegal.illegal.

In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered all public In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered all public schools to desegregate schools to desegregate ““with all deliberate speed.with all deliberate speed.””


(continued)


HOLT


1865 to the Present

26

Success of the Montgomery Bus BoycottSuccess of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

About 70 percent of the systems regular passengers About 70 percent of the systems regular passengers refused to use the system due to the boycott.refused to use the system due to the boycott.

In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that MontgomeryMontgomery’’s segregated bus system was illegal.s segregated bus system was illegal.

The victory brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the The victory brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the forefront of the civil rights movement.forefront of the civil rights movement.

The boycott energized the African American The boycott energized the African American community.community.



HOLT


1865 to the Present

Emmett TillEmmett Till


HOLT


1865 to the Present

28


HOLT


1865 to the Present

29


HOLT


1865 to the Present

30


HOLT


1865 to the Present

31


HOLT


1865 to the Present

32


HOLT


1865 to the Present

Timeline of Emmett TillTimeline of Emmett Till


HOLT


1865 to the Present

How did this happen?How did this happen?


HOLT


1865 to the Present

What happenedWhat happened


HOLT


1865 to the Present


HOLT


1865 to the Present

AftermathAftermath


HOLT


1865 to the Present

TrialTrial


HOLT


1865 to the Present

DecisionDecision


HOLT


1865 to the Present

Impact of Emmett TillImpact of Emmett Till

c all to f reedom holt holt, rinehart and winston 1865 to the present 1 peace and prosperity...

Documents