by sudhir-2014 - saraswati books house material/978... · bl izdk'ku osq fdlh hkh va'k dk...

‚⁄USflÃË

Á‡ÊˇÊ∑§-ŒÁ‡¸Ê∑§Ê(“uohu ladYi” oÎ¢π‹Ê ¬Á⁄UøÿÊÕ¸)

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«UÊÚ0 •Ê⁄U0∑§0 «U’Ê‚ «UÊÚ0 ◊ËŸÊˇÊË •ª˝flÊ‹iwoZ Áfl·ÿ Áfl‡Ê·ôÊ, Á„¢UŒË ◊ÊÚ«UŸ¸ S∑Í§‹

S≈U≈U ß¢S≈UË≈Ô˜ÔÿÍ≈U •ÊÚ$»§ ∞¡È∑§‡ÊŸ, ÁŒÀÔ‹Ë ’Ê⁄UÊπ¢’Ê ⁄UÊ«, ÁŒÀÔ‹Ë

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‚⁄USflÃË „UÊ©U‚ (bafM;k) ¬˝Ê0Á‹0Ÿß¸ ÁŒÀ‹Ë-vvÆÆÆw

izdk'kd %

vrqy xqIrkljLorh gkml izkúfyú9] nfj;kxat] lehi ,yúvkbZúlhú dk;kZy;] ubZ fnYyh&110002iksLV ckWDl % 7063nwjHkk"k % 43556600 (100 ykbal)] 23281022iSQDl % 43556688bZ&esy %[email protected] %www.saraswatihouse.comvk;kr&fu;kZr ykbZlsal uaú% 0507052021

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© lokZf/dkj lqjf{krbl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkh va'k dk izfrfyfidj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls ;g iqu% izkIrfd;k tk ldrk gks vFkok LFkkukarj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa vFkok fdlh Hkh fof/ }kjk ;kaf=kd]bysDVªkWfud] izfrfyfi] fjdkWfM±x vFkok vU; fdlh izdkj ls] izdk’kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQfcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

uohu laLdj.k

eqæd % 'kkjnk izsl izkúfyú] xzsVj uks,Mk (múizú)

(iii)

vkeq[kjk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) bl ckr ij cy nsrh gS fd f'k{kk dkmn~ns'; cPpksa dks flI+kZQ fdrkch Kku nsuk vkSj ijh{kk ysuk ugha gSA f'k{kk dkmn~ns'; rks cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djuk gS rkfd cPps tc fon~;ky; dhpkjnhokjh ls fudydj okLrfod thou esa izos'k djsa] rks mudh f'k{kk ghmudk lacy cus blhfy, cPpksa dks LowQyh thou osQ lkFk vklikl osQ ckgjhthou o okrkoj.k ls tksM+us dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gSA

;g lR; gS fd cPpk vius vkl&ikl osQ okrkoj.k ls cgqr&oqQN lh[krkgS ysfdu lcls igys og Hkk"kk gh lh[krk gSA Hkk"kk lHkh osQ thou osQ fy,mi;ksxh vkSj lkFkZd gS D;ksafd blh osQ ekè;e ls ge vius fopkjksa dkvknku&iznku ,oa Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA

f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cgqr gh egRRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kk dh ;ksX;rkvkSj dkS'ky osQ pkj lksikuksa esa ls lquuk vkSj cksyuk rks cPpk ?kj esa jgdj ghlh[k ysrk gSA ysfdu tc og ?kj osQ nk;js ls fudydj ikB'kkyk u,] vifjfpr,oa vuq'kklucn~/ okrkoj.k esa izos'k djrk gS rks mlosQ eu esa ,d f>>dvkSj Hk; gksrk gSA cPpksa dks bl Hk; ls eqDr djus osQ fy, mudh #fp ,oaLoHkko dks osaQnz esa j[kdj gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; Üka[kyk osQ :i esa vkiosQle{k gS] ftldk uke gS uohu ladYiA ;g d{kk ,d ls ysdj vkBoha rdosQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gSA gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks fganh Hkk"kk fl[kkuk gSA;g mn~ns'; rHkh liQy gksxk tc LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z@izkpk;kZ ,oa f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk,¡cPpksa dks fofHkUu jpukRed xfrfof/;ksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa dh lgk;rk ls lh[kusdk ekSdk nsaxsA

;g lgh gS fd fon~;ky; esa vuq'kklu dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z gS vkSjblosQ fy, le;&rkfydk dk egRRoiw.kZ LFkku gS ijarq bu iqLrdksa osQ fuekZ.kosQ mn~ns'; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, nSfud≤ lkfj.kh esa yphykiu ykuk Hkh”k:jh gS rkfd cPpksa dks Lo;a lh[kus dk ekSdk feys vkSj os NksVs&NksVs lewgcukdj okrkZyki ,oa vU; xfrfof/;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u Lo;a dj losaQA

f'k{kd&nf'kZdk dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd ladYi* Üka[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns';ksa dks os cPpksa rd lgh <ax ls igq¡pklosaQA vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k gekjk ;g iz;kl mi;ksxhfln~/ gksxkA

f'k{kkfonksa ,oa vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa n~okjk fn, x, lq>koksa dk ge Lokxrdjsaxs ftlls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA

μys[kdx.k

(iv)

fo"k;&lwph

• o.kZekyk---------------------------------------------------------------------------5

1- izkFkZuk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

2- lqjhyh osQ lqjhys dke---------------------------------------------------------7

• xfrfof/--------------------------------------------------------------------------10

3- lwjt nknk jge djks (dfork)----------------------------------------10

4- pwgs dh prqjkbZ------------------------------------------------------------------12

5- pqycqyh cw¡n----------------------------------------------------------------------15

6- isM+ (dfork)---------------------------------------------------------------------17

• igsfy;k¡--------------------------------------------------------------------------19

7- pkj fe=k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------20

8- fdlus [kk, ekyiq,\---------------------------------------------------------21

9- ca/u dk lq[k (dfork)----------------------------------------------------24

10- isM+&ikS/s vkSj ge--------------------------------------------------------------26

• uUgs rkjs (osQoy iBu)------------------------------------------------29

11- bZn&my&fI+kQrj----------------------------------------------------------------------29

12- cw<+h ek¡ (dfork)-------------------------------------------------------------32

13- gekjs i'kq-----------------------------------------------------------------------------35

• fe=k dh lykg (osQoy iBu)--------------------------------------38

14- Nyh x/k---------------------------------------------------------------------------38

15- oqQDdM¡w+&[kw¡-------------------------------------------------------------------------41

• esjh nhokj (osQoy iBu)--------------------------------------------44

16- lqgkuh dk fjcu----------------------------------------------------------------45

uohu ladYi % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&2) | 5

o.kZekyk

ubZ d{kk esa ubZ iqLrd i<+us ls iwoZ ikB dh] 'kCnksa dh le> dks iSuh

djus osQ fy, Loj&O;atuksa] la;qDrk{kjksa] vuqLokj&vuqukfld] vkxr

èofu] folxZ] uqdrk vkfn dks nksgjkuk vko';d gSA

vkn'kZokpu osQ lkFk budk vuqdj.k okpu visf{kr gSA

dkWih osQ igys ist ij o.kZekyk fy[kok,¡A d{kk esa Hkh pkVZ yxk,¡

rkfd cPpksa dh u”kj osQ lkeus ;s o.kZ tkus&igpkus jgsaA

1- izkFkZuk

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- izR;sd dk;Z dks djus ls iwoZ ml ijefirk dk è;ku vko';d

gSμ;g Hkko txkukA

2- cPpksa dks uez cukuk] vknj djuk] eu dks ,dkxz djuk vkSj

izkFkZuk osQ ”kfj, eu dks e”kcwr vkSj vk'kkfUor cukuk] 'kCn

lkeF;Z c<+kukA

f'k{k.k fof/

izkFkZuk dks lLoj i<+saA cPpksa dks è;kuiwoZd izkFkZuk lqurs gq,

v{kjksa&'kCnksa dh igpku djrs pyus dk funsZ'k nsaA

izkFkZuk dks iqu% i<+sa] dfBu yxus okys 'kCnksa dks cksMZ ij fy[k

nsaA Hkxou~] xq.k] fon~;k] Kku] fourh] fctyh vkfn 'kCnksa dk

leosr mPpkj.k djok,¡A vko';d yxs] rks ,d ckj izkFkZuk

iqu% i<+saA

6 | uohu ladYi % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&2)

vc vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A ,d&,d iafDr i<+ok,¡A

^loZ/eZ leHkko* ij ljy Hkk"kk esa ckr djsaA lHkh iwtk?kjksa

vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh ckr djsaA ^bZ'oj dh u”kj esa lc ,d gSa*]

