by

Brenda Lee

N.B. For social media viewers,this presentation has been edited with references removed

©January 2012

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• What soy/soya is• Traditional and modern usage• Products from soy• How various industries uses it• Benefits and Concerns• Conclusion

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Popularly known as soya, technically soy. Why?

The soya bean is the seed of the leguminous soya bean plant

Used as a plant fertiliser

Soya food has only been widely consumed in Western countries since the 1960's reference removed

Missionaries brought soya to Europe in the 17th century.

Soya was introduced in the USA in the early 19th century but soya farming in the USA only expanded dramatically after World War II, when production in China was devastated

World War II shortages created a demand for cheap source of protein.reference removed

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86.6

3.5

4.7

7.3

16.2

44.0

56.0

9.9

Total in 2006 - 228.4 million tonnes

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Uses of soy:• Pharmaceutical Industry• Chemical Industry• Food Industry• Animal Feeds

Popularity:• Very cheap• Numerous health effects• Rich source of protein• Associated with alleviation of

famine in the world

There are growing concerns in relation to but not limited to:

• Inhibitory allergens it produces• Genetically Modified products• Environmental impact• Phytoestrogens

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Traditionally, soy was used to produce foods like tofu, tempeh, soy sauce, miso and soy milk.

However modern usage is in the form of mainly soy protein isolates and concentrates.

It seems that soy in the West is a product of the industrial revolution.

What are the uses of soya?

What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Should we worry about soya in our foods?

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Lubricants

Building products

Fungicides

Pesticides

Herbicides

Pharmaceutics

Pet food

Cosmetics

Furniture

Paints

Wallpapers

Textiles

Paper

Candles

Waxes

Coatings

Solvents

Food

Animal feed

Diesel fuel

Emulsifiers

Adhesives

Crayons SOYBEAN

Cleaning products

Engine oils

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Raw seeds of soy beans have been reported to contain per 100 g - 36 g protein, 20g fat, 9g fibre reference removed

Whole soybean products - traditional soy foods - roasted/baked beans, soy sprouts, waffles, soy nut butter , full fat soy flour, sweets, pie crust, instant milk drinks, pasta

Soybean protein products - soy flour concentrates , isolates

Oil products - refined soy oil - glycerol - lecithin

Soy Fibre (Okara, Soy Bran, Soy Isolate Fibre) reference removed

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Can you name any Scientists who developed compounds and products from soy?

Scientist 1 – A Chemist, Inventor and Business Man Born in 1899 in the USA He developed compounds from soy-based products used in

chemical industry Made a millionaire out of soy?

Scientist 2 - An Agricultural Scientist Born around 1864 the USA. Exact date believed not to

be known Developed numerous chemical and food products

derived from soy Known as the peanut man Henry Ford met him

Made from fermented soybeans:

Soy sauce Miso Tempeh Natto

Made from unfermented soybeans:

• Soy milk

Tofu Yuba

• Toasted soy powder

• Cooked /dried soybeans

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• Soy flour – 50% protein (made from roasted

soybeans ground into fine powder)

used in mixture with wheat flour in bakery

products,

• Concentrates – 70% protein, isolates – 90% protein

Bland in flavor, used in bakery, meat products, cereals, noodles, baby food, coffee

whiteners, thickening agent for soups, sauces, desserts, snacks.

• Texturised soy proteins

used in beef patties, sausages, pizza toppings, taco fillings, meatloaf mixes, frozen dinners, meatballs, soups, canned minced hams, meat pie fillings, hot snacks, vegetarian foods.

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• Glycerol used in low-calories food as sugar substitute also thickening agent,

solvent. • Oil usually labeled “vegetable oil” , used in cooking, ingredient of margarine, mayonnaise , salad dressings.

• Lecithin –used in bakery, production of candies, chocolate.

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Veggie burgers, nuggets, hot dogs, sausages, meat –like products

Milk, cream, cheese (cheddar, mozzarella), yoghurt (calcium fortified); ice cream and other desserts

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Health: Disease prevention

Nutrition/Diet

Industry

Food Aid

• Treatment of menopause and osteoporosis

Oestrogen and progesterone are responsible for the healthy functioning of the reproductive system and other organs. Menopause and osteoporosis arises out of a decline of levels of these hormones.

Isoflavones are naturally occurring weak oestrogens are rich in soya. Studies show that consuming soya and isoflavones may reduce the symptoms brought about by the menopause (removed, 1997). However, other studies have not shown any difference.

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• Cancer

Studies have shown that experiments on rodents using isoflavones could reduce risk (removed, 1995). One study showed lower risk of breast cancer as reported by the participants when their diet was high in soy (removed, 1997).

• Cardiovascular disease

Soya could help to reduce cholesterol metabolism. A number of trial with (meta-analysis) observed 9.3% decrease in total cholesterol, a 12.9% decrease in LDL cholesterol. (removed,1995).

Other studies showing the effect of isoflavones

have reported no significant effects.

