By: By: Susan M. PojerSusan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Horace Greeley H.S.

Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

Reorganized and edited by Reorganized and edited by Bobbie ClarkBobbie Clark

Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean:

Greece and Rome

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Early Athenian Lawgivers

Early Athenian Lawgivers$ Draco

“draconian”

$ Solon

$ Cleisthenes created the first

democracy!

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous BattlesPersian Wars: Famous Battles$ Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens

$ Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the

Mountain pass

$ Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy

victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers$ Socrates

Know thyself!

question everything

only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.

$ Plato The Academy

The world of the FORMS

The Republic philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers$ Aristotle

The Lyceum

“Golden Mean” [everything inmoderation].

Logic.

Scientific method.

Athens: The Arts & Sciences

Athens: The Arts & Sciences$ DRAMA (tragedians):

Aeschylus

Sophocles

Euripides

$ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras

Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.

Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

The AgoraThe Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

OlympiaOlympia

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 OlympicsThe 2004 Olympics

SPARTASPARTA

SPARTASPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer

Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

Octavian Augustus

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic CityPergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions

& avoid luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek

pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of

divine will.

concept of natural law.

get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.

true happiness is found ingreat achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /

Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric

theory.

Euclid geometry

Archimedes pulley

$ Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than

Hellenic art.

Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

Rome vs. GreeceRome vs. Greece

• 1. Mighty empire vs. inept/Greek 1. Mighty empire vs. inept/Greek city-statescity-states

• 2. Mastered engineering vs. 2. Mastered engineering vs. scientific thoughtscientific thought

• 3. Western Europe-Greco Roman 3. Western Europe-Greco Roman vs. Eastern Europe- Greek vs. Eastern Europe- Greek influenceinfluence

• 4. Shared- political ideas, religion, 4. Shared- political ideas, religion, artistic styles, and economic artistic styles, and economic structuresstructures

ReligionReligion

• Christianity spread, but not a Christianity spread, but not a product of Christian/Roman product of Christian/Roman CultureCulture

• Greco-Roman religion-Greco-Roman religion-nature>gods and goddessesnature>gods and goddesses

• Different names/interacted Different names/interacted w/mortals/whims/soap operaw/mortals/whims/soap opera

• God Stories used to illustrate God Stories used to illustrate human passions- literaturehuman passions- literature

Economy and SocietyEconomy and Society

• Difficulty FarmingDifficulty Farming• Merchants- better than ChineseMerchants- better than Chinese• Slavery- key component to Slavery- key component to

agriculture and military agriculture and military expansionexpansion

• Behind India and China in Behind India and China in technologytechnology

• Not as bad for women as ChinaNot as bad for women as China

Shout Out to the PersiansShout Out to the Persians

• 550 BCE Cyrus the Great- massive 550 BCE Cyrus the Great- massive Persian Empire across Middle EastPersian Empire across Middle East

• Tolerant of local customsTolerant of local customs• Advanced iron technologyAdvanced iron technology• Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism • Artistic lifestyleArtistic lifestyle• Conquered by Alexander the GreatConquered by Alexander the Great• Persian language and culture survived Persian language and culture survived

in the 20in the 20thth Century Century