America in World War IIAmerica in World War II “Never before have we had so little time in which

to do so much.”-Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1942

By: Norma Avalos

&

Javier Perez

The Allies Trade Space for TimeThe Allies Trade Space for TimePearl Harbor (1941)America’s desire for vengeance against the PacificFranklin D. Roosevelt decided to:

1st destroy Japan’s alliesPLAN: gather allied forces after defeating Hitler

Conflicts:From isolation to warCould they arrive fast enough??

The Shock of WarThe Shock of WarExecutive Order No. 9066:

Detention Camps, also known as concentration camps, set up for enemy aliens (Japanese, German, & Italian descendants)

• 2/3 American-born U.S. citizens

Regret:Finally in 1988, U.S. Government officially apologized & paid $20,000 to camp survivors

Building the War MachineBuilding the War MachineGreat Depression ended due to great demands for jobs & productionHenry J. Kaiser, “Sir Launchalot”:

Shipbuilder who assembled 1 ship p/14days

Many essential goods rationed such as food and gasolineLabor unions forbidden of striking

Some still did (United Mine Workers, led by John L. Lewis)Congress passed Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act in June 1943

• Federal government could seize and take over industries that were either on the verge of or under strikes

Luckily only less than 1% of working hours were accounted for under strikes

Manpower & WomanpowerManpower & WomanpowerMen ANDAND women drafted

15 million men in armed forces as well as 216,000 women, “women in arms;” WAACS (Army), WAVES (Navy), SPARS (Coast Guard)

1942 agreement w/ Mexico, The Bracero Program-

thousands of Mexican agricultural workers were to come work in America due to lack of personnel

Women also took over “men” jobs but 2/3 of them became housewives again after the warReturn of men created a baby boom

Wartime MigrationsWartime MigrationsCalifornia’s pop grew by nearly 2 millionHypocrisy in America??

President Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) in attempt to decrease racism in workplace

• Meanwhile, Blacks in the military were still being discriminated against just like at home

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 19421944-mechanical cotton picker invented, therefore Blacks no longer needed

Majority decided to move North or West, all in search of a better life1.6 million blacks left the SouthBy 1970, ½ of Black race lived outside of the South

Holding the Home FrontHolding the Home FrontU.S.A.-only country to be better off after the war than beforeBoth corporate profits and gross national product more than doubledAmerica’s wartime bill came out to be $330 billion (+ than the costs of all previous American wars combined)National debt from $49 billion to $259 billion due to expansion of income taxWar cost up to $10 b/p/hr at one point

The Rising Sun in the PacificThe Rising Sun in the PacificJapanese gained more land than what they lost

Conquered:• Guam, Wake, Hong Kong,

British Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, and even a part of China

After conquering the Philippines, the fighters were obliged to make the infamous 85-mile Bataan death march

U.S. General Douglas MacArthur escaped in time to flee to Australia but promised to return and free the islands from Japan’s chokehold

Japan’s High Tide at MidwayJapan’s High Tide at Midway

American & Australian forces finally caught up w/ Japan in the Coral Sea (world’s 1st naval battle in which the ships never saw their opponent)During Japan’s attempt to seize Midway Island, U.S. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz stopped them and there began the 3 day battle, June 3-6 1942, which would now halt the Japanese from further expansion“Island hopping”-Allies landed on and conquered neighboring islands and starved them to death, therefore keeping Japan away.

American Leapfrogging Toward American Leapfrogging Toward TokyoTokyo

August 1942: America won at GuadalcanalAugust 1943: gained Aleutian Islands of Attu & Kiska by island hoppingAugust 1944: gained New GuineaJune 19, 1944: U.S. attacks Marianas w/ advanced aircraft (i.e. “Hellcat” fighter)June 20, 1944: U.S. won the Battle of the Philippine SeaU.S. performed hourly bombing raids over Japan especially in Tokyo

The Battle of the Philippine SeaThe Battle of the Philippine Sea

The Allied Halting of HitlerThe Allied Halting of HitlerU.S. cracked “enigma” code; made it easier to pinpoint German U-boatsDiscovery made at the end of the war:

Hitler close to releasing a new & improved U-boat that could last x-amount of time underwater & was able to cruise at 17 knots underwater as well

Oct. 1942:In El Alamein British General Bernard Montgomery defeated German leader Marshall Edwin Rommel, also known as the “Desert Fox”Russia recovered 2/3 of the land they had lost