;g crk,¡A

ewyHkko

gs izHkq! ge gkFk tksM+dj flj uokdj rsjs xq.k xkrs gSaA ge rq>ls

fourh djrs gSa fd gesa fon~;k nks] Hkys&cqjs dks igpkuus dh le> nksA

ge /hj] ohj vkSj xaHkhj cusa] cgqr rs”k cqn~f/ okys cusa_ ,slk ojnku

nksA gs izHkq! ge gkFk tksM+dj rsjh oanuk djrs gSaA

'kCnkFkZ

'kCn Lo;a cksysa vkSj vFkZ cPpksa ls leosr Loj esa cqyok,¡A 'kCn&vFkZ

ikB vkjaHk djus ls igys Hkh i<+k ldrs gSaA

iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- cPps Hkxoku ls izkFkZuk dj jgs gSaA

2- cPps Hkxoku ls fon~;k vkSj Hkys&cqjs dk Kku ek¡x jgs gSaA

3- cPps /hj] ohj] xaHkhj] fctyh osQ rhj cuus dh izkFkZuk dj

jgs gSaA

ysf[kuh ls

1- dfork dh iafDr;k¡ cPps Lo;a iwjh djsaA

2- (d)


Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- ”kksjμ”kksj ls i<+dj 'kCnksa dk vH;kl djsaA

2- ge] Hkxou~] dey] dy'k] eVjA3- gkFk] nku] Kku] lkgl] fon~;kA

qq

2- lqjhyh osQ lqjhys dke

f'k{k.k mn~ns';1- ljy 'kCnksa esa fy[kh dgkuh n~okjk cPpksa dks viuk dke Lo;a

djus dh f'k{kk nsuk] viuh ph”kksa dks LFkku ij j[kuk] lkI+kQμ

lqFkjk j[kuk] [kq'kfny jguk] eu yxkdj dke djuk] cM+ksa dkdguk lquuk vkSj ekuuk_ cPpksa osQ lEeq[k mudh mez dk ,d

,slk pfj=k mifLFkr djuk tks muosQ fy, vkn'kZ cu losQA2- ljy okD;ksa n~okjk ckr dguk] u, 'kCnksa ls ifjp;A

f'k{k.k fof/

ikB dks vkjaHk djus ls iwoZ cPpksa ls iz'u djsa fd os ?kj tkdj D;k&D;kdjrs gSaμcLrk dgk¡ j[krs gSa\ twrs dgk¡ j[krs gSa\ ;wuhI+kQkWeZ mrkjdj

gkFk&eq¡g /ksrs gSa ;k mls gh igudj [kkuk [kkus yxrs gSa\ euilan Hkkstuu feyus ij jksus yxrs gSa ;k tks ek¡ us cuk;k gS [kk ysrs gSa\ vkfnA

gj cPpk viuh ckr dgus osQ fy, mRlqd gksxkA cPpksa ls vkusokyh izfrfØ;k dks è;ku nsdj lqfu,A vc dgsa fd vkt ge ,d

I;kjh&lh yM+dh lqjhyh dh dgkuh i<+saxs vkSj tkusaxs fd og ?kjtkdj D;k&D;k djrh Fkh vkSj lcdh pgsrh oSQlh cuhA


ikB dks /hjs&/hjs Å¡ ps lqj esa i<+saA cPpksa oQks ikB esa fy[ks

,d&,d 'kCn dks lquus] le>us dk funsZ'k nsaA dfBu yxus

okys 'kCnksa dks cksMZ ij lkFk&lkFk fy[k nsaA

è;ku nsa] cPps lh/h m¡xyh iBu dh xfr vuqlkj 'kCn osQ uhps

j[kdj mls ljdkrs pysaA

,d&,d okD; izR;sd cPps ls i<+ok,¡A chp&chp esa iz'u

iwNrs tk,¡A

mRrj nsus osQ fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaA

,d gh fnu esa iwjk ikB u i<+k,¡A ikB dks nks ;k rhu fnu esa ck¡VsaA

vxys fnu igys i<+k, x, ikB dh iqujko`fRr vko';d gSA

'kCnkFkZ

'kCn Lo;a cksysa] vFkZ leosr Loj esa cPpksa dks cksyus osQ funsZ'k nsaA

'kCn&vFkZ dk ;g vH;kl ikB vkjaHk djus ls igys Hkh fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- ?kj vkdj lqjhyh us viuk cLrk es”k ij j[kkA

2- lqjhyh dh ek¡ mls I;kj djrh gSa D;ksafd lqjhyh mudk dguk

ekurh gSA

3- lqjhyh cgqr vPNh yM+dh gS vkSj lcdh pgsrh gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- lqjhyh us ikB'kkyk ls vkdj cLrk es”k ij j[kkA twrs mrkjdj

ckgj j[ks] diM+s cnys vkSj gkFk&eq¡g /ksdj fcuk jks,&/ks,

[kkuk [kk;kA


2- ek¡ lqjhyh dk dguk blfy, ekurh gSa D;ksafd lqjhyh Hkh mudk

dguk ekurh gSA

3- lqjhyh ikB'kkyk esa 'kkar cSBdj i<+rh gSA og vius vè;kidksa

vkSj fe=kksa dk dguk ekurh gS blfy, lc ikB'kkyk esa mls

I;kj djrs gSaA

4- d- (i)

[k- (ii)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

I+kQ vkSj ”k dh 'kqn~/ vkok”k cksydj lquk,¡A fn, x, izR;sd 'kCn dks

,d ckj Lo;a cksydj lquk,¡ vkSj fiQj cPpksa ls lqusaA

ckr 'kCn dh

1- ek=kk okys 'kCn

feBkbZ @fy[kkbZ] i<+rh @vPNh] cgqr@ eq¡g] twrs @ VwVrsA

2- la;qDr O;atuksa ls cus 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/] Li"V mPpkj.k djsa&djok,¡A

3- diM+k μ diM+s fdrkc μ fdrkcsa

twrk μ twrs txg μ txgsa

f[kykSuk μ f[kykSus ckr μ ckrsa

ckr okD; dh

1- (d) tkrh ([k) djrk (x) g¡lrk (?k) tkrh

2- cPps Lo;a djsaA


xfrfof/

[ksy&[ksy esa iqujko`fRr dk;Z

1- o.kZekyk iwjh djok,¡A

2- cPps Lojksa dks fxudj X;kjg rd fxurh fy[ksaxsA cPpksa dks

crk,¡ fd Loj X;kjg gksrs gSaA

3- funsZ'k i<+sa vkSj mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fy[ksaμ ,d d] nks [k]

rhu x] pkj ?k] ik¡p ÄA

qq

3- lwjt nknk jge djks

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- dfBu ifjfLFkfr dks lqy>kuk] fojks/ izdV djuk] viuh fLFkfr

dks 'kCn nsuk] feyh gqbZ ph”kksa&lqfo/kvksa dks igpkuuk] fuosnudjukA

2- eu osQ Hkkoksa dks ljy 'kCnksa esa dgukA

ewy Hkko

xjeh osQ fnuksa esa cPps lwjt osQ rki ls csgky gSaA xjeh Hkxkus osQ lkjs

mik; csdkj gks pqosQ gSaA cPps xjeh osQ dkj.k ckgj [ksy ugha ik jgsgSaA ,sls esa os vius lwjt nknk ls fourh dj jgs gSa fd os pank ekek

dh rjg 'khry cu tk,¡A

f'k{k.k fof/

izLrqr dfork xjeh dh ½rq ls lacaf/r gSA cPpksa ls ½rqvksa osQ ckjs

esa ckr djsa fd dkSu&dkSu&lh ½rq,¡ gksrh gSaa] mUgsa dkSu&lh ½rq ilan


gS] fdl ½rq esa D;k&D;k [kk;k&iguk tkrk gS vkfnA fiQj dfork

ikB djsaA chp&chp esa cPpksa ls iz'u Hkh iwNsa] ftlls jkspdrk

cuh jgsA

'kCnkFkZ

'kCnkFkZ dfork i<+us ls iwoZ Hkh i<+k, tk ldrs gSaA 'kCn vki cksysa]

vFkZ cPps leosr Loj esa i<+saxsA dfork ls iwoZ 'kCnkFkZ i<+us ls dfork

dh dFkkoLrq tYnh vkSj vklkuh ls le> esa vk tkrh gSA

iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- cPps lwjt nknk ls xjeh de djus osQ fy, dg jgs gSaA

