by federica pintaldi dimension 3: working time arrangements 1st meeting of the working group on the...
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by Federica Pintaldi
Dimension 3: Working time arrangements
Dimension 3: Working time arrangements
1st Meeting of the Working Group on the Measurement of Quality of Employment
(12-13 June 2008, Paris, France)
The aim of this paper is to evaluate how the indicators formulated by Task Force for the dimension “working time arrangements” can be useful indicators of quality of employment
Working-time arrangements include different elements: normal and maximum number of hours per working day or week; overtime provisions; distribution of working-time during the day, week or year and associated flexible time arrangements
The aim of this paper is to evaluate how the indicators formulated by Task Force for the dimension “working time arrangements” can be useful indicators of quality of employment
Working-time arrangements include different elements: normal and maximum number of hours per working day or week; overtime provisions; distribution of working-time during the day, week or year and associated flexible time arrangements
Working time arrangements : a conceptual
framework
These elements are considered as a fundamental dimension of international labour standards
In relation to the criteria of availability and comparability, we consider four indicators source by Labour Force Survey (LFS) quarterly:
percentage of work on Saturdaypercentage of work on Sundaypercentage of work at eveningpercentage of work at night
In relation to the criteria of availability and comparability, we consider four indicators source by Labour Force Survey (LFS) quarterly:
percentage of work on Saturdaypercentage of work on Sundaypercentage of work at eveningpercentage of work at night
Working time arrangements : indicators
Moreover, the LFS distinguishes between “usually” and “sometimes”
the concept of unusual hours is gradual: working on Saturday is less unusual then working at night
Evening and Night work
• Code 1: "Usually" working during the evenings/nights at least half of the days worked in a reference period of four weeks preceding the end of the reference week
• Code 2: "Sometimes"working during the evenings/nights less than half of the days worked, but a least one hour in a reference period of four weeks preceding the end of the reference week
• Code 3: "Never“(last four weeks)
Evening and Night work
• Code 1: "Usually" working during the evenings/nights at least half of the days worked in a reference period of four weeks preceding the end of the reference week
• Code 2: "Sometimes"working during the evenings/nights less than half of the days worked, but a least one hour in a reference period of four weeks preceding the end of the reference week
• Code 3: "Never“(last four weeks)
Working time arrangements : indicators
Saturday and Sunday
• Code 1: "Usually" working at least two of the Saturdays/ Sundays in a reference period of four weeks preceding the end of the reference week
• Code 2: "Sometimes" working on one Saturday/Sunday (at least one hour) in a reference period of four weeks
preceding the end of the reference week• Code 3: "Never" (last four weeks)
Saturday and Sunday
• Code 1: "Usually" working at least two of the Saturdays/ Sundays in a reference period of four weeks preceding the end of the reference week
• Code 2: "Sometimes" working on one Saturday/Sunday (at least one hour) in a reference period of four weeks
preceding the end of the reference week• Code 3: "Never" (last four weeks)
Working time arrangements : indicators
It is useful to understand if it is better to consider who “usually” works in particular timetables only or who
“occasionally” too
Moreover, considering the non-redundancy criteria, we have to evaluate if it is better using the four
indicators or some combination of them
It is useful to understand if it is better to consider who “usually” works in particular timetables only or who
“occasionally” too
Moreover, considering the non-redundancy criteria, we have to evaluate if it is better using the four
indicators or some combination of them
The analysis concerns these main stages:
European 27a comparison among the countries in order to verify the variability of the four indicators
ItalyThe relations among the 4 indicators and:
