by marco venier and barbara bendandi presented at the “longitudinal research workshop on...
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![Page 1: By Marco Venier and Barbara Bendandi Presented at the “Longitudinal Research Workshop on Environmental Change and Migration”, KNOMAD Thematic Working Group](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e405503460f94b31bf0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
by Marco Venier and Barbara Bendandi
Presented at the “Longitudinal Research Workshop on Environmental Change and Migration”, KNOMAD Thematic Working Group on Environmental Change and Migration
The World Bank, Washington D.C. – March 19, 2015
Vulnerability and resilience in West Africa: understanding human mobility in the context of land
degradation
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Structure of the Presentation
I) West Africa, Slow Onset Events and Vulnerability
Drought and reduced water availability Sea-level rise and coastal erosion
II) Resilience, Land-based Adaptation and Migration
Onsite Adaptation Intercontinental, Regional and Internal Migration Seasonal Migration vs. Relocation
III) Unsafe Migration and Failed Adaptation
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Marco Venier
Barbara Bendandi
A Note on the Authors
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Climate Change and Slow-Onset Events
Slow onset events: “Insert short definition”
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Slow Onset Events in West Africa
– Increasingly common throughout the region
– They affect the livelihoods of a growing number of populations through:
Accentuating desertification and land degradation
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Insert nice picture of desertification + Talk about expansion of Sahara desert (semi-arid zones, drylands, etc. All in IPCC).
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Slow Onset Events in West Africa
– Increasingly common throughout the region
– They affect the livelihoods of a growing number of populations through:
Accentuating desertification and land degradation
Changing rainfall patterns and reducing freshwater availability
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Map of rainfall patterns or picture of crops ruined by extreme / unplanned rainfall and talk briefly
Picture of Lake Chad Shrinking
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Slow Onset Events in West Africa
– Increasingly common throughout the region
– They affect the livelihoods of a growing number of populations through:
Accentuating desertification and land degradation
Changing rainfall patterns and reducing freshwater availability
Causing sea-level rise and groundwater salinization
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Picture of eroded coastal line + talk about sea water intrusion into coastal freshwater systems
(look for a before / after picture of St-Louis area in Senegal)
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Vulnerability Exposure:
– Definition:
Vulnerability is influenced by the level of exposure to slow onset climate stressors
- Slow onset events impact upon terrestrial and oceanic systems on which primary sector activities – agriculture, cattle breeding, and fishing – rely
- Rural populations are the most exposed; their vulnerability is the greatest
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Vulnerability
The population of West Africa is mostly rural
– Percentage of rural vs. urban – GDP of agricultural and livestock activities
Unprecedented expansion of coastal cities
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Picture of peanut cultivation in Senegal (main product)
Picture of Lagos slums
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Resilience
Can be broadly defined as a “remedy” to vulnerability
Consequently entails measures that reduce exposure
Can include:
– Onsite adaptation
– Temporary migration
– Permanent relocation
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Onsite Adaptation
Conditions
– Non-irreversible consequences
Incentives
– Knowledge and education
– Economic enabling factors
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Picture of SWC techniques application, NGOs..
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Onsite Adaptation Thresholds
A variety of factors determine thresholds beyond which populations deem onsite adaptation to be unfeasible
– In Burkina Faso, the third consecutive year of drought has been found to be the one triggering out-migration
– In other cases, these thresholds are imposed by the irreversible consequences of slow onset events This is the case in Linguère, Senegal, where sea-level rise has
eroded arable land, imposing relocation to affected populations
These thresholds are highly context-specific
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If available, picture waves on agri fields..
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Resilient Migration (International)
Intercontinental and Regional Migration
– Only afforded to those possessing the necessary financial capital to initiate migration The bulk of environmental migration is thus internal, as
most environmental migrants lack these financial assets
– Yet, through the key role of remittances, international migration impacts upon decisions to migrate in places of origin In Senegal, remittances finance the cheap wages of
agricultural migrants from neighboring countries
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Resilient Migration (Internal)
Internal Migration
– Captures most environmental migration– Not accounted for by governments and international bodies
It can be
– Temporary / seasonal– Permanent
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Seasonal Migration
Generally involves only one or few family members, not the entire household
In certain contexts, seasonal (or circular) migration represents an erosive survival strategy– E.g., Ghana and two rounds of seasonal migration
In others, it constitutes a voluntary resilience mechanism, leading to successful adaptation – E.g., Senegal and new waves of migration dominated by
women
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Permanent Relocation
As in the case with temporary migration, relocation too can be either successful and voluntary, or erosive and forced– Quick example
The relative levels of successful adaptation highly depend on the context, as well as the strategies employed
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Unsafe Paths and Failed Adaptation
Unsafe Destinations– Slums of Dakar
Unsafe Routes
Multiple Layers of Insecurity
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Pictures of Slums, Boko Haram and AQMI, MUJAO, ANSAR DINE….
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Abandoned Populations?
Migration routes and destinations are struck with high levels of political instability and insecurity
However, places of origin too can see their vulnerability increase as a result of outmigration
– This is the case for “abandoned” and “trapped” populations
E.g.,Tougou in Burkina Faso: reduced number of meals and potential to cause malnutrition
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Pictures of abandoned villages
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CONCLUSIONS
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Thank you for your attention!
Authors’ Contacts:
– Marco Venier: [email protected]
– Barbara Bendandi: [email protected]