2- lwjt lqcg&lqcg vk tkrk gS vkSj /jrh dks rikrk gSA

3- rs”k /wi osQ dkj.k ikuh ugha fey ikrk gS blfy, fpfM+;k lqLr

gks xbZ gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- lwjt nknk lqcg&losjs vkrs gSa vkSj 'kke dks cgqr nsj ls tkrs gSaA

2- xjeh osQ dkj.k cPpksa dks cgqr ilhuk vkrk gS] ftlls os dke

ugha dj ikrsA

3- cPps lwjt ls pk¡n cuus osQ fy, blfy, dg jgs gSa ftlls

xjeh FkksM+ h de gks tk, vkSj os ckgj [ksydj viuh NqV~fV;ksa

dk e”kk ys losaQA

4- d- (i)


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ,d o.kZ Loj jfgr gSA nwljk Loj lfgr gSA xksy

o.kZ dks Loj jfgr cukus osQ fy, gyar yxk;k tkrk gS] ;g cPpksa dks

vo'; crk,¡A

ckr 'kCn dh

1- lqcg μ Hkksj] izkr%

ysf[kuh μ isu] dye

iqLrd μ fdrkc] iksFkh

2- h μ xjeh] /jrh] ikuh] ukuh

ks μ lcdks] iks[kj] FkksM+k] djks

3- xjeh osQ dkj.k ge csgky gSaA gekjh NqV~fV;k¡ csdkj gks jgh

gSaA ge ukuh osQ ?kj tkus osQ fy, cspSu vkSj cslcz gSaA

4- lw[kk × xhyk] lqcg × 'kke] de × ”;knk

5- [kkus esa μ vkbLØhe

ihus esa μ 'kjcr] dksYM fMªa d

qq

4- pwgs dh prqjkbZ

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- cqn~f/ekuh vkSj ,drk n~okjk dfBu&ls&dfBu ifjfLFkfr dk

lkeuk djuk vkSj mlls fudyukA


2- NksVh&NksVh okD; lajpuk djuk] 'kCn ;qXeksa (b/j&m/j]

vkxs&vkxs) ls ifjp;] n~foRo O;atuksa (fcYyh] fpYykbZ) dk

Kku] la;qDr o.kZ (nksLr) ij è;ku vkd"kZ.kA

f'k{k.k fof/

igys ikB dh Hkwfedk@izLrkouk cuk,¡A jkspd iz'u iwNdj mRlqdrk

tkxzr djsaA cPpksa dks pwgs&fcYyh dh nwljh dgkfu;k¡ lquk,¡ vkSj mudh

izfrfØ;k tkusaA

ikB osQ var esa iwNsaμrhuksa nksLr oSQls Fks\μennxkj] lPps] vPNsA

'kCnkFkZ

iwokZuqlkj vH;kl djk,¡A

iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- lcls NksVs pwgs osQ rhu fe=k FksA

2- NksVs pwgs dks mlosQ nksLrksa us fudkykA

3- fcYyh pwgs dks fudkyus osQ fy, viuh cgu dks cqykus xbZ FkhA

ysf[kuh ls

1- pkjksa pwgs ,d fcy esa jgrs FksA

2- NksVk pwgk gj le; b/j&m/j ?kwerk jgrk FkkA

3- fcYyh pwgs dks idM+dj [kkuk pkgrh Fkh blfy, mlosQ ihNs

Hkkx jgh FkhA

4- d- (i)

[k- (iii)-


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

n~foRo o.kks± dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k igys Lo;a djsaA fiQj Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A

dkWih esa Hkh fy[kok,¡A

ckr 'kCn dh

1- ks μ iks'kkd] NksVk] pkjksa] cksry

kS μ pkSdUuk] ikS/k] ukSdk] pkSdk

2- vuqukfld fpg~u dk 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k fl[kk,¡A fiQj Jqrys[k n~okjk

vH;kl iDdk djsaA

3- ,d tSls 'kCnksa osQ tksM+s

ihNs&ihNs] ,d&,d

foykse 'kCnksa osQ tksM+s

uhps × mQij] NksVk × cM+k

4- pankμekek

fpfM+;kμjkuh

'ksjμjktk

ckr okD; dh

(d) fcy ([k) 'kSrku (x) eksVh

(?k) nksLr (Ä) cksry

vkvks] oqQN djsa

vè;kid jax Hkjus esa cPpksa dh lgk;rk djsaA

qq


5- pqycqyh cw¡n

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- ifjokj esa fey&tqydj jguk] vkil esa izse djuk] izlUu jguk]

izÑfr&ifjos'k dk Kku] lw{e fo'ys"k.kA

2- lwjt] gok] isM+&ikS/ksa osQ dk;Z tkuuk] o"kkZ dk vkuan ysuk] jaxksa

dh igpkuA

f'k{k.k fof/

igys ikB dh Hkwfedk@izLrkouk cuk,¡] iz'u iwNdj cPpksa esa ikB

osQ ckjs esa mRlqdrk tkxzr djsa] cw¡nksa dh nwljh dgkfu;k¡ lquk,¡

vkSj mudh izfrfØ;k tkusaA

cPpksa ls iz'u djsaμ

μ rqe ?kj esa fdl&fdl osQ lkFk jgrs gks\

μ rkykc fdls dgrs gSa\

μ /jrh&vkdk'k] cw¡nksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh iz'u djsaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- pqycqyh cw¡n ,d rkykc esa jgrh FkhA

2- mlosQ lkFk mlosQ ekrk&firk vkSj HkkbZ&cgu jgrs FksA

3- vkleku esa cw¡nsa cknyksa osQ lkFk b/j&ls&m/j nkSM+rh jghaA


ysf[kuh ls

1- rkykc esa pqycqyh cw¡n] mlosQ ekrk&firk vkSj HkkbZ&cgu

jgrs FksA

2- cPps ^^es?kk cjlks --- es?kk cjlks** dgdj 'kksj epk jgs FksA

3- Lo;a dhft,A

4- d- (i)] [k- (iii)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- vuqLokj okys 'kCnμBaMh] larjh] banz/uq"k] oaQxu

2- vuqukfld okys 'kCnμg¡luk] vkÅ¡ xh] ek¡] tkÅ¡ xh

ckr 'kCn dh

1- (d) pqycqyh ([k) BaMh&BaMh (x) NksVs&cM+s (?k) uUgs&uUgs

(Ä) lrjaxh

2- myVs vFkZ okys 'kCn

fnu × jkr BaMk × xje

cgqr × de /jrh × vkdk'k

uhps × mQij

ckr okD; dh

(d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)

(p) (N)

Kku xksrk

cPps fxurh Lo;a fy[ksaxsA


vkvks] oqQN djsa

jax Hkjrs le; è;ku j[ksa fd cPps lgh jaxksa dk pquko djsaA

qq

6- isM+

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- isM+&ikS/ksa dh j{kk osQ izfr tkx:drk] isM+ksa dh mi;ksfxrk]

ikS/s yxkukA

2- dfork dh Hkk"kk osQ izfr le>] rqdkar 'kCnksa dk Kku] leku

vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dk KkuA

f'k{k.k fof/

iz'u iwNdj cPpksa esa ikB osQ izfr ftKklk iSnk djsaμ

μos 'kke dks [ksyus osQ fy, dgk¡ tkrs gSaS\

μikoZQ esa D;k&D;k ns[krs gSa\

μD;k os isM+ksa ij p<+rs gSa\ mUgsa Nwrs gSa\ iwQy rksM+rs gSa\

μD;k isM+ muls oqQN dgrs gSa\ D;k os gekjh rjg dke djrs gSa\

cPpksa ls izkIr mRrjksa dks è;kuiwoZd lqusaA

mudh mRlqdrk dks cuk, j[ksaA

ikB ls tksM+rs gq, cPpksa dks isM+ksa dh mi;ksfxrk crk,¡ fd isM+

fdruk dke djrs gSaA

ewy Hkko

isM+ gekjs thou esa fdrus egRRoiw.kZ gSa] ;g Hkko O;Dr djrh gS;g dforkA isM+ fVaowQ dks crk jgk gS fd og ekuo dks ty] ok;q]


b±èku] iQy] nok nsus okyk] if{k;ksa dks clsjk vkSj feV~Vh dks vk;q nsusokyk /jrh dk desjk iq=k gSA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- isM+ dks ¯VowQ NsM+ jgk FkkA2- isM+ thoksa dks ok;q nsrk gSA3- isM+ cqf<+;k dks b±/u nsrk gSA4- /jrh dk iwr isM+ gSA og desjk gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- d- (i)] [k- (iii)2- (d) ns[k vHkh uHk esa tkuk gS]

ckny ls ikuh ykuk gSA([k) thoksa dks ok;q nsuh gSA(x) feV~Vh dks vk;q nsuh gSA(?k) vHkh cukuk ,slk Msjk]

i{kh ftlesa djsa clsjkA(Ä) bulkuksa osQ jksx g:¡ xkA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- isM+ μ o`{k uHk μ vklekuikuh μ ty ok;q μ gokiwr μ csVk /jrh μ i`Foh