A Second Front from North A Second Front from North Africa to RomeAfrica to Rome

Soviets desperate for a different approach in regards to their large loses (20 million Soviet forces dead by end of WWII)British planned to invade Italy through North Africa in hopes of attacking their “soft underbelly”; plot came to be known as Operation Torch

Not very successful, underbelly underestimatedLed to creation of “unconditional surrender” founded by FDR & Churchill at Casablanca Conference

Mussolini, Italian dictator lynched w/ mistress; Italy remained a part of Axis PowersAugust 1943: Sicily surrendered; June 4, 1944: Rome did, too; Italy finally defeated on May 2, 1945

Operation TorchOperation Torch

D-Day: June 6, 1944D-Day: June 6, 1944Tehran Conference-the 3 Allied Forces met to discuss and created plans for the cross-channel invasion

General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the appointee

1st on the list…The invasion of Normandy

Paris freed in August 1944 thanks to…

The “French underground”• (The angels sent from

heaven…Halleluiah!!) JK

Leaders of Allied ForcesLeaders of Allied Forces

FDR: The Fourth-Termite of FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 19441944

Republicans= Thomas E. Dewey

Liberal governor of New York

•VP: John W. Bricker

Opponent: Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt

VP: Harry S. Truman

Roosevelt Defeats DeweyRoosevelt Defeats DeweyDewey chose to take offensive route in campaigningFDR preoccupied w/ WWIIRegardless, Roosevelt surpassed Dewey by 333 votes; 432-99Franklin Delano Roosevelt-4 terms in office WOW!!

Not so much since it had previously occurred just 3yrs. ago

Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Cont.Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Cont.

The Last Days of HitlerThe Last Days of HitlerBattle of “the Bulge”-Dec. 16, 1944 in Ardennes forest; lasted 10 daysMarch 1945- Americans deeper & deeper into Germany

Joined Soviet troops and navigated toward Berlin

Concentration Camps- withheld Jews, Dutch, Polish, disabled, and other minorities; they were used as laborers & experiments, they were also tortured and killed

Allied forces weren’t previously aware, disgusted by their cruelty toward Jews & “undesirables”

The Last Days of Hitler Cont.The Last Days of Hitler Cont.Farewell:

Unfortunately, FDR died from a cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945

As a result to his failure, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945

White Flag Finally Raised!!May 7, 1945 official German surrender

May 8, 1995-officially proclaimed V-E Day

(Victory in Europe Day)

Japan Dies HardJapan Dies HardMarch 9-10, 1945- firebomb raids on Tokyo kills +83,000pplPromise Kept!!

Oct. 20, 1944-General MacArthur returns to the Philippines

• Liberates Manila in March 1945

Japan sea-handicapped after last great naval battle at Leyte Gulf4,000 Americans lost during 25-day captivity of Iwo Jima in March 1945April-June 1945, Okinawa went down along with 50,000 AmericansJapan’s last resort was to turn to “kamikazes,” suicide pilots

The Atomic BombsThe Atomic BombsJuly 1945, Potsdam Conference- Allies had no alternative; turned to “surrender or be destroyed”

Many warnings were given to Japan by the Allied Forces: If Japan didn’t surrender, then they’d have to face complete & utter destructionJapan ignored all warnings & refused to hold back

Consider yourself warned…August 6, 1945- Americans dropped the 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima, causing the deaths of 180,000 peopleAugust 9, 1945- 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 80,000August 8, 1945-Soviets declared war against JapanAugust 10,1945-Japan agreed to surrender as long as Hirohito remained their emperor; Allies accepted

The Atomic Bombs Cont.The Atomic Bombs Cont.

Hiroshima Bombing:

The Atomic Bombs Cont.The Atomic Bombs Cont.

Nagasaki Bombing:

War Officially Over!!War Officially Over!!September 2, 1945 was the formal end of the long-lasting war

Hirohito surrendered to General MacArthur aboard the U.S.S. Missouri

The Allies TriumphantThe Allies TriumphantAmerica suffered 1 million casualties

Few due to diseases because of the new discovery of penicillin

We mainly owe our gratitude of victory to U.S. generals, admirals, & leaders, who got us through this war without any major set backsWho says the good guys don’t always win??

We are the STRONG, the FEARLESS, the CONQUERORS; we are AMERICA, the land of the FREE & the home of the BRAVE

*Extra Info:*Extra Info:Nov. 4, 1948; Harry S. Truman vs. Thomas E. DeweyNov. 4, 1948; Harry S. Truman vs. Thomas E. Dewey