Above could help you to decrease your cholesterol levels

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• Vegans/Vegetarianism/Nutrient enriched

Consumers are more health conscious Understanding relationship between adulterated/processed meat and diseases Used in health food supplements/ Functional foods

• Alternative/ Increases variety of food choices

Very rich source of protein – supplies all 9 amino acids, low fat, no cholesterol, easy to digest, versatile in the kitchen

Part of alternatives of healthier foods: low fat, reduced sugar, no salt

• For those who are allergic to milk proteins

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Cheap,

Economical,

Versatile,

*********************

Functional characteristics!

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• Controls viscosity in drinks – creamy or full-bodied• Provides an elastic gel texture – mouth feel effect• Increases the protein content of processed meat – major driver for

functional soy protein ingredients. Used as a cheap filler, texture, gelation, fat and water binding (pizzas, patties, intuitional feeding)

• As lecithin – emulsifying and stabilizing agent, reduces or prevents oxidation, crystallization, spattering control

• Soy protein concentrates are preferred in milk replacer for baby animals i.e calves, lambs, pigs• Bakery: better crumb structure, increases absorption, improves toasting

characteristics, enhances crust colour. Increased percentage of protein incorporated into bread

• Hydrogenated – oil is used to deep fry fast food• Spaghetti: increases absorption of spaghetti and promote firmness

(reference removed)

• Many children suffering from malnutrition in parts of Africa, Asia and America have been helped by missionaries providing them with protein supplements

• Where a mother’s breast milk is insufficient and there is a shortage of high protein foods, soya infant formula is provided by Charities set up by Soy organisations such as the World Soy Foundation

• Projects sponsored by WSF include school feeding programs, enterprise development and soy nutritional services

• Soybean Organisations hope to change the lives of many

sources:www.reference removed

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• These two sisters were nursed back to health from Guatemala, using high protein soy foods

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• Environment

• Socio-economical/Cost/Politics

• Health

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• Monsanto have produced a Round up Ready soya bean (RR) which is resistant to glycophosate herbicide.

• Increase of deforestation. The Amazon basin has seen some of the greatest changes in recent times, with huge swaths of the rainforest being felled to grow soya beans.

• New diseases and an increase of tolerant weeds have been identified in Argentina (removed et al, 2004)

• Cases of toxic clouds affecting health and damaging crops of neighbouring communities (removed, 2004)

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• Dumping surpluses of GM soya on poor nations; substituting their traditional diets. Such foods are often presented as charity.

• Increase of soya production had put many small farmers out of business, creating dependence on multinationals/corporations.

• In 15yrs Argentine dairy farms decreased 50%, from 30,000 in 1988 to 15,000 in 2003

• Europe and US is looking to Africa to provide the land where soya will be grown to be used as the new bio fuel. This may lead to rising grain prices, displacement of rural communities and hence greater food insecurity

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Source: reference removed

Area of Soybean Cultivation, Brazil, U.S., and World

• A case study of Argentina claims that soya threatens food sovereignty in that country. Soya replaced the production of food staples, which was exported and which led to an increase of the prices.

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• There’s been forced eviction of families: unaware that their land is for sale. They generally end up in city slums

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The yellow strip above shows deforestation in the Amazon forest

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Their purpose:• Isoflavones• Oxalates (and stones) reduced little by cooking

• Phytates (and minerals)• Considerably higher than mung beans and chickpeas• Lectins (haemagglutins)

• Poor growth, pancreatic enlargement, digestive distress, destroys cells in pancreas

• Protease inhibitors• Saponins (soap and damage to intestines, cholesterol)

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High oestrogen content in Soya Infant formulas

There is growing concern about the level of isoflavones in soya infant formulas as these compounds act in similar way to hormones. On average infants receive 38mg. This is far too high on a body-weight basis compared to average intake in Asia.

The Food Standards Agency advices that soya should only be given to babies in exceptional circumstances after examining clinical trials on animals and case studies on various groups in the population. (removed, 2003)

According to a report in New Scientist magazine, male rats exposed to high levels of genistein (an isoflavone) in the womb grew up to have larger prostate glands and smaller testes.

Studies on monkeys given infant formula had reduced testosterone levels compared to the ones given dairy formula (removed, 2002)

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• Effect of thyroid• Soy contain goitrogens that can block the synthesis of thyroid

hormones. Cooking and processing methods does not remove isoflavones – only solvent extraction. There’s been an increase of thyroid disorders in the US and Europe. Around 1980, British government researchers pointed out that soy-consuming vegans were at risk. (reference removed)

• Effect on Reproductive systemStudies have shown reduced levels of reproductivity in animals such as the cheetah and the quail.

There’s been a decline in sperm count, motility and quality stated by Dr Sharpe head of Medical Research Council. Studied the decline in male fertility over a period as well as the effects of soya milk in young male monkeys. Observed that the soya interferes with testosterone levels.

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•There appears to be conflicting information in regards to the benefits of soya which can be attributed to vested interests. The United Soybean Organisation has invested millions into medical research. It is stated that Protein Technologies International helped fund the Food and Drug Association's (FDA) cholesterol lowering heart health claim (reference removed)

•Scientists have been unable to prove the health benefits of soy. There has been and are ambiguous health claims. We are yet to discover the impact on health which is currently a main concern. Research statistics suggest bias.

•Soya, is it the new panacea? It appears that soya is indeed the universal remedy to global issues. However research is still on going.

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