2- ok;q μ vk;q] Msjk μ clsjk] tkuk μ vkuk]

cqf<+;k μ xqfM+;k] g:¡ xk μ d:¡ xk

3- vkjke] ikuh] ok; q] feV~Vh

eq>dks] cqf<+;k] ehBs] i{kh

4- Lo;a dhft,A

5- iQy μ xqfM+;k dks vk;q μ feV~Vh dks

b±/u μ cqf<+;k dks ok;q μ thoksa dks

?kksalyk μ fpfM+;k dks

6- Lo;a dhft,A

qq

igsfy;k¡

igsfy;k¡ i<+sa vkSj cPpksa ls Hkh i<+ok,¡A

fn, x, fp=kksa esa ls mRrj <w¡<+us osQ fy, dgsa vkSj mRrj fy[kok,¡A

fp=kksa esa jax Hkjok,¡A js[kk n~okjk igsfy;ksa ls feyku djok,¡A

1- dku cM+s gSa ---- cM+h rs”k gS pkyA μ [kjxks'k

2- ljLorh dh ---- cksyks dkSu dgkrsA μ gal

3- pj&pj djrh 'kksj ---- oqQrj&oqQrj iQy [kkrhA μ fxygjh

4- cks>k <ksrk gS ---- /ksch vkSj oqQEgkjA μ x/k

5- ikuh esa [kq'k jgrk ---- cu tkrk [kqn <kyA μ dNqvk

6- yach xjnu ihB ij ---- e#LFky tgk”k dgk,A μ Å¡ V

qq


7- pkj fe=k

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- ,drk] fe=krk] lg;ksx] rqjrcqn~f/ dk izn'kZu] dk;Z osQ fy,

;kstuk cukukA

2- fo'ks"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dk pquko] nks okD;ksa dks tksM+us okys

'kCn] okD; iwjs djuk] vkdk'k vkSj /jrh ij jgus okys i'kq&if{k;ksa

esa varj djukA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikB dh izLrkouk esa iwNsa fd vkiosQ fe=k dkSu&dkSu&ls gSa\ vki

,d&nwljs dh enn fdl izdkj djrs gSa\ D;k i'kq&i{kh Hkh fe=k gks

ldrs gSa\

mUgsa crk,¡ fd mudh rjg gh ;s pkj fe=k Hkh Fks ftUgksaus ,d&nwljs

dh enn ls vius fe=kksa dks f'kdkjh osQ paxqy ls NqM+k;kA

ikB i<+ sa] chp&chp esa cPpksa osQ lgt iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsrs tk,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- cPps Lo;a viuh dYiuk ls mRrj nsaxsA blls cPpksa dh dYiuk

'kfDr dk fodkl gksxkA

ysf[kuh ls

1- ?kus taxy esa ,d pwgk] dNqvk] dkSvk vkSj fgju jgrs FksA


2- fgju ,d e”kcwr tky esa i¡Qlk gqvk FkkA

3- f'kdkjh viuk FkSyk NksM+dj fgju dks idM+us pyk x;k FkkA

pwgs us FkSys dks dkVdj Nsn dj fn;k FkkA mlh ls dNqvk ckgj

fudy vk;kA

4- d- (iii)

[k- (i)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

(d) (ii) gjk&Hkjk isM+ (ii) e”kcwr tky

([k) Lo;a fyf[k,A

ckr okD; dh

1- (d) blfy, ([k) D;ksafd (x) vkSj (?k) ;k (Ä) fd

2- (d) fcy ([k) rkykc] ?kksalys (x) tky] fgju

(?k) fgju] dNqvkA

vkb,] oqQN djsa

1- vkdk'k esa mM+us okys i{khμdkSvk] rksrk] fpfM+;k] phy

2- /jrh ij pyus okys i'kqμxk;] fcYyh] ?kksM+k] cdjh

qq

8- fdlus [kk, ekyiq,\

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- dguk u ekuus] pksjh djus vkSj >wB cksyus ij Lo;a dk gh

uqdlku gksrk gSA xyrh djus ij ekI+kQh ek¡xukA


2- lgt Hkko ls mRrj nsuk] vuqukfld fpg~u okys 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vuk

(iqujko`fRr)] fo'ks"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dk pquko] lgh&xyr

okD; dh igpku djkuk] nSfud thou osQ vuqHko crkuk&fy[kuk]

ilan&ukilan dh vfHkO;fDr] fp=k esa jax HkjukA

f'k{k.k fof/

iz'u iwNdj ikB dh Hkwfedk rS;kj djsaμvkidks dkSu&dkSu&lh

feBkb;k¡ vPNh yxrh gSa\ dkSu&dkSu nknh ls iwtk osQ ckn

izlkn ysrk gS\ lp cksyrs gks ;k >wB\ >wB cksyus ij ek¡ D;k

djrh gSa vkSj lp cksyus ij D;k\

fiQj dgsa fd ,sls gh ,d uUgh cPph jksyh us viuh nknh ls

>wB cksykA D;ksa\ vkvks i<+saA

ikB i<+saA chp&chp esa d{kk osQ Lrj ,oa le> osQ vuqlkj

iz'u iwNrs tk,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- ekyiq, nknh ek¡ us cuk, FksA

2- jksyh dks ekyiq, cgqr ilan Fks blfy, mlus nknh ek¡ ls

ekyiq, ek¡xsA

3- nknh ek¡ us jksyh dks ekyiq, ugha fn, D;ksafd os izlkn osQ

fy, cus FksA


4- ekyiq, jksyh us [kk fy,A

ysf[kuh ls

1- nknh ek¡ us jksyh dks blfy, vkok”k nh D;ksafd izlkn dk fMCck

[kkyh FkkA

2- jksyh osQ vuqlkj dkSvk] fcYyh] pwgk] phaVh vkSj Hkxoku th us

ekyiq, [kk, FksA

3- jksyh osQ ekI+kQh ek¡xus ij nknh ek¡ us dgk] ^^ns[kk] ,d >wB

cksyus ij fdrus >wB cksyus iM+sA**

4- d- (ii)

5- (d) nknh th us jksyh ls

([k) lc yksxksa us jksyh ls

(x) MkWDVj us jksyh ls

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

• ek¡] tkuw¡] ;gk¡] dgk¡] g¡ldj

ckr okD; dh

(d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)

Kku xksrk

1- lHkh cPps vius&vius mRrj Lo;a fy[ksaxs_ tSlsμijk¡Bk] cslu

osQ yM~Mw] iathjh] eB~Bh] 'kdjikjs] vke dk iuk vkfnA

2- vè;kid cPpksa ls iwNsa vkSj fy[kok,¡A fp=k cukus esa cPpksa

dh enn djsaA


jaxksa dk tknw

cPps fp=k esa jax HkjsaA vè;kid jax pquus esa cPpksa dh enn djsaA

qq

9- ca/u dk lq[k

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- Lora=krk vewY; gS] ca/u esa Lokfn"V O;atu Hkh csLokn yxrs gSaA

2- dfork i<+uk] lquuk] cksyuk] fpa ru n~okjk iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk]

