EGYPT

By Laura, Celia, Raquel, Berta and Lidia

LOCALITATION

Egypt is located in the Sahara desert, in the Nile river (in

Africa).

They settled there because in Ancient times, this river

overflowed its banks once a year fertilizing the surrounded

land.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

FLORA

FAUNA Aquatics plants and papyrus

grew close to the river.

Birds, cocodriles,

hhipopotamuses live in Nile's

river

FACTS

Nile was worshipped like a god because it was a source of life.

It was also the mainly transport route to carry heavy objects

and to go faster, but some parts were not navigable due to

water falls.

ANCIENT EGYPT WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS

Ancient Egypt was divided into two different kingdoms until the

King Menes (Narmer) unified them around 3100 BC.

-The delta or lower Egypt. Its in the north.

-The Upper Egypt that it was in the south. Its called Upper Egypt

because it was in the upper part of the Nile river.

ECONOMY

The life of Egypt depended on crop land flooded by the Nile. Irrigated

agriculture predominated although the rains were scarce. This made

necessary the construction of dams, ponds and canals to irrigate all the

land. Farmers used the chador to raise water from the Nile

Cultivated plants for their subsistence :

Grains: wheat , barley and spelled .

Legumes: lentils and chickpeas.

Vegetables : lettuce, cucumber , garlic and onion.

Fruits: dates, figs , grapes and pomegranates.

Sesame and flax : plant oil to produce oil .

Textile plants : linen, papyrus , palm trees etc.

The harvested grain was stored in barns and then used to make beer and

bread.

ECONOMY

Many farmers who had nothing to do during the floods , worked building

temples and pyramids.

Cows, oxen, goats, pigs, donkeys, sheep and poultry are raised for their

meat .

Farmers from time to time before the cattle had to set type taxes.

Hunting and fishing were also important. The Nile dragged wide variety of

fish . Men employed baskets to hunt and hand nets for fishing. Spearfishing

and tackle was made from small rafts of papyrus.

SOCIETY

The pharaoh: He was considered to be both king and god. He owned all the

lands and held absolute power.

The ruling caste (priests, vizier, public servants): they were less powerful

than the pharaon.

Free people: soldiers, craftworkers, farmers and foreigners.

Slaves: they weren´t free, they worked in the mines and carried out

domestic duties.

Women: they were more free than in the other civilisations. They have the

same legal rights as the men.

RELIGION

The egyptians were polytheists, that is the

people who believe in various gods.

Theydepicted their gods with a combination of

human and animal features. They believe in life

after death, so they mummified the dead.

MUMMIFICATION First the body was taken to Ibu , a sacred place where the body is washed with water from the Nile ,

which represented a renaissance .

Then he had to Per- Nefer , where the process began . The body was placed on a wooden table , the brain was removed through an act with a chisel nose , a hook and a wooden scoop tunnel. Then wash the skull . Oddly, the Egyptians tried to preserve the brain, because they believed not need in the next life .

Later, an incision is made in the left side of the body with a blade of obsidian ( a sacred stone ) and all organs except the heart , which was the center of the mind and emotions are eliminated . The organs were washed , were covered in resin, wrapped in linen and were kept in decorative ceramics. The cavity was washed with palm wine , and to maintain its shape was filled with incense and other materials.

The body is passed to an inclined board and covered with natron powder . Is left in the dust between 35 and 40 days , and then brought to the House of Purification, where it is cleaned , incense is removed and refilled with natron and resin -soaked clothing , the incisions are stitched and Bathing resin skin .

Finally , the body was prepared for the dressing , a complicated process that took a few weeks to complete. The family of the deceased must gather approximately 372 square meters of linen , and the embalmers used to start the process in the hands and feet, then the head, arms , legs and torso finally . Once every part was covered , it started with a general layer and between layers hot glue fabric resin was placed. During the ritual incantations were pronounced and protective amulets were placed throughout the body . Bandages protected from moisture, helping to contain the body and gave it a more realistic look.

When and bandaged mummy will put a death mask , that could be a representation of the face of the deceased or of an Egyptian god . Finally , standing in a suhet a coffin decorated to look like a person . At the grave , the priest dressed as Anubis came to the " ritual of the mouth " , in which the power of the five senses the deceased was granted by placing sacred objects on the face of suhet . This was placed on the inner wall of the tomb, and sealed with all the elements for the next life .

