by pharmacist salwan salem 8-11-2015. -central nervous system (cns) - peripheral nervous system...
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* PNS subdivided into : Autonomic, and somatic Autonomic NS : - sympathatic neurons (thorasic and lumbar part of spinal cord) - Parasympathatic neurons (cranial and sacral part of spinal cord)TRANSCRIPT
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Effect of parasympathomimetics on gland secretion ByPharmacistSalwan Salem 8-11-2015
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-Central nervous system (CNS) - Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
*CNS: spinal cord and brain *The PNS consists of: sensory neurons running from stimulus
receptors that inform the CNS of the stimuli
motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles and glands - called effectors - that take action.
Nervous system
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* PNS subdivided into : Autonomic , and somatic
Autonomic NS : - sympathatic neurons (thorasic and lumbar
part of spinal cord) - Parasympathatic neurons (cranial and
sacral part of spinal cord)
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1.Cardiovascular system : -ve chronotropic effect -ve inotropic effect.Decrease SA and AV conductivity .Increase IC Ca by phosphatidy inositol system.Production of NO from arginine in endothelial cells
Pharmacological action of Ach
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2. GIT: Increase peristalsis , tone ,circulation , increase secretion , nausea and vomiting 3.Urinary tract :Increase contraction of detrusor muscle of bladder
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4. Eye miosis , and decrease IOP 5.Exocrine glands : Increase secretion of lacrimal , salivary ,and digestive . 6.Respiratory system : Bronchial constriction , tracheobronchial secretion
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The Cranial Nerves
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slowing down of the heartbeat lowering of blood pressure constriction of the pupils increased blood flow to the skin and viscera peristalsis of the GI tract
Parasympathetic stimulation causes :
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are neuron receptor that signal for muscular contractions . They are cholinergic receptors . -NR found in : 1-NMJ 2-Autonomic ganglia 3-Adrenal medulla4-ligand gated ion receptorNicotinic receptor agonist is nicotine . NR Blocked by tubocurarine and doxacurium .
Cholinergic receptors :Nictonic receptors (nAch R)
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Types of MR: M1 : in CNS , Gastric parietal cells M2: heartM3: exocrine gland , smooth muscle, bronchia ,bladder , sweat and salivary glands. M4 and M5 : in CNS , but function not fully understood .
Muscarinic receptors (mAch R)
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1.Cardiovascular system : -ve chronotropic effect -ve inotropic effect.Decrease SA and AV conductivity .Low dose … V.D and tachycardia .Increase IC Ca by phosphatidy inositol systemProduction of NO from arginine in endothelial cells
Pharmacological action of Ach
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2. GIT: Increase perstalsis , tone ,circulation , increase secretion , nausea and vomiting 3.Urinary tract :Increase contraction of detrusor muscle of bladder
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4. Eye miosis , and decrease IOP 5.Exocrine glands : Increase secretion of lacrimal , salivary ,and digestive . 6.Respiratory system : Bronchial constriction , tracheobronchial secretion
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. Direct acting
. Indirect actingA -Direct acting : Cholinesters (esters of Ach ) carbacol ,
bethanicol . Alkaloids
Cholinomimitics drugsCholinergic agonists
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-rarely used - S/E : produce miosis and decrease IOP - Has profound effect on CVS and GIT due to ganglionic stimulating activity . - Activate N receptors in adrenal medulla .
carbacol
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not Hydrolysed by AchE , while hydrolyzed by other esterases .
Used for treatment of bladder and GIT atony .
Bethanicol
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Alkaloids Is Muscarinic agonist Mainly used in opthalmology , caused
miosis S/E : sweating and salivation because enter
CNS
Pilocarpine
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Reversible AchE inhibitors and irreversible AchE inhibitors .Reversible : 1- Physostigmine :-Act on MR , N gang , and N NMJ -uses : GIT , bladder atonty , and glucoma .- S/E : bradycardia , convulsions .
B-Indirect acting cholinergic drugs
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2-Neostigmine-Polar , so doesn’t pass BBB-effect on skeletal muscle is greater than that of pysostigmine .- used for Mysthemia Gravis , and antidote for tubocurarine .
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3- Pyridostigmine :-for long term management of M.G because of longer duration of action .4- Edrophomium :Used for diagnosis of M.G -Has duration 10-12 min
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- organophosphorous cpds / insectsides - Isoflurophate -Echothiophate - clinically used for glucoma
Irreversible AchE inhibitors
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Atropine -causes : eye medryasis , and cycloplagia -in low dose block M1R , cause bradycardia -in high dose (>1 mg ) block M2R , cause tachycardia. - dilate cutaneous vasculature
Antimuscarinic drugs
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-No effect on arterial blood pressure . -GIT: decrease motility and secretion -urinary tract : reduce hyper motility of bladder-secretions: decrease salivation , sweating , and lacrimal secretion .
Cont. Atropine
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-antispasmodic , antidote for anticholinergic , reduce secretion prior to surgery , and cause medriasis in ophthalmology.-other anti Muscarinic : Scopolamine : motion sickness Pirenzepine : gastric ulcer reduce HCL Ipratropium : bronchodilator used for
asthma .
Uses of atropine
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