M@M+ esa varj dh igpku] n~foRo O;atu] 'kCn pquuk (iqujkofRr)]

ks kS ks ek=kk osQ 'kCn pquuk] 'kCnksa osQ tksM+ s (iqu#Dr]

foijhr] leku vFkZ okys) pquukA

ewy Hkko

rksrs dks ¯itjs esa Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr osQ O;atu [kkrs ns[kdj eSuk us dgk fd

rqe cgqr lq[k esa gksA dk'k eSa ¯itjs esa jgdj ;s lqLoknq O;atu [kkikrh! eSuk dh bPNk tkudj rksrs us mls viuh txg vkus dk fuea=k.k

fn;kA eSuk ¯itjs osQ vanj vk xbZ vkSj rksrk vkdk'k esa mM+ x;kA pkjfnu esa gh eSuk ca/u esa O;koqQy gks xbZA lp gS! Lora=krk vewY; gSA

f'k{k.k fof/

iz'u iwNdj Hkwfedk cuk,¡μ

μ i{kh fia tjs esa [kq'k jgrs gSa ;k vkleku esa mM+dj\

μ gesa if{k;ksa dks idM+dj oSQn djuk pkfg, ;k ugha\ D;ksa\

muls dgsa fd gj O;fDr Lora=k@vk”kkn jguk pkgrk gS] pkgs

og i'kq gks ;k i{kh] ekuo gks ;k nkuoA


vkvks] vkt ,d ,slh dfork i<+rs gSa ftlesa ,d eSuk viuh

ej”kh ls ¯itjs esa oSQn gqbZ vkSj ckn esa cgqr iNrkbZA

dfork i<+sa] vFkZ Li"V djrs tk,¡A cPpksa osQ iz'uksa dk mRrj

nsrs pysaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- rksrk ¯itjs esa jgrk FkkA

2- eSuk dks yxrk Fkk fd itjs esa Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr osQ O;atu feyrs gSaA

b/j&m/j HkVduk ugha iM+rkA

3- eSuk ¯itjs esa jgus yxh vkSj rksrk vkleku esa mM+ x;kA

4- eSuk [kqys vkleku esa mM+uk pkgrh Fkh blfy, mls itjk vPNk

ugha yx jgk FkkA

ysf[kuh ls

1- dfork dh iafDr;k¡ cPps Lo;a fy[ksaA

2- dfork dh iafDr;k¡ cPps Lo;a fy[ksaA

3- d- (ii)] [k- (i)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- fpM+hekj] ihM+k] mM+uk] ØhM+k] rM+i] iQM+d


2- iRrk μ oqQRrk

fMCck μ xqCckjk

NIij μ BIik

ckr 'kCn dh

• ,d tSls 'kCn μ /hjs&/hjs] ikl&ikl] dHkh&dHkh

foijhr 'kCn μ NksVk&cM+k] gkfu&ykHk] dkyk&lI+ksQn

leku vFkZokys 'kCn μ ?kkl&iwQl] /u&nkSyr] nsj&losj

qq

10- isM+&ikS/s vkSj ge

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- izÑfr osQ izfr izse] izÑfr laj{k.k dh Hkkouk] [ksyus osQ ckn

le; ij ?kj igq¡pukA

2- u, 'kCnksa ls ifjp;] iz'uksa osQ mRrj] lgt&ljy okD; jpuk

esa lans'k] o.kZ&foPNsn] vuqukfld fpg~u] opu ifjorZu]

myV&iqyV x, o.kks± dks Øe ls yxkuk] lgh 'kCn pqudj

okD; iwjs djuk] vyx vkÑfr dks pqudj vyx djukA

f'k{k.k fof/

ikB izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ vukSipkfjd ckrphr djsaA

fofHkUu iz'u iwNsaμikoZQ esa [ksyus osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu tkrk gS\

fdlosQ lkFk tkrs gks\ vius HkkbZ&cgu dk è;ku j[krs gks ;k

ugha\ ikoZQ esa isM+&ikS/ksa dks Nwrs gks\ Mky idM+dj >wyrs gks\


ifRr;k¡ uksprs gks\ owQM+k iSQykrs gks\ vke] ve:n] ykSdh] [khjk]

xktj] vkyw dgk¡ iSnk gksrs gSaμisM+ ij@ csy ij@ /jrh osQ vanj\

buesa ls cPpksa dh #fp osQ vuqlkj iz'u iwNsa vkSj muosQ mRrj nsaA

dgsa] fd vkt ge ,d ,slh dgkuh i<+saxs] ftlesa ,d isM+

igy ls viuh ckrsa djrk gSA og dgrk gS fd mldh ifRr;k¡

er rksM+ks] os isM+ osQ fy, [kkuk cukrh gSaA

izR;sd 'kCn dk 'kqn~/ vkSj lkI+kQ mPpkj.k djrs gq, ikB i<sa+A

dfBu 'kCn lkFk&lkFk cksMZ ij fy[krs tk,¡A ikB lekIr gksus

ij dfBu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k djok,¡A

ckjh&ckjh ls izR;sd cPps ls nks&nks okD; i<+ok,¡A mPpkj.k esa

vko';d lq/kj djrs tk,¡A

mQij fy[ks f'k{k.k mn~ns';ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, chp&chp

esa iz'u iwNrs tk,¡ vkSj ikB osQ ekè;e ls cPpksa esa visf{kr

xq.kksa dh LFkkiuk djsaA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- igy ikoZQ esa ,d NksVs&ls isM+ osQ uhps [kM+h gksdj vius HkkbZ

dk bar”kkj dj jgh FkhA

2- iou ikoZQ esa [ksy jgk FkkA


3- djkgus dh vkok”k isM+ ls vkbZA

4- isM+ dks iQyus&iwQyus osQ fy, Hkkstu] ikuh] /wi vkSj gok dh

”k:jr gksrh gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- d- (iii)

[k- (ii)

2- esjs fy, Hkkstu esjh ek¡ cukrh gSaA

3- uUgs ikS/s gesa ikyd] ewyh] esFkh] VekVj] vkyw] fHka Mh vkfn

lfC”k;k¡ vkSj iwQy nsrs gSaA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

• og μ o~ $ v $ g~ $ v

vxj μ v $ x~ $ v $ j~ $ v

gok μ g~ $ v $ o~ $ vk

ckr 'kCn dh

• lC”kh μ lfC”k;k¡ jksVh μ jksfV;k¡

unh μ ufn;k¡ yM+dh μ yM+fd;k¡

iwM+h μ iwfM+;k¡

2- uh ik μ ikuh rk i ih μ iihrk

'k ik uk rh μ uk'kikrh uk [kk μ [kkuk

M+ is μ isM+ u Hkks t μ Hkkstu

ok vk ”k μ vkok”k j / b μ b/j

u eh ”k μ ”kehu


ckr okD; dh

1- (d) gw¡ ([k) gS (x) gSa2- (d) osQ ([k) esa (x) dk (?k) ls (Ä) us] dks

jaxksa dk tknw

1- lsc dk fp=k μ ckdh rhuksa lfC”k;ksa osQ fp=k gSaA eVj dk fp=k μ ckdh rhu fp=k iQyksa osQ gSA dn~nw dk fp=k μ ckdh rhuksa lfC”k;k¡ ”kehu osQ vanj mxrh gSaA

2- cPps viuh ilan osQ iQy vkSj lfC”k;ksa osQ uke fy[ksaAqq

uUgs rkjs (osQoy iBu)1- dfork dks ,d ckj lqj esa Lo;a i<+sa vkSj fiQj cPpksa ls Hkh

i<+ok,¡A2- cPpksa dks rkjksa osQ ckjs esa oqQN crk,¡A3- dfork ;kn djok,¡ vkSj lqusaA

qq

11- bZn&my&fI+kQrj

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- R;ksgkjksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh] R;ksgkjksa osQ izfr mRlkg vkSj meax]vkilh izse] esytksy] ijksidkj vkfn dh HkkoukA

2- ekSf[kd mRrj nsuk] lgh mRrj fy[kuk] mRrj pquuk] ek=kk Kku]o.kZ&foPNsn] opu cnyuk] myVs vFkZ dk Kku] 'kCnksa osQ tksM+scukuk] js[kk n~okjk feyku djuk] dkjd fpg~u pqudj Hkjuk]vU; R;ksgkjksa dk KkuA


f'k{k.k fof/

ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fofHkUu R;ksgkjksa osQ fo"k; esa iz'u iwNsaμ