EGYPTIAN ART & SCIENCES

EGYPTIAN ARTS EGYPTIAN SCIENCES

Ancient Egyptian art must be viewed from the standpoint of the ancient Egyptians to understand it. The somewhat static, usually formal, strangely abstract, and often blocky nature of much Egyptian imagery has, at times, led to unfavorable comparisons with later, and much more ‘naturalistic,’ Greek or Renaissance art. However, the art of the Egyptians served a vastly different purpose than that of these later cultures.

The first scientific record of a

solar eclipse stands to the

credit of a Moslem Egyptian,

Ibn Yunis (950-1008). He

was fortunate in his

opportunities for two

eclipses of the sun, both

visible at Cairo, occurred in

the years 977 and 978.

HIEROGLYPHS

Hieroglyphs emerged from

the preliterate artistic

traditions of Egypt. For

example, symbols on

Gerzean pottery from ca.

4000 BCE resemble

hieroglyphic writing. In

1998, a German

archaeological team

under Günter Dreyer

excavating at Abydos

(modern Umm el-Qa'ab)

uncovered tomb U-j of a

Predynastic ruler, and

recovered three hundred

clay labels inscribed with

proto-hieroglyphs.

PYRAMIDS

The important pyramids are colled: Keops, Kefren, and Micerino, on Giza, near to the “El Cairo”

KEOPS.

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the World and the only one still exists, besides being the largest of the pyramids of Egypt. It was ordered built by the pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Khufu. The architect of this work was Hemiunu.

KEFREN.

IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN ANCIENT EGYPT

OLD KINKDOM

SNEFRU

·First pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty.

·Ruled approximately 24 years (2613-2589

B.C.)

·Monuments: Maidum Pyramid, Bent

Pyramid, Red Pyramid.

·Burial Place: Red Pyramid

·Consort: Hetepheres I

·Children: Khufu, Ankhhaf, Kanefer,

Nefermaat I, Netjeraperef,

Rahotep,Ranefer, Iynefer I, Hetepheres,

Nefertkau I, Nefertnesau, Meritites I and

Henusetsen.

KHUFU

·Commonly known as Cheops.

· Second pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty

· Ruled approximately 23 years (3589-2566 B.C.) B.C).

·He is generally known because the Great Pyramid of Giza

(The Cheops Pyramid)

·Consorts: Meritites I, Henutsen, and two other queens

whose names are not known.

·Children: Djedefre, Khafre and Khamerernebty I,

Hetepheres II, Djedefre, Djedefhor, Kawab,

Meritites II, Meresankh II, Baufra, Babaef I,

Horbaef, Khufukhat I, Nefertiabet, Khamerernebty I,

Nefermaat II.

·Predecessor: Snefru.

·Succesor: Djedefre.

·Burial place: The Great Pyramid.

·There is no much known about his personal life.

·Best known pyramid builder

DJEDEFRE

·Third pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty.

·Ruled approximately 8 years (2566- 2558

B.C.).

·Monuments: Pyramid of Djedefre, Sphinx

of Giza.

·He was introduced as the royal nameof Sa-

Rê.

·Consorts: Hetepheres II, Khentetka

·Children: Setka, Baka, Hernet,

Neferhetepes

·Predecessor: Khufu

·Successor: Khafre

·Burial place: Pyramid of Djedefre

KHAFRE

·Forth pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty.

·Ruled for about 26 years (2558-2532

B.C.)

·Consorts: Khamerernebty I, Persenet,

Hekenuhedjet.

·Children: Khamerernebty II, Menkaure,

Duaenre,

Sekhemkarê, Lunmin, Rekhetre.

·Burial Place: Pyramid of Khafre

·Precessor: Djedefre

·Succesor: Menkaure

MENKAURE

·Fifth and last pharaoh of the Old

Kingdom and the last

important pharaoh of the 4th

Dynasty.

·Ruled for 29 years (2532-2503B.C.)

·Consort: Khamerernebty II, Rekhetre.

·Children: Khuenre, Shepseskaf,

Khentkaus I, Sekhembre.

·Monument: Pyramid of Menkaure.

·Burial Place: Pyrarmid of Menkaure.

NEW KINGDOM

Only important pharaohs

AKHENATEN

·Also known as Amenhotep IV

·Known as the 'heretic king'

·Ruled for 17 years (1353-1336 B.C.)