- some socio-demographic background variables- the employment characteristics of main job
The variability of these indicators in the last 4 years
The convenience of working time arrangements for personal life situation by using the information available from ad hoc module 2004
The analysis concerns these main stages:
European 27a comparison among the countries in order to verify the variability of the four indicators
ItalyThe relations among the 4 indicators and:
- some socio-demographic background variables- the employment characteristics of main job
The variability of these indicators in the last 4 years
The convenience of working time arrangements for personal life situation by using the information available from ad hoc module 2004
Working time arrangements : indicators
Working time arrangements : EU27
In 2006 in Eu27 unusual working time arrangements is widespread, especially for people working on Saturday and at evening
The incidence of atypical hours differs a lot considering the modalities “usually” and “sometimes”
Total
21.114.2 18.8
8.1
27.7
13.5
20.0
7.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Saturday Sunday Evening Night
Sometimes Usually
48.8 27.7
38.8
15.8
List of indicators: rates
Males work more often at evening and above
all at night then to females
Males
28.0
13.721.7
9.5
24.3
15.8
21.4
10.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Saturday Sunday Evening Night
Usually Sometimes
Females
27.3
13.318.0
5.3
17.1
12.2
15.6
5.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Saturday Sunday Evening Night
Usually Sometimes
However, the frequencies of
modalities “usually” and “sometimes” maintain the same pattern for
both sexes
List of indicators: hours of work
The majority of not employees work on
Saturday (75%) and at evening (53%) while
employees work more often at night
27.7
22.8
51.3
13.5
11.5
23.5
20.0
18.7
26.7
7.7
8.2
5.2
21.1
20.6
23.2
14.2
13.2
19.0
18.8
17.2
26.6
8.1
7.8
9.8
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
Total
Employees
Not employees
Total
Employees
Not employees
Total
Employees
Not employees
Total
Employees
Not employees
Satu
rday
Sunday
Evenin
gN
ight
Usually Sometimes
Working time arrangements : EU27
the average of Eu27 offsets high differences among countries
% totally (usually + sometimes) % usually
Unusual time Eu27
Minimum value of Eu27
countries
Maximum value of Eu27
countries Eu27
Minimum value of Eu27
countries
Maximum value of Eu27
countries
Total 48.8 28.5 66.5 27.7 11.6 38.5
Employees 43.4 24.6 58.6 22.8 8.5 32.5 Saturday
Not employees 74.5 43.4 90.6 51.3 21.8 65.8
Total 27.7 16.9 35.9 13.5 6.6 20.7
Employees 24.7 14.2 34.9 11.5 4.9 22.0 Sunday
Not employees 42.5 22.8 68.0 23.5 9.6 43.9
Total 38.8 16.6 60.9 20.0 4.3 31.6
Employees 35.9 15.6 47.5 18.7 3.3 28.5 Evening
Not employees 53.3 19.9 85.8 26.7 7.3 52.5
Total 15.8 8.7 23.6 7.7 1.4 17.4
Employees 16.0 8.8 25.3 8.2 1.4 19.3 Night
Not employees 15.0 2.5 32.5 5.2 1.2 12.2
Considering only the modality “usually” the indicators are more helpful to point out particular conditions of work
Working time arrangements : EU27 ranking
Saturday
Poland
Slovenia
Greece
Bulgaria
Ireland
United KingdomSlovakia
France
RomaniaMalta
PortugalGermany
Lithuania
CyprusItaly
LatviaCzech Republic
Netherlands
AustriaDenmark
Estonia
BelgiumFinland
HungarySpain
Sweden Luxembourg
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30
Usually
To
tall
y
Considering or not the modality “sometimes” the ranking of countries changes a lot in relation to atypical hours
Countries that work more “usually”
Countries that work more “usually” +
“sometimes”
Sunday
Poland
Slovenia
Greece
Bulgaria Ireland
United Kingdom
Slovakia
France
Romania
Malta
Portugal
Germany
Lithuania
CyprusItaly
Latvia
Czech RepublicNetherlands
Austria
Denmark
Estonia
Belgium
Finland
Hungary
Spain
Sweden
Luxembourg
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30
Usually
To
tall
y
Working time arrangements : EU27 ranking
In countries like Netherlands, Romania and Austria working on Sunday is above all “usually” while in countries like United Kingdom, Poland and
Bulgaria is above all “sometimes”
Countries that work more “usually”
Countries that work more “usually” +
“sometimes”
Evening
Luxembourg
Sweden
SpainHungary
Finland
Belgium
Estonia
Denmark
Austria
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Latvia
ItalyCyprus
Lithuania
Germany
Portugal