μ dkSu&ls R;ksgkj ij cgusa Hkkb;ks a dh dykbZ ij jk[kh

ck¡/rh gSa\

μ dkSu&ls R;ksgkj ij nhid&eksecfRr;k¡ tykrs gSa\

μ dkSu&ls R;ksgkj ij ,d&nwljs dks jax yxkrs gSa\

μ dkSu&ls R;ksgkj ij fØlel Vªh ltkrs gSa\

μ fdl R;ksgkj ij vkx osQ pkjksa vksj u`R; djrs gSa\

cPpksa osQ mRrj lqusa vkSj ikB ls tksM+ rs gq, dgsaμvkt ge ,d

,sls R;ksgkj osQ fo"k; esa i<+saxs ftlesa ,d&nwljs osQ xys feydj

eqckjdckn nsrs gSa vkSj [kq'kh eukrs gSaA

ikB dks mfpr mPp Loj esa i<+saA è;ku j[ksa fd cPps 'kCnksa

ij m¡xyh j[kdj vkxs c<+rs tk,¡A

dfBu 'kCn cksMZ ij fy[ksaA lgh mPpkj.k djsa&djok,¡ ] 'kCnksa

dk vFkZ crk,¡A

cPpksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- bZn&my&fI+kQrj osQ R;ksgkj dks ^bZn* osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

2- je”kku osQ eghus osQ rhl fnu iwjs gksus osQ ckn bZn eukbZ tkrh gSA


3- bl fnu cPps u, diM+s igurs gSa] idoku [kkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa

bZnh osQ :i esa iSls Hkh feyrs gSa blfy, cPpksa dks bZn ilan gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- bZn osQ igys lHkh eqlyeku 30 fnu rd jks”ks j[krs gSaA bl eghus

dks ^je”kku dk eghuk* dgrs gSaA

2- bZn osQ fnu iq#"k ugkdj u, diM+s igurs gSa fiQj bZnxkg esa tkdj

uek”k i<+rs gSaA bZn dh uek”k osQ ckn lHkh ,d&nwljs ls xys

feyrs gSaA

3- bZn osQ fnu cPpksa dks ?kj osQ cM+s yksxksa ls iSls feyrs gSaA bUgsa

gh ^bZnh* dgrs gSaA

4- d- (iii)

[k- (ii)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- rhuksa ek=kk okys 'kCn

s μ diM+s] xys] cPps

S μ iSls] oSj

ks μ yksx] jks”ks] ijksidkj

2- rhl μ r~ $ bZ $ l~ $ v

eghuk μ e~ $ v $ g~ $ bZ $ u~ $ vk

feBkbZ μ e~ $ b $ B~ $ vk $ bZ

fey μ e~ $ b $ y~ $ v


ckr 'kCn dh

1- feBkbZ μ feBkb;k¡ eghuk μ eghus

lsobZ μ lsob;k¡ diM+k μ diM+s

2- u;k × iqjkuk fnu × jkr

de × vf/d tkuk × vkuk

3- NksVk&cM+ k ] rjg&rjg]

vehj&xjhc] fey&tqydj]

,d&nwljs

ckr okD; dh

1- d- bZn ij cPps u, diM+s igurs gSaA

[k- lc ,d&nwljs osQ xys feyrs gSaA

2- (d) dks ([k) dk (x) esa (?k) osQ (Ä) osQ

eu ik[kh cu

1- gksyh μ xqf>;k¡

x.kifr iwtk μ yM~Mw

yksgM+h μ ew¡xiQyh] iqQYys

fØlel μ osQd

2- cPps Lo;a djsaA

qq

12- cw<+h ek¡

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- cw<+ksa dh enn djuk] lg;ksx] lgkuqHkwfr vkfn xq.k txkukA


2- ekSf[kd :i ls rqjar mRrj nsuk] fy[kuk] 'kCnksa esa panz cnq yxkdj

iqu% fy[kuk] M+ @<+ o.kZ dh igpku djuk] 'kCnksa dks iwjk djuk]

rqdkar 'kCn pqudj fy[kuk] opu cnyuk] iafDr;k¡ iwjh djuk]

dfork dh iafDr;ksa dks xn~;kRed :i esa i<+dj] le>dj

fy[kukA

ewy Hkko

cw<+h ek¡ us xsgw ¡@ cktjs vkfn osQ nkus /ksdj vk¡xu esa lq[kk fn,A vpkud

fpfM+;k¡ ogk¡ mUgsa [kkus osQ fy, tek gks xb±A cw<+h ek¡ dks vosQyh

dke djrs ns[kdj cPps mudh enn djus osQ fy, ,d&nwljs dks

iqdkj jgs gSaA

f'k{k.k fof/

iz'uksa n~okjk dfork iBu dh Hkwfedk cuk,¡A fpfM+;k¡ D;k&D;k [kkrh

gSa\ mUgsa D;k&D;k vPNk yxrk gksxk\ D;k vkiesa ls dksbZ fpfM+;ksa

dks nkus f[kykrk gS\ D;k nknk&nknh th ;k ek¡&firk th fpfM+;ksa dks

nkuk f[kykrs gSa\ crk,¡ μ cgqr&ls yksx fpfM+;ksa dks cktjk] pkoy

vkfn f[kykrs gSaA vkvks] ge ;gk¡ ,d ,slh dfork i<+saxs] ftlesa oqQN

cPps cw<+h ek¡ dh enn djus osQ fy, ,d&nwljs dks iqdkjrs gSaA

dfork dks mPp Loj esa i<+saA dfBu 'kCnksa dks cksMZ ij fy[ksaA

'kCn vki cksysa μ vFkZ cPps Lo;a i<+dj cksysaA ,d&,d in;ka'k Øe'k%

cPpksa ls i<+ok,¡A rc rd] tc rd lkjs cPps u i<+ ysaA vFkZ crk,¡A

dfork ;kn djus osQ fy, dgsaA dfork dk lqys[k djok,¡A

'kCnkFkZ



iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- cw<+h ek¡ us nkus lq[kkus osQ fy, vk¡xu esa j[ksA

2- lw[kus ij nkus cgqr lqgkus gks x,A

3- cPpsA

ysf[kuh ls

1- fpfM+;ksa osQ nkus [kkus ij cw<+h ek¡ Hkw[kh jg tk,xhA

2- vxj cPps fpfM+;ksa dks ugha mM+k,¡xs rks fpfM+;k¡ lkjs nkus pV

dj tk,¡xhA

3- cPpksa dks fpfM+;k¡ mM+kus esa cw<+h ek¡ dh enn djuh pkfg,A

4- d- (iii)

[k- (ii)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- vk¡[k iw¡N v¡xwBk ek¡

dgk¡ eq¡g

2- fpfM+;k i<+kbZ lkM+h xM+cM+

lh<+h mM+kuk cqf<+;k cw<+k

p<+uk

ckr 'kCn dh

1- pydj μ ctkdj dke μ uke

nkus μ [kkus cw<+h μ iwM+h

[kk,xh μ tk,xh cPps μ lPps

vkvks μ tkvks


2- vè;kid ,dopu&cgqopu 'kCnksa dk lLoj mPpkj.k djsa vkSj

cPpksa ls Hkh djok,¡A

ckr okD; dh

1- cPps Lo;a dfork dh ia fDr;k¡ iwjh djsaxsA

2- (d) cw<+h ek¡ us nkus /ksdj

([k) vk¡xu esa lq[kkus j[k fn,

(x) ge cw<+h ek¡ dh enn djsa

(?k) ugha rks fpfM+;ksa dh ;g I+kQkSt

(Ä) muosQ ?kj esa cPps ugha gSaA

jaxksa dk tknw

cPps Lo;a djsaxsA

qq

13- gekjs i'kq

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- i'kqvksa osQ nk¡rksa] iSjksa] [kqjksa] uk[kwuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkuk] muosQ

