B Y: A M A N K A L R A , G A G I N M E R W A R , G U R J O T A U L A K H , S A H I B A B A J W A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

THE MUSCULAR APPARATUS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Also called• Alimentary canal• Digestive Canal• Gastrointestinal “GI” tract

• Digestion starts at the mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

DIGESTIVE TRACT OPERATION TERMS

• Deglutition – swallowing • Peristalsis- involuntary muscle contractions within

the rest of the tract, takes over after we swallow

* We only have control over what we swallow

PHARYNX

• Belongs to both the respiratory system and the digestive system

• Passage for air, food and drink

• Liquid and chewed (masticated) food enters the pharynx form the oral cavity and muscular action sends it to the esophagus

ESOPHAGUS

• About a foot long • In order to get through the

diaphragm to reach the stomach, the esophagus passes through an opening called the esophageal hiatus, located in the diaphragm• The esophageal hiatus is

formally part of the diaphragm not the esophagus.

STOMACH

• Is the center of the system in the functional and physical sense• 4 main areas include:• Fundus• Cardia• Body• antrum

STOMACH CONT.

• Two main jobs:– Temporary storage place for food– Secreting acid and enzymes to help break down proteins,

fats, and carbohydrates

• Work done in the stomach are both mechanical changes (liquefaction of food) and chemical changes ( producing food for the body’s cells)• After 3-4 hours, the food is now a liquid substance

called “chyme” which begins to enter the small intestine

SMALL INTESTINE

• Absorption of nutrients:– 90% in small intestine – 10% in large intestine

PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE CONT.

• Duodenum• first 10 inches of the small intestine [Latin: duodeni

“twelve each”• Adjective: duodenal • Example: duodenal ulcer

SMALL INTESTINE CONT.

• Jejunum• Part of the small intestine that comes right after the

duodenum• 8 feet long• Latin: Jejunus “fasting”• Segment where most of the nutrients are emptied into

the bloodstream

SMALL INTESTINE CONT.

• Ileum • Final segment of the small intestine • 12 feet long

THE LARGE INTESTINE

• Compacts waste material for elimination• Colon: a word used as

a synonym for the large intestine

LARGE INTESTINE CONT.

• Colon has 4 parts• Ascending colon• Transverse colon• Descending colon• Sigmoid colon

• For the digestive tract to complete its work many chemicals are needed.• Some are supplied from stomach but most from salivary glands, the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

OTHER ORGANS OF DIGESTION

SALIVARY GLANDS

• Digestion in mouth is aided by salivary glands• Produce Saliva• Saliva is more than 99% water• Essential enzymes: that break down complex

carbohydrates• Ex: amylase breaks down starch into maltose

SALIVARY GLAND CONT.

• Has antibodies that kill bacteria• Located in oral cavity • 3 parts: - Paratoid

- Sublingual, - Submandibular salivary glands

PANCREAS

• Releases hormones and sends out enzymes for digestion• Acts as endocrine and exocrine gland• Exocrine : glands secretions are internal,

secretions are not expelled through duct • Endocrine: expel through duct

PANCREAS CONT.

• Provides insulin to the blood stream ( endocrine function)• Secretes fluid containing enzymes into small

intestine ( exocrine function)

LIVER

• Absorbs nutrients from small and large intestine• Storage for vitamins and iron• Extracts and stores nutrients for later use• The liver keeps the body metabolism balanced

and promotes good health by releasing fat soluble vitamins, such as A and D, when the body needs them.

LIVER CONT.

• Produces bile• > helps in breaking down the lipids (fats) so it is

easier for them to mix with other liquids. • After bile completes work it goes back to the liver

where it gets recycled and used again• Detoxifies the blood by removing unwanted

material

GALLBLADDER

• Located under the liver• Referred to as

cholecystis or cholecyst • Stores, condenses

and delivers the bile to the small intestine

1) cholecyst/o gallbladder2) Colon/o colon3) Duoden/o duodenum4) Enter/o small intestine5) Esophag/o esophagus6) Gastr/o stomach7) hepat/o liver8) Ile/o ileum9) Jejun/o jejunum10) Pancreat/o pancreas11) Phag/o eating; swallowing12) Sial/o salivary glands13) Scope device for visual examination14) Scopy visual examination

ROOT OR SUFFIX

Alimentary Canal (Latin: food): the digestive tract, the gastrointestinal

Antibody: antibodies contained in saliva that act as antibacterial agents.

