industrial revolution by: ms. susan m. pojer chappaqua, ny
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By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerChappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerChappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY
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n Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Late 18c: French Economic AdvantagesV Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.French communal law.
) Free contractsFree contracts) Open marketsOpen markets) Uniform & clear commercial Uniform & clear commercial
regulationsregulationsV Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & The government encouraged &
honored inventors & inventions.honored inventors & inventions.V Bank of France Bank of France European European
modelmodelproviding a reliable currency.providing a reliable currency.
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n French Economic Disadvantages
French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American
Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars
V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid
to take risks.to take risks.
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That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte
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n The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
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n “Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
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n Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
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n Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
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n Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer
steel.steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.flexible steel.
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n Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
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18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
19141914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
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n Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
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n Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
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n British Pig Iron Production
British Pig Iron Production
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n Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”
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n Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.
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nTextile Factory
Workers in EnglandTextile Factory
Workers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
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n The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
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n Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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nBritish Coin Portraying
a Factory, 1812British Coin Portraying
a Factory, 1812
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n Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
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n Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
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n John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
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n The Power LoomThe Power Loom
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n James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
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n Steam TractorSteam Tractor
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n Steam ShipSteam Ship
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n An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
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n Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
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n The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
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n “The Great Land Serpent”
“The Great Land Serpent”
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n Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace
Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.
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n Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
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n Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
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n Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
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n 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
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n Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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n Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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n “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
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n Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages
under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.
11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.
17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.
22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.
27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.
32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.
37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.
42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.
47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.
52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.
57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
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n Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
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n Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
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n The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
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n Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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n Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
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n Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
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n Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
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n The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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n Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
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n Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”
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n The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
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n The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
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n The LudditesThe Luddites
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n The Neo-Luddites Today
The Neo-Luddites Today
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n
BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish
Workers:Workers:
Let us die Let us die like men, like men,
and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
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n The Chartists
The Chartists
KeyKey
ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements
Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism
Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842
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n The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.
Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.
Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.
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n The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.
A female ChartistA female Chartist
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n Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.
4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through
trade contact.trade contact.
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n Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.
War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.
The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.
Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.
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nDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo
““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.
More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.
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n The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.
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n Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham
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n The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].
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n Government Response
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the
coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].
k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions
Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.
k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.
Poor houses.Poor houses.
k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.
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n British Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform Bill of 1832
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n British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills
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n By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continent
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony
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n Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
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n Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
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n Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
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n The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of
Industrialization
ù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.) Railroads Railroads Belgium & most of Belgium & most of
Germany.Germany.ù Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly
on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes.) Bank of England.Bank of England.) Bank of France.Bank of France.
ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.
ù New legislation to:New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of
corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein
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nBibliographic
SourcesBibliographic
Sources) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”
Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwahttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlrt/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htmeight/primary.htm