[kkus&ihus vkSj vU; vknrksa dh tkudkjh nsukA mudh fpfdRlk

dh O;oLFkk gks] jgus dh txg lkI+kQ&lqFkjh gks] bldh tkudkjh

nsukA

2- u, 'kCnksa ls ifjp;] 'kCn lkeF;Z c<+kuk] ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr

vfHkO;fDr dk fodkl] o.kZ&foPNsn] myVs vFkZokys 'kCn] opu

cnyuk] okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ]

js[kk n~okjk feyku] fp=k osQ 'kCn dk izFke o.kZ fy[kuk] lgh

igpku djukA


f'k{k.k fof/

fdlh Hkh i'kq_ tSlsμoqQRrs (D;ksafd ;g vf/drj cPpksa dk

fiz; i'kq gksrk gS) osQ fo"k; esa ckr izkjaHk djsaA oqQRrs osQ fdrus

iSj gksrs gSa\ og D;k djrk gS\ D;k [kkrk gS\ mlosQ nk¡r oSQls

gksrs gSa\ vkfnA

fdlh nwljs i'kq_ tSlsμHkSal@Å¡V@gkFkh vkfn osQ fo"k; esa ftKklk

gksus ij mudh ckr djsa vkSj muosQ [kku&iku] vaxksa osQ fo"k;

esa tkudkjh nsaA dgsa fd vkt ge ,sls gh oqQN i'kqvksa osQ ckjs

esa i<+saxs vkSj muosQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA

ikB esa ls dfBu 'kCn Lo;a pqudj cksMZ ij fy[k nsaA orZuhxr

mPpkj.k vH;kl djok,¡] vFkZ crk,¡A

ikB i<+saA #ddj cksMZ ij fy[ksaA dfBu 'kCnksa ij Hkh fVIif.k;k¡

djrs pysaA

cPpksa ls nks&nks okD;ksa dk vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A mi;qDr

iz'u iwNrs gq, mudh #fp@mRlqdrk cuk, j[ksaA

eq[; ckrksa dks nksgjk,¡A vH;kl Li"V djsaA ekSf[kd iz'u iwNsaA

fyf[kr djok,¡A

'kCnkFkZ

iwokZuqlkj vH;kl djk,¡ A

iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- i'kqvksa osQ cPps ek¡ dk nw/ ihrs gSaA


2- i'kq /jrh ij jgrs gSaA

3- oqQN i'kq ?kkl] oqQN i'kq ekal vkSj oqQN i'kq oaQn&ewy [kkrs gSaA

ysf[kuh ls

1- i'kqvksa osQ pkj iSj gksrs gSa] 'kjhj ij cky gksrs gSaA ;s izk;%

/jrh ij jgrs gSaA

2- ?kkl [kkus okys i'kqvksa osQ nk¡r vkxs ls pkSM+s gksrs gSaA

3- tYnh&tYnh fuxys gq, Hkkstu dks ckn esa vkjke ls isV ls

okil eq¡g esa ykdj pckus dks gh ^tqxkyh djuk* dgrs gSaA

4- taxyh i'kqvksa osQ ?kj rjg&rjg osQ gksrs gSaA oqQN /jrh esa xM~<k

[kksndj jgrs gSa] oqQN xqiQk esa jgrs gSa rks oqQN nwljksa dh [kksgksa

esa Msjk Mkydj cSB tkrs gSaA

5- d- (ii)

[k- (i)

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

oqQN μ o~Q $ m $ N~ $ v

nw/ μ n~ $ Å $ /~ $ v

lw, μ l~ $ Å $ ,

lqFkjh μ l~ $ m $ Fk~ $ v $ j~ $ bZ

ckr 'kCn dh

1- yack × NksVk v¡/sjk × mtkyk

/hjs × rs”k lPpk × >wBk

'k=kq × fe=k


2- I;kjk μ I;kjs HkSal μ HkSalsa

yack μ yacs ugj μ ugjsa

3- ?kkl&ikr [kkus okyk μ 'kkdkgkjh

taxy esa jgus okys i'kq μ taxyh

ikys tkus okys i'kq μ ikyrw

ckr okD; dh

(d) ikyrw] nw/ ([k) mQu (x) peM+s (?k) [kkn

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

1- fp=kksa dks igpkudj cPps Lo;a djsaA

2- js[kkvksa n~okjk Lo;a feyku djsaA

3- ?kkl [kkus okys i'kqvksa dks gjs jax rFkk ekal [kkus okys i'kqvksa

dks yky jax dh js[kk n~okjk feyku djsaA

qq

fe=k dh lykg (osQoy iBu)

dfork i<+sa vkSj cPpksa ls 'kqn~/ i<+ok,¡A

dfork dks dgkuh osQ :i esa fy[kus osQ fy, ns ldrs gSaA

lPps fe=k osQ drZO;ksa ij ppkZ Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA

qq

14- Nyh x/k

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- Ny&diV ls nwj jguk] nwljksa dks /ks[kk u nsukA


2- 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ tkuuk] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr iz;ksx] la;qDr O;atuksa

dh iqujkofRr] o.kZ&foPNsn] la;qDrk{kjksa ls cuus okys 'kCn] leku

vFkZokys 'kCn] rqdkar 'kCnksa dk pquko] eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ ,oa

iz;ksx] okD;ksa dks dFkk Øekuqlkj yxkuk] okD; cukuk] i;kZ;okph

'kCnksa ls okD; iwjs djukA

ewy Hkko

,d x/s osQ eu esa taxy dk jktk cuus dh bPNk mBhA mlus ejs gq,

'ksj dh [kky vks<+ yhA taxy osQ lHkh izk.kh mlosQ >k¡ls esa vk x,A

mlus oqQN le; rks viuh vlfy;r fNik, j[kh ijarq ,d fnu og

lc&oqQN Hkwydj x/s dh rjg jsadus yxkA j[kokyksa us mls nkSM+k&nkSM+kdj

[kwc ekjkA bl izdkj Nyh x/s dks diV dk iQy fey x;kA

f'k{k.k fof/

cPpksa ls iz'u djsaA

μ D;k fdlh dks /ks[kk nsdj vius eu dk dk;Z djuk Bhd gS\

μ /ks[kk nsus dk ifj.kke D;k gksrk gS\

fiQj dgsaμ gk¡ cPpks! /ks[kk nsus okyk dHkh pSu ls ugha jg ldrkA

mls vius xyr dke dk ifj.kke rks Hkqxruk gh iM+rk gSA ;gh

lans'k gesa crkrh gSμ ;g dfork ^Nyh x/k*] vkvks i<+saA

dfork dks i<+saA eqgkojksa dks cksMZ ij fy[ksa] vFkZ fy[ksaA dfork

dk vFkZ le>k,¡A cPpksa dks Øeokj i<+ok,¡A eqgkojksa osQ

okD; cuok,¡A

'kCnkFkZ



iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- x/k ou esa pjus tkrk FkkA2- lc mls ns[kdj Mj tkrs Fks D;ksafd og 'ksj tSlk yxrk FkkA3- mft;kyh jkr esa x/k fdlh nwljs x/s dh vkok”k lqudj fpYykus

yxkA4- x/s dh bl dgkuh ls gesa ;g lh[k feyrh gS fd tks nwljksa

dks /ks[kk nsrk gS] mls mldk cqjk iQy Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA

ysf[kuh ls

1- d- (ii)[k- (iii)

2- nwljs x/s dh vkok”k lqudj ;g x/k Hkh fpYykus yxkAblls lcdks irk py x;k fd ;g 'ksj dh [kky igus x/kgS] 'ksj ughaA

3- j[kokyksa us fiQj yV~B ls x/s dh [kwc fiVkbZ dhA

Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

• [ksr μ [k~ $ , $ r~ $ voSQlk μ o~Q $ ,s $ l~ $ vk

ckr 'kCn dh

• ik;k μ cuk;k vkbZ μ HkkbZ[ksr μ ns[k fpYyk;k μ mBk;kjktk μ rk”kk mBk;k μ Ndk;k

/ks[kk μ pks[kk


ckr okD; dh

1- (d) 4 ([k) 2 (x) 5 (?k) 1 (Ä) 3

2- (d) ,d x/k ou esa pjrk FkkA

([k) og lcdks Mj fn[kykrk FkkA

(x) lcosQ [ksr pj tkrk FkkA

(?k) eq[k mQij dj jsadus yxkA

(Ä) tks vkSjksa dks /ks[kk nsrk] og ,slk pks[kk iQy ikrkA

4- (d) fla g ([k) vk¡[k (x) Hksn (?k) nq[k

qq

15- oqQDdM+w ¡&[kw¡

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- fe=kksa dh ckr dk cqjk ugha ekuuk pkfg,] lksp&le>dj cksyuk

pkfg,] viuk dk;Z le; ij djuk pkfg,] mruk gh [kkuk

pkfg, ftruk vko';d gksA

2- 'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] opu

ifjorZu] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] 'kCnksa osQ tksM+s cukuk] fØ;k 'kCnksa

