by: ms. susan m. pojer horace greeley hs chappaqua, ny and ms. snyder of cchs
TRANSCRIPT
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
and Ms. Snyder of CCHSand Ms. Snyder of CCHS
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
and Ms. Snyder of CCHSand Ms. Snyder of CCHS
The “Little Ice The “Little Ice Age”:Age”:
1350-17001350-1700
The “Little Ice The “Little Ice Age”:Age”:
1350-17001350-1700Medieval “Warm Period”
In the 17c, Europe relied on a very inefficient agricultural system to feed its
population.
Medieval or Traditional Medieval or Traditional SocietySociety
Medieval or Traditional Medieval or Traditional SocietySociety•Farming During the Middle Ages
•Disadvantages
•Some Forces of Change
Village FarmingVillage FarmingVillage FarmingVillage Farming
Feudal Common Field Feudal Common Field SystemSystem
Feudal Common Field Feudal Common Field SystemSystem
““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1568)(1568)
““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1568)(1568)
““Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden (1570)(1570)
““Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden (1570)(1570)
““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1622)Younger (1622)
““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1622)Younger (1622)
17c 17c EuropeanEuropeanAgrariansAgrarians
17c 17c EuropeanEuropeanAgrariansAgrarians
Dutch Vegetable MarketDutch Vegetable MarketDutch Vegetable MarketDutch Vegetable Market
Yield Ratio for Grain CropsYield Ratio for Grain Crops(1400-1800)(1400-1800)
Grain Supplies in 16c EuropeGrain Supplies in 16c Europe
Cereal Crops in 18c EuropeCereal Crops in 18c Europe
Agricultural Agricultural RevolutionRevolutionAgricultural Agricultural RevolutionRevolutionEnclosure Movement
“A tragedy for a few, a boon for the majority”
Enclosure RiotsEnclosure Riots
The DiggersThe Diggers
“Enclosed” Lands Today“Enclosed” Lands Today
Crop RotationCrop Rotation
Wheat
Turnips
Alfalfa/Clover
Oats/Barley
Crop RotationCrop Rotation
Wheat Turnips
Alfalfa/CloverOats/Barley
Seed DrillSeed Drill
Jethro TullJethro Tull
RESULTSRESULTSCYCLICAL EFFECT:
SHIFT POWER BALANCE:
18c18cPopulatioPopulatio
nnGrowthGrowth
RateRate
18c18cPopulatioPopulatio
nnGrowthGrowth
RateRate
Population Takeoff in Population Takeoff in EuropeEurope
Population Takeoff in Population Takeoff in EuropeEurope
Cottage Cottage Industries Industries and and
Early Early CapitalismCapitalism
Cottage Cottage Industries Industries and and
Early Early CapitalismCapitalism
Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: akaaka The The “Putting-Out”“Putting-Out” System or the System or the
Domestic SystemDomestic System
Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: akaaka The The “Putting-Out”“Putting-Out” System or the System or the
Domestic SystemDomestic System
Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:
Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:
The Textile The Textile Industry and Industry and
Factory Factory SystemSystem
The Textile The Textile Industry and Industry and
Factory Factory SystemSystem
Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented
Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented1. New Inventions
Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn
Before
“ “Spinning Jenny”Spinning Jenny” James James
Hargreaves (1767)Hargreaves (1767)
“ “Spinning Jenny”Spinning Jenny” James James
Hargreaves (1767)Hargreaves (1767)
After
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The Water Frame - 1768
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The Water Frame - 1768
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power Loom Edmund Cartwright (1785)
The Power Loom Edmund Cartwright (1785)
Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney (1793)
The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney (1793)
Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented
Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented2. Rise of the Factories
• Machines became larger, faster, more expensive, and needed more power
• Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
• Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
• Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Early Factories were nice places to work. People cooked and lived together in employee communities and their children went to community schools. Bosses knew their employees
personally.
The Mills at Lanmark
Later Factories were bigger, harsher places. Bosses did not know their employees, did not care about them and could
always hire someone else.
Manchester Factory Building
3. Effects of the textile factories in Britain
18131813 2400 looms2400 looms
250,000 HL250,000 HL 150, 000 workers150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers200, 000 workers
18501850224, 000 looms224, 000 looms
40,000 HL40,000 HL>1 million workers>1 million workers
18601860 3,000 HL3,000 HL
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.