Antrum (Latin: cave): the part of the stomach nearest the entrance to the duodenum.

Cardia: the area of the stomach between the fundis and it main body.

Cholecystis; Cholecyst: gallbladderChyme (Greek: juice): liquefied food entering the

duodenum.

• Colon: the large intestine (divisible into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons)

Deglutition: swallowingDuodenal: adjective form of duodenum used to

name some digestive system disorders.Duodenum: segment of the small intestine

connecting with the stomach.

Fundus (Latin: bottom) : part of the stomachGastric: adjectival form of stomachHepatoid: resembling the liverIleum: longest segment of the small intestine; leads

to large intestine. Esophagus: the part of the digestive tract between

the pharynx and stomach.

Intestine (latin: gut): the small intestine is divisible into 3 zones: duodenum, jejunum and ileum

The large intestine comprises the cecum, colon, rectum and anus.

Jejunum: eight foot long segment of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum.

Pancreatic: adjective for pancreasSalivary glands: the parotid, sublingual, and

submandibular salivary gland. They are glands with ducts, that produce saliva.

Stomach: Digestive organ composed of four parts:

1) Fundus2) Cardia3) The body4) Antrum

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS:

DM: Diabetes mellitusGB: gallbladderGBS: gallbladder x-ray seriesGERD: gastroesophageal reflux disorderGI: gastrointestinalNGT: nasogastric tubeS&D: stomach & duodenumUGI: upper gastrointestinal

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULAR APPARATUS

Enterology is the medical specialty concerned with the intestinal tract.

Enterologists discover and treat many ailments of the digestive system.

Among those ailments are : Enteralgia/enterodynia- abdominal painEnterectomy-excision of part of the intestineEnteritis-inflammation of the intestineEntergastritis- inflammation of the intestine and stomachEnterohepatitis- inflammation of the intestine and liver

DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULAR APPARATUS

Enteropathy- any intestinal diseaseEnteropexy-surgical fixation of part of the intestineEnterorrahagia- bleeding in the intestinal tractEnterorrhaphy- suturing of the intestineEnterospasm-painful peristalsis (contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the intestinal/digestive tract)Enterostenosis – narrowing within the intestinal tract

The term that encompasses all of them is enteropathyAn enteroscope is the instrument used for the purpose of

entroscopy which is diagnosis of disorders of the digestive system

 

DISORDERS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS, PANCREAS AND LIVER

Salivary glands are affected by the same conditions as other parts of the body

For terminology related to the salivary glands the root word is sial/o is used but since the salivaries are glands the root for gland aden/o is sometimes added to the terms Ex. Sialoadenotomy

And these glands have duct work as well so in some cases the root word for duct angi/o is also added like in Sialoangiitis.

 

DISORDERS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS

Sialoadenitis-inflammation of the salivary gland

Sialoadenectomy-excision of a salivary gland

Sialoadenotomy-incision of a salivary gland

Sialoangiitis-inflammation of the salivary duct

Sialorrhea-excessive production of saliva

Sialostenosis-narrowing of a salivary duct

THE GENERAL TERM FOR REFERRING TO DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS IS PANCREOPATHY

When the pancreas fails to produce insulin in the required amounts, a condition known as diabetes occurs. There are many subcategories for this condition, the best known of which is diabetes mellitus- a chronic metabolic disease characterized by the body’s decreased ability to utilize carbohydrates and its enhanced ability to utilize proteins and lipids