dk lgh iz;ksx] dky ifjp;] jax HkjukA

f'k{k.k fof/

cPpksa ls iz'u djsaμ

μ eqjxk D;k dgdj lqcg ck¡x nsrk gS\

μ D;k eqjxk gh lcdks vkok”k nsdj mBkrk gS\

μ D;k vkius ykseM+h] oqQRrk] cdjh] ?kksM+k vkfn tkuoj ns[ks gSa\


vkvks] vkt ge ,d ,slh dgkuh i<+sa] ftlesa pkj nksLr feydj

:Bs gq, vius nksLr eqjxs dh enn djrs gSaA

ikB dk uke cksMZ ij fy[ksaA mPpkj.k osQ lkFk cPpksa ls cqyok,¡A

fojke fpg~uksa osQ vuqlkj ikB dks iw.kZ gko&Hkko osQ vuqlkj

i<+saA ikB esa izR;sd fojke fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

d{kk osQ Lrj osQ vuqlkj dfBu 'kCnksa dks cksMZ ij fy[krs tk,¡

,oa mPpkj.k crkrs tk,¡A

vkn'kZ okpu osQ ckn cPpksa ls nks&nks iafDr;k¡ i<+ok,¡A

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- eqjxk cgqr lqanj] xksy&eVksy&lk FkkA

2- mlosQ lkFkh tkuoj Fksμcdjh] ?kksM+k vkSj oqQRrkA

3- [kw¡ rs”k gok osQ dkj.k mQij ls uhps fxj x;k Fkk blfy, [kw¡

osQ lkfFk;ksa dks g¡lh vkbZA

4- ykseM+h osQ vkus ij [kw¡ Mj osQ ekjs ugha Hkkx ik;kA

ysf[kuh ls

1- eqjxk ^oqQDdMw+¡&ow¡Q* dh txg oqQDdMw+¡&[kw¡* cksyrk Fkk blfy,

mldk uke ^[kw¡ * iM+ x;kA

2- [kw¡ us tkuojksa osQ g¡lus ij lkspk fd og lqcg ^oqQDdMw+¡&[kw¡*

ugha djsxk] fdlh dks mBk,xk ughaA mudks crk nsxk fd ml

ij g¡lus dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gSA


3- [kw¡ us oqQDdMw+¡&[kw¡ ugha fd;k D;ksafd og vius lkfFk;ksa dks

vius mQij g¡lus dk lcd fl[kkuk pkgrk FkkA

4- d- (ii)

[k- (i)

5- (d) lqanj

([k) xksy&eVksy

(x) Hkksa --- gks --- gks] Hkksa --- gks --- gks

(?k) iwQy x;k] yky gks

Hkk"kk ls

ckr 'kCn dh

1- ?kksM+k μ ?kksM+s ykseM+h μ yksefM+;k¡

psgjk μ psgjs cdjh μ cdfj;k¡

2- lqanj μ vPNk] cf<+;k

prqj μ gksf'k;kj] oqQ'ky

gok μ iou] ok;q

3- mQij μ uhps lqcg μ 'kke

/hjs μ tYnh yack μ NksVk

lksuk μ tkxuk

ckr okD; dh

1- (d) mM+dj ([k) mBdj

(x) lksdj (?k) >iVdj

(Ä) nkSM+dj (p) mNydj


2- ([k) ykseM+h vkxs c<+ xbZA

ykseM+h vkxs c<+sxhA

(x) cdjh nkSM+rh vk jgh gSA

cdjh nkSM+rh vk,xhA

(?k) ?kksM+k Hkh vk jgk gSA

?kksM+k Hkh vk;kA

eu ik[kh cu

cPps [kqn lkspsa vkSj fy[ksaA

vkvks] oqQN djsa

fp=k esa Lo;a jax HkjsaA jax pquus esa vè;kid cPpksa dh enn djsaA

qq

esjh nhokj (osQoy iBu)

;g ikB cPps Lo;a i<+saxsA

vè;kfidk funsZ'k ns ldrh gSa fd cPps ,d Mªkbax 'khV ij

os fp=k mosQj ldrs gSa ftUgsa cPps vius ?kj dh nhokj ij

cukuk pkgrs gSaA

;g 'khV d{kk dh fHkfRr if=kdk ij yxkbZ tk ldrh gSA

qq


16- lqgkuh dk fjcu

f'k{k.k mn~ns';

1- ljy] lkns <ax ls tUeksRlo eukuk] izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z dks le>uk]

migkj esa iqLrd nsukA

2- lHkh ek=kkvksa dk vH;kl] u, 'kCnksa ls ifjp;] ekSf[kd vkSj

fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr] ”k@I+kQ o.kks± osQ 'kCnksa dk pquko] o.kZ&foPNsn]

o.kZ&lEesyu] leku vFkZokys 'kCnksa dk pquko] foykse 'kCn]

fØ;k 'kCnksa dk lgh iz;ksx] fØ;k 'kCn osQ vusd iz;ksx] vfHkO;fDr

dkS'kyμu, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.kA

f'k{k.k fof/

cPpksa ls iz'u iwNsaμ

μ vkt fdldk tUefnu gS\

μ dy fdldk tUefnu Fkk\

μ dy fdldk tUefnu gS\

μ osQd dc&dc dkVrs gks\

fiQj dgsa] vkt ge lqgkuh osQ tUefnu mRlo osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA

ikB dk mfpr xfr ls vkn'kZ okpu djsaA mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~èkrk

ij è;ku nsaA

chp&chp esa ikB esa ls ;k cPpksa ls muosQ tUefnu osQ iz'u

djrs tk,¡A

nks&nks iafDr;ksa dk vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A


fojke fpg~uksa dh ckr Hkh djsa fd dgk¡ dkSu&lk fojke fpg~u

yxk;k tkrk gSA

tSlsμiw.kZfojke] iz'uokpd] vYifojke vkfnA

'kCnkFkZ


iz'u&vH;kl

eq[k ls

1- lqgkuh dk tUefnu Fkk blfy, og lqcg&lqcg mB xbZ FkhA

2- mlus viuh lgsyh jkf/dk dks vius tUefnu ij cqyk;k FkkA

3- lqgkuh dh l[kh ,d fdrkc migkj esa ykbZ FkhA

4- lqgkuh dk [kks;k gqvk fjcu fey x;k Fkk blfy, og [kq'k

gks xbZA

ysf[kuh ls

1- d- (ii)

[k- (iii)

2- jkf/dk dh ek¡ us jkf/dk ls lqgkuh dks migkj esa nsus osQ fy,

,d vPNh&lh fdrkc ykus dk oknk fd;k FkkA

3- jkf/dk us jkLrs esa ckM+ ls yVdk fjcu ns[kkA

4- migkj feyus ij lqgkuh us jkf/dk ls dgk fd ;g esjs tUefnu

dk lcls vPNk migkj gSA


Hkk"kk ls

ckr o.kZ dh

1- ”k μ ”;knk] ck”kkj] rs”k] bar”kkj] dkx”k

I+kQ μ lkI+kQ

2- [kksyuk μ [k~ $ vks $ y~ $ v $ u~ $ vk

ykSVuk μ y~ $ vkS $ V~ $ v $ u~ $ vk

3- mQij] jkf/dk] lgsyh] rS;kj

ckr 'kCn dh

1- lqcg μ izkr% ek¡ μ ekrk

gok μ ok;q lgsyh μ l[kh

'kke μ laè;k ?kj μ x`g

vpkud μ ”;knk

2- lqcg × 'kke ikl × nwj

;g × og de × ”;knk

ckr okD; dh

1- (d) f[kykSus ([k) diM+s (x) fdrkcsa (?k) cPps

2- (d) ck¡/k ([k) xbZ (x) [kksyk (?k) fudkyh

(Ä) gqbZ

3- (d) fxj] x;k ([k) gksus] yxh

(x) mNy] iM+h (?k) fn[k] x;k

(Ä) ck¡/] fn;k


eu ik[kh cu

1- cPps viuh ilan ls uke fy[k ldrs gSaA cSV] f[kykSuk] dgkuh

dh fdrkc] iqQVckWy vkfnA

2- fe=kksa osQ uke cPps Lo;a fy[ksaA

3- ij] ?kj] dj] lj] pj

/qu] xqu] lqu] cqu] pqu

ikyd] oknd] pkyd] ckyd

qq

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