Malta
Romania
FranceSlovakia
United Kingdom
Ireland
Bulgaria
Greece
Slovenia
Poland
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30
Usually
To
tall
y
Working time arrangements : EU27 ranking
The relation between the two modalities is strongest considering people work at evening: the majority of the countries are in the quadrants of
main diagonal
Night
Poland
Slovenia
GreeceBulgaria
Ireland
United Kingdom
Slovakia
France
Romania
Malta
Portugal
Germany
Lithuania
Cyprus
Italy
Latvia
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Austria
Denmark
EstoniaBelgium
Finland
Hungary
Spain
Sweden
Luxembourg
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30
Usually
To
tall
y
Working time arrangements : EU27 ranking
Italy and Poland have an opposite situation: in Italy the percentage is about double of people work “usually” at night (8.2% and 4.8%
respectively) but half of people work “totally” (11% and 22% respectively)
Working time arrangements : EU27 ranking
Main results
In some countries the atypical hours are adopted above all in “usually” schedule while in others countries above all “sometimes”
schedule
For this indicator it is not the same considering only the modality “usually” or both modalities
For Italy we can analyze the differences more in depth. The availability of microdata allows to set up new indicators combining the
information of the four variables considered
Main results
In some countries the atypical hours are adopted above all in “usually” schedule while in others countries above all “sometimes”
schedule
For this indicator it is not the same considering only the modality “usually” or both modalities
For Italy we can analyze the differences more in depth. The availability of microdata allows to set up new indicators combining the
information of the four variables considered
Working time arrangement: Italy
The variability of these indicators
is low in the last 4 years
39.4 38.4 37.6 37.3
13.4 13.1 12.8 12.8
9.1 9.3 9.7 9.9
5.5 5.4 5.6 5.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007
Saturday Sunday
Usually Sometimes
16.2 15.9 14.7 14.9
8.3 8.1 8.2 7.7
5.6 5.55.4 5.5
3.0 2.9 3.1 3.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007
Evening Night
Usually Sometimes
Working time arrangement: Italy
about 3 millions of employed people (12.3%) work usually on weekend
Italy 2007
Combination of people working on Saturday and on
Sunday
almost the totality of employed people who work usually on Sunday also work usually on Saturday but it’s not true the contrary
Sunday Saturday
Usually Sometimes No Total
value
Usually 2,863 629 5,176 8,668
Sometimes 28 669 1,591 2,288
No 74 58 12,133 12,266 Total 2,965 1,356 18,900 23,222
% row
Usually 33.0 7.3 59.7 100.0
Sometimes 1.2 29.2 69.6 100.0 No 0.6 0.5 98.9 100.0
Total 12.8 5.8 81.4 100.0
% colon
Usually 96.6 46.4 27.4 37.3 Sometimes 0.9 49.3 8.4 9.9
No 2.5 4.3 64.2 52.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
% total Usually 12.3 2.7 22.3 37.3
Sometimes 0.1 2.9 6.9 9.9
No 0.3 0.3 52.2 52.8
Total 12.8 5.8 81.4 100.0
column
Working time arrangement: Italy
Italy 2007
Combination of people working at
evening and at night
1,639 (7.1%) employed people in Italy work regularly in both the hours
who works at night also works at evening but it’s not true the contrary
Night Evening
Usually Sometimes No Total
value
Usually 1,639 218 1,603 3,459
Sometimes 27 473 781 1,280
No 125 56 18,301 18,482 Total 1,791 747 20,684 23,222
% row
Usually 47.4 6.3 46.3 100.0
Sometimes 2.1 36.9 61.0 100.0 No 0.7 0.3 99.0 100.0
Total 7.7 3.2 89.1 100.0
% colon
Usually 91.5 29.1 7.7 14.9 Sometimes 1.5 63.3 3.8 5.5
No 7.0 7.5 88.5 79.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
% total Usually 7.1 0.9 6.9 14.9
Sometimes 0.1 2.0 3.4 5.5
No 0.5 0.2 78.8 79.6
Total 7.7 3.2 89.1 100.0
column
Working time arrangement: Italy
Evening usually usually usually somet. somet. somet. no no no
Night usually somet. no usually somet. no usually somet. no Total
Saturday Sunday
usually usually 1,133 93 495 11 67 84 45 8 929 2,863 usually somet. 57 27 116 3 28 62 4 4 328 629
usually no 166 30 459 3 31 187 40 7 4,253 5,176
somet. usually 7 2 4 1 3 2 0 0 8 28
somet. somet. 60 26 38 4 231 78 4 12 216 669 somet. no 42 13 106 1 40 136 5 6 1,241 1,591
no usually 15 1 11 0 1 2 4 0 39 74
no somet. 5 1 3 1 7 6 0 1 35 58
no no 154 24 371 4 64 222 23 18 11,253 12,133 Total 1,639 218 1,603 27 473 781 125 56 18,301 23,222