pancreatalgia- pain in the general area of the pancreas

pancreaitis- inflammation of the pancreas

pancreopathy-any disease of the pancreas

pancreatotomy-incision into the pancreas

THE ROOT WORD HEPAT/O REFERS TO THE LIVER AND DENOTES ANY LIVER ABNORMALITIES

hepatitis- inflammation of the liver

hepatocele- protrusion of a part of the liver through an adjacent structure

hepatopathy-any disease of the liver

hepatopexy-fixation of the liverhepatorrhaphy-suturing of the

liverhepatorrhexis- rupture of the

liverhepatoscopy-examination of

the liver

CHOLECYST/O DENOTES ABNORMAL GALL BLADDER CONDITIONS, SUCH AS

cholecystectomy- excision of the gall bladder

cholecystitis-inflammation of the gall bladder

cholecystopathy-any disease of the gall bladder

cholecystotomy-incision into the gall bladder

COL/O – REFERRING TO THE COLON, ALSO CALLED THE LARGE INTESTINE, FROM THE GREEK WORD

KOLON

colectomy- excision of all or part of the colon

colitis- inflammation of the coloncolonoscope- device used in

colonoscopycolonoscopy- visual inspection of

the colon wih a colonoscopecolopexy- surgical fixation of the

coloncolorrhagia-abnormal discharge

from the coloncolostomy- surgical

establishment of an opening into the colon

colostomy-incision into the colon

DUODEN/O – REFERRING TO THE DUODENUM, WHICH COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD DUODENI (“TWELVE”)

duodenectomy- excision of the duodenum

duodenitis- inflammation of the duodenum

duodenorraphy- suturing of the duodenum

duodenoscopy- visual inspection of the duodenum with the aid of an endoscope

duodenostomy- surgical establishment of an opening in the duodenum

duodenotomy- incision of the duodenum

esophagology- study of the structure and diseases of the esophagus

 

gastrectomy- excision of part of the stomach

gastritis- inflammation of the stomach

gastrocele- hernia of the stomach

gastrocolitis- inflammation of the stomach and the colon

gastroduodenitis- inflammation of the stomach and the duodenum

gastroenteritis-inflammation of the stomach and intestine

ileopexy- surgical fixation of the ileum

jejunectomy- excision of all or part of the jejunum

jejunitis- inflammation of the jejunum

jejunoplasty- surgical repair of the jejunum

jejunotomy-incision into the jejunum

COMMON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

• Colon and Rectal Cancer• Stomach Cancer also called gastric cancer

DIARRHEA

• Diarrhea is watery stool, or an increased frequency in stool, or both as compared to the normal amount of stool passed by the individual. Diarrhea can be short-term or it can be related to a bacterial or viral infection, or it can be long-term which is usually related to a functional disorder or intestinal disease

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE

• This disease occurs in small pouches that bulge out in the colon. It is an inflammation or infection in the pouches.

GAS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

• You get gas in your digestive tract by swallowing air or during the breakdown process of certain foods by the bacteria that is present in the colon

HEARTBURN

• Heartburn is what most of us get from time to time. Chronic heartburn is a digestive disorder called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is caused by gastric acid that flows from the stomach and into the esophagus

HEPATITIS

• This is an inflammation of the liver that can result in liver cell damage. There are two types of hepatitis – acute and chronic and six main types of the hepatitis virus

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

• Irritable bowel syndrome – more commonly referred to as IBS – is an intestinal disorder that causes cramping, gassiness, bloating and changes in the bowel habits of the individual with the disorder.

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

• People with lactose intolerance lack an enzyme that is called lactase. This enzyme is needed by the body to digest lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in milk products. Adults and children are affected by this intolerance. Digestive diseases or injuries to the small intestine cause this intolerance. Individuals can experience different symptoms but the common ones are: cramping, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and nausea. The symptoms will worsen when larger portions of milk products are consumed.

STOMACH AND DUODENAL ULCERS

• Ulcers are open sores or lesions. They are found in the skin or mucous membranes of areas of the body. A stomach ulcer is called a gastric ulcer and an ulcer in the duodenum is called a duodenal ulcer. Lifestyle, stress and diet used to be thought to cause ulcers. These factors may have a role in ulcer formation; however they are not the main cause of them. Scientists now know that ulcers are caused by hydrochloric acid and pepsin that are contained in our stomach and duodenal parts of our digestive system and that these acids contribute to ulcer formation

The End