·Precessors: Amenhotep III

·Successors: Neferneferuaten

·Consorts: Nefertiti, Kiya, Maritaten, Ankhesenamun and other of his

sisters whom name is unknown.

·Children: Smenkhkare, Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenamun,

Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Nefernerferure,Setepenre,

Tutankhamun.

·His own religion, the monotheistic religion of Atenism

·Monuments: Akhetaten, Gempaaten and Hwt-Beben.

·Burial Place: His mummy has never been found. But possibly

Amarna/Akhetaten.

·New capital: Amarna

·Nefertiti's name was changed to "Nefer Nefru Aten" wich means:

"Beatiful is the Beauty of Aten" on honor to the god Aten.

·Her bust is now in Berlin's Neues Museum:

TUTANKHAMUN

·Also known as King Tut.

·Ruled for 9 years (1332-1323 B.C.).

·He inherited the throne when he was eight or nine.

·Eleventh pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.

·Precessor: Smenkhkare.

·Successor: Ay.

·Consort: Ankhesenamun.

·Children: two stillborn daughters.

·He restored the old religion.

·Restored the capital to Memphis.

·He changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun.

·He changed the name of his queen from Ankhesenpaaten

to Ankhesenamun.

·Burial pace: KV62

RAMESSES II

·In the 19th Dynasty.

·Ruled 66 years (1279-1213B.C.).

·Known as Ramesses the Great.

·Precessor: Seti I

·Successor: Merneptah

·Consorts: Nefertari, Isetnofret, Maathorneferure, Meritamen,

Bintanath,Nebettawy, Henutmire.

·Children:

-Sons: Amunherkhepeshef, Ramesses III Pareherwenemef,

Khaemwaset, Montuherkhepeshef, Nebenkharu, Meryamun,

Sethemwia, Sethi, Setepenre, Meyre, Amunemopet,

Senakhtenamun, Remesses-Merenre, Thutmose, Simentu,

Mentuemwaset, Siamun, Siptah, a stillborn son and

Mentuenheqau.

-Daughters: Bintanath, Baketmut, Princess Nefertari,Meritamen,

Nebttawy, Isetnofret, Henuttawy, Werenro, Nedjemmut, Pypuy

and Miw-Sher.

·Monuments: Abu Simbel, Abydos, Ramesseum, Luxor and Karnak

temples.

·Tomb: KV7

RAMESSES III

·Second pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty.

·Ruled 31 years (1186-1155B.C.).

·Precessor: Setnakhte

·Successor: Remesses IV

·Consorts: Iset T-Hemdjert, Tyti, Tiye.

·Children: Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI, Ramesses

VIII, Amun-her-khespeshef, Meryamun,

Pareherwenemef, Khaemwaset, Meryatum,

Montuherkhopshef, Pentawere and

Duatentopet.

·The Last Great Pharaoh

·Monuments: Medinet Habu

·Reason of death: A deep cut in his throat

·Tomb: KV11

LATE KINGDOM

QUEEN CLEOPATRA ·Reign: 51-30B.C.

·In the Hellenistic Period

·Died at the age of 39.

·Full name: Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator.

·Spouse: Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XIV, Mark Antony

·Predecessor: Ptolemy XII Auletes

·Co-rulers: Ptolemy XII Auletes, Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XV Caesarion.

·She inherited the throne at the age of 18.

·Last queen of the Ancient Egypt.

·Children: Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Theos Philometor Caesar), Alexander Helios, Cleopatra

Selene (Queen of Mauretania), Ptolemy XVI Philadelphus.

·She had a romance with Julius Caesar

·Burial Place: Unknown

·Father: Ptolemy XII Auletes

·Mother: Cleopatra V of Egypt

·Mark Antony went to war after Julius Caesar's death, in wich he asked Cleopatra for

economic help.

·Cleopatra gave him the money in exchange of him killing her sister Arsinoe IV

·Died: 12 August 30 B.C. in Alexandria

·Reason of death: She decided to poison her with the bite of two snakes on her arm.

WEBGRAPHY

http://www.kingtutone.com/pharaohs/snefru/

www.kingtutone.com/pharaohs/khufu/

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten

http://www.kingtutone.com/akhenaten/

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun

www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic.../tutankhamun.shtm

www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II

www.kingtutone.com/pharaohs/ramses2/

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III

www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-20755264

www.discoveringegypt.com/Rameses3.html

http://www.slideshare.net/webiesmdefalla/cleopatra-

17010216

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra

THE END

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