11,969 (51.5%) Italian employed people work at least during one atypical hours
1,133 (5%) work usually on weekend, at evening and at night
5,494 (23.7%) work only on Saturday (usually or sometimes)
The combination of four indicators highlights the different incidences of working time schedules
Main results
The indicator “working only on Saturday” doesn’t appear so interesting: the profile of the workers is similar to the total employment unless incidence of not
employees and of service and shop and market sales workers
The indicator “working on Sunday” is typical of workers in sectors such us wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants
Using the combination “working on Saturday and on Sunday usually” the indicator better describes the troubles to reconcile working time with personal
life
Regarding people “working at evening and at night” we find the high presence of non national, workers of service and shop and market sales, of
plant and machine operators and assemblers and of some service activities
Main results
The indicator “working only on Saturday” doesn’t appear so interesting: the profile of the workers is similar to the total employment unless incidence of not
employees and of service and shop and market sales workers
The indicator “working on Sunday” is typical of workers in sectors such us wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants
Using the combination “working on Saturday and on Sunday usually” the indicator better describes the troubles to reconcile working time with personal
life
Regarding people “working at evening and at night” we find the high presence of non national, workers of service and shop and market sales, of
plant and machine operators and assemblers and of some service activities
Working time arrangement: Italy
Whether or not these flexible working arrangements are likely to be attractive to employed people is a difficult item
In the 2004 ad hoc module ‘work organization and working time arrangements’ we asked to employees the convenience of working time
arrangements for personal life situation
The question we asked to employees that worked in at least one unusual hours during the reference period was: “Work in the evening, at night or during
weekend is convenient or is not convenient for personal life situation?”
25% of the employees that work in these atypical hours considers it not convenient for personal life situation
Whether or not these flexible working arrangements are likely to be attractive to employed people is a difficult item
In the 2004 ad hoc module ‘work organization and working time arrangements’ we asked to employees the convenience of working time
arrangements for personal life situation
The question we asked to employees that worked in at least one unusual hours during the reference period was: “Work in the evening, at night or during
weekend is convenient or is not convenient for personal life situation?”
25% of the employees that work in these atypical hours considers it not convenient for personal life situation
Ad hoc module 2004 on ‘work organisation and working time arrangements’
This can be useful in order to select the indicators more linked to the dimension of quality of employment
Ad hoc module 2004 on ‘work organisation and working time arrangements’
34.4
32.6
30.6
29.1
29.2
25.7
20.4
18.7
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Evening and night usually
Night usually
Evening usually
Evening and nightsometimes
Weekend usually
Weekend sometimes
Saturday usually
Saturday sometimes
Considering some
combination of working time arrangement the incidence
increases from 19% (only
Saturday) to 34% (Evening
and night usually)
Working time arrangement: conclusions
The ad hoc module results confirm that the concept of working arrangement should be strictly interpreted
Employed people only occasionally work on some atypical hours should be not included
Following the Task Force’s criteria, we suggest two indicators:
1. Working on weekend usually 2. Working at night usually
The ad hoc module results confirm that the concept of working arrangement should be strictly interpreted
Employed people only occasionally work on some atypical hours should be not included
Following the Task Force’s criteria, we suggest two indicators:
1. Working on weekend usually 2. Working at night usually