A Woosted Mill in A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800Bedworth, England, 1800
A Woosted Mill in A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800Bedworth, England, 1800
CHANGES IN CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATIOTRANSPORTATIO
NN
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam Ship (1776)Steam Ship (1776)
The Steam LocomotiveThe Steam Locomotive
Richard Trevithick
The London Steam Carriage
Richard Trevithick continued…
Richard Trevithick continued…1804 Locomotive
“Catch-Me-Who-Can”1808
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace
Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!
The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
The Neo-Luddites Today
The Neo-Luddites Today
BritishSoldiers
Fire on British
Workers:
Let us die like men, and not be sold
like slaves!
BritishSoldiers
Fire on British
Workers:
Let us die like men, and not be sold
like slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819Peterloo Massacre, 1819
The ChartistsThe Chartists
KeyKey
Chartistsettlements
Centres of Chartism
Area of plug riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.• Votes for all men.
• Equal electoral districts.• Abolition of the requirement
that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
• Payment for Members of Parliament.
• Annual general elections.• The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—Chartists arming for
the fight.
A female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition. Promote international peace
through trade contact.
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Population growth will
outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.
David Ricardo – Parliament 1819
David Ricardo – Parliament 1819 “Iron Law of Wages.”
If wages are left to laws of supply/demand =>fall to subsistence level
When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.
Hero to Industrial Middle Class
The Utilitarianism:Jeremy Bentham
The Utilitarianism:Jeremy Bentham
A law should be judged by its social utility (usefulness). “Does it work?”
The goal of society is “the greatest good for the greatest number”.
Believe in entrepreneurial ideal - 1776
• Happiness is identified with Happiness is identified with pleasurepleasure and the absence of and the absence of pain.pain.
• Gradual improvement in the Gradual improvement in the level of education in society level of education in society
• Individual rational decision-Individual rational decision-making would therefore making would therefore tend to promote the greater tend to promote the greater general happiness general happiness
Based on Scientific Certainties
Based on Scientific Certainties Laissez-faire economics and
utilitarianism were optimistic, secular doctrines
Based on the belief that society would continue to improved in the manufacturing age
Heavily influenced British businessmen
Social status of an individual measured in terms of utility
John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill Greater government intervention
on behalf of social reform
On Liberty (1859)
The individual is the best judge of his/her own interests and the individual develops by expressing free choices
Pro-women’s rights
Support union campaigns for economic justice
John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill Appalled by the few people of
means concerned about the conditions fo the working-class life
Principles of Political Economy (1848)
Called on state to assist workers by encouraging their cooperative associations.
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
British Raw MaterialsBritish Raw MaterialsBritish Raw MaterialsBritish Raw Materials
18c British Port18c British Port18c British Port18c British Port
The Growth of England’sThe Growth of England’sForeign Trade in the 18cForeign Trade in the 18cThe Growth of England’sThe Growth of England’sForeign Trade in the 18cForeign Trade in the 18c
18c English “Nouveau 18c English “Nouveau Riche”:Riche”:
The The Capitalist Capitalist EntrepreneurEntrepreneur
18c English “Nouveau 18c English “Nouveau Riche”:Riche”:
The The Capitalist Capitalist EntrepreneurEntrepreneur
Government Response
Government Response• Abolition of slavery in the colonies
in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
• New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.
• Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.
French Economic Disadvantages
French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of war) Supported the American
Revolution.) French Revolution.) Early 19c Napoleonic
WarsV Heavy debts.V High unemployment
soldiersreturning from the battlefronts.
V French businessmen were afraid totake risks.
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continent
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continent
• Northeast France.• Belgium.• The Netherlands.• Western German
states.• Northern Italy• East Germany
Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
European Industrial Production
European Industrial Production
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Industry & Population: 18c Industry & Population: 18c EuropeEurope
Industry & Population: 18c Industry & Population: 18c EuropeEurope
European UrbanizationEuropean UrbanizationEuropean UrbanizationEuropean Urbanization
The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of
Industrialization State ownership of some industries. RRs Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs British Corn Laws. National Banks granted a monopoly on
issuing bank notes. Bank of England. Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of
corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein
•Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
•New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of
corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein
Bibliographic Sources
Bibliographic Sources
) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm