business process maturity model (bpmm)

7/31/2019 Business Process Maturity Model (BPMM)

1/495

Odg: Jw`g 8>>=

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc -HÂA+

Ugxvkl` 4.>

LAB Olfwag` @wahgx: elxadc,8>>=!>5!>4Vdòdxo olfwag` WXC: m~:,,rrr.lab.lxb,v~gf,HÂA,4.>,ÔE


2/495

Fl~{xkbm 8>>2# Hlxcdò Vlerdxg# K`f

Fl~{xkbm 8>>=# Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# K`f.

WVG LE V^GFKEKFD_KL@ ! _GXAV# FL@OK_KL@V % @L_KFGV

_mg adgxkdc k` mkv olfwag` ogdkcv d` Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~ v~gfkekfdkl` k` dfflxod`fg rkm mg gxav# flòkkl`v

dò lkfgv vg elxm hgclr. _mkv olfwag` olgv l xg~xgvg` d flaakag` l ka~cgag` d`{ ~lxkl` le mkv v~gfkekfdkl`

k` d`{ fla~d`{"v ~xlowfv. _mg kèlxadkl` fl`dk`go k` mkv olfwag` kv vwhjgf l fmd`bg rkmlw `lkfg.

CKFG@VGV

_mg fla~d`kgv ckvgo dhlug mdug bxd`go l mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# K`f. -LAB+ d l`g}fcwvkug# xl{dc{!exgg# ~dko

w~# rlxcorkog ckfg`vg l fl~{ dò okvxkhwg mkv olfwag` dò l aloke{ mkv olfwag` dò okvxkhwg fl~kgv le mg

alokekgo ugxvkl`. Gdfm le mg fl~{xkbm mlcogxv ckvgo dhlug mdv dbxggo md `l ~gxvl` vmdcc hg oggago l mdug kèxk`bgo

mg fl~{xkbm k` mg k`fcwogo adgxkdc le d`{ vwfm fl~{xkbm mlcogx h{ xgdvl` le mduk`b wvgo mg v~gfkekfdkl` vg elxmmgxgk` lx mduk`b flèlxago d`{ fla~wgx vlerdxg l mg v~gfkekfdkl`.

Vwhjgf l dcc le mg gxav dò flòkkl`v hgclr# mg lr`gxv le mg fl~{xkbm k` mkv v~gfkekfdkl` mgxgh{ bxd` {lw d ewcc{!

~dko w~# `l`!g}fcwvkug# `l`xd`vegxdhcg# ~gx~gwdc# rlxcorkog ckfg`vg -rkmlw mg xkbm l vwhckfg`vg+# l wvg mkv

v~gfkekfdkl` l fxgdg dò okvxkhwg vlerdxg dò v~gfkdc ~wx~lvg v~gfkekfdkl`v md dxg hdvgo w~l` mkv v~gfkekfdkl`# dò

l wvg# fl~{# dò okvxkhwg mkv v~gfkekfdkl` dv ~xlukogo wògx mg Fl~{xkbm Df9 ~xlukogo md: -4+ hlm mg fl~{xkbm

`lkfg kog`kekgo dhlug dò mkv ~gxakvvkl` `lkfg d~~gdx l` d`{ fl~kgv le mkv v~gfkekfdkl`9 -8+ mg wvg le mg

v~gfkekfdkl`v kv elx kèlxadkl`dc ~wx~lvgv dò rkcc `l hg fl~kgo lx ~lvgo l` d`{ `grlxi fla~wgx lx hxldofdv k` d`{

agokd dò rkcc `l hg lmgxrkvg xgvlco lx xd`vegxxgo elx flaagxfkdc ~wx~lvgv9 dò -6+ `l alokekfdkl`v dxg adog l mkv

v~gfkekfdkl`. _mkv ckakgo ~gxakvvkl` dwladkfdcc{ gxak`dgv rkmlw `lkfg ke {lw hxgdfm d`{ le mgvg gxav lx

flòkkl`v. W~l` gxak`dkl`# {lw rkcc ogvxl{ kaagokdgc{ d`{ fl~kgv le mg v~gfkekfdkl`v k` {lwx ~lvvgvvkl` lx fl`xlc.

^D_G@_V

_mg dg`kl` le dol~gxv kv okxgfgo l mg ~lvvkhkck{ md fla~ckd`fg rkm lx dol~kl` le LAB v~gfkekfdkl`v ad{ xgtwkxg

wvg le d` kùg`kl` flugxgo h{ ~dg` xkbmv. LAB vmdcc `l hg xgv~l`vkhcg elx kog`ke{k`b ~dg`v elx rmkfm d ckfg`vg ad{

hg xgtwkxgo h{ d`{ LAB v~gfkekfdkl`# lx elx flòwfk`b cgbdc k`twkxkgv k`l mg cgbdc udckok{ lx vfl~g le mlvg ~dg`v

md dxg hxlwbm l kv dg`kl`. LAB v~gfkekfdkl`v dxg ~xlv~gfkug dò doukvlx{ l`c{. ^xlv~gfkug wvgxv dxg xgv~l`vkhcg

elx ~xlgfk`b mgavgcugv dbdk`v ckdhkck{ elx kèxk`bgag` le ~dg`v.

BG@GXDC WVG XGV_XKF_KL@V

D`{ w`dwmlxkzgo wvg le mkv v~gfkekfdkl` ad{ uklcdg fl~{xkbm cdrv# xdogadxi cdrv# dò flaaw`kfdkl`v xgbwcdkl`v

dò vdwgv. _mkv olfwag` fl`dk`v kèlxadkl` rmkfm kv ~xlgfgo h{ fl~{xkbm. Dcc Xkbmv Xgvgxugo. @l ~dx le mkv

rlxi flugxgo h{ fl~{xkbm mgxgk` ad{ hg xg~xlowfgo lx wvgo k` d`{ elxa lx h{ d`{ agd`v!!bxd~mkf# gcgfxl`kf# lx

agfmd`kfdc# k`fcwok`b ~mllfl~{k`b# xgflxok`b# d~k`b# lx kèlxadkl` vlxdbg dò xgxkgudc v{vgav!!rkmlw ~gxakvvkl`

le mg fl~{xkbm lr`gx.

OKVFCDKAGX LE RDXXD@_[

RMKCG _MKV ^WHCKFD_KL@ KV HGCKGUGO _L HG DFFWXD_G# K_ KV ^XLUKOGO (DV KV( D@O AD[ FL@_DK@

GXXLXV LX AKV^XK@_V. _MG LHJGF_ AD@DBGAG@_ BXLW^ D@O _MG FLA D@KGV CKV_GO DHLUG


3/495

ADIG @L RDXXD@_[ LE D@[ IK@O# G]^XGVV LX KA^CKGO# RK_M XGBDXO _L _MKV ^WHCKFD_KL@#

K@FCWOK@B HW_ @L_ CKAK_GO _L D@[ RDXXD@_[ LE _K_CG LX LR@GXVMK^# KA^CKGO RDXXD@_[ LE

AGXFMD@_DHKCK_[ LX RDXXD@_[ LE EK_@GVV ELX D DX_KFWCDX ^WX^LVG LX WVG. K@ @L GUG@_

VMDCC _MG LHJGF_ AD@DBGAG@_ BXLW^ LX D@[ LE _MG FLA^D@KGV CKV_GO DHLUG HG CKDHCG

ELX GXXLXV FL@_DK@GO MGXGK@ LX ELX OKXGF_# K@OKXGF_# K@FKOG@_DC# V^GFKDC# FL@VGTWG@_KDC#

XGCKD@FG LX FLUGX ODADBGV# K@FCWOK@B CLVV LE ^XLEK_V# XGUG@WG# OD_D LX WVG# K@FWXXGO

H[ D@[ WVGX LX D@[ _MKXO ^DX_[ K@ FL@@GF_KL@ RK_M _MG EWX@KVMK@B# ^GXELXAD@FG# LX WVG

LE _MKV AD_GXKDC# GUG@ KE DOUKVGO LE _MG ^LVVKHKCK_[ LE VWFM ODADBGV.

_mg g`kxg xkvi dv l mg twdck{ dò ~gxelxad`fg le vlerdxg ogugcl~go wvk`b mkv v~gfkekfdkl` kv hlx`g h{ {lw. _mkv

okvfcdkagx le rdxxd`{ fl`vkwgv d` gvvg`kdc ~dx le mg ckfg`vg bxd`go l {lw l wvg mkv v~gfkekfdkl`.

XGV_XKF_GO XKBM_V CGBG@O

Wvg# ow~ckfdkl` lx okvfclvwxg h{ mg W.V. Blugxàg` kv vwhjgf l mg xgvxkfkl`v vg elxm k` vwh~dxdbxd~m -f+ -4+ -kk+ le

_mg Xkbmv k` _gfm`kfdc Odd dò Fla~wgx Vlerdxg Fcdwvg d OEDXV 878.882!2>46 lx k` vwh~dxdbxd~m -f+-4+ dò -8+

le mg Flaagxfkdc Fla~wgx Vlerdxg ! Xgvxkfgo Xkbmv fcdwvgv d ?= F.E.X. 78.882!4; lx dv v~gfkekgo k` ?= F.E.X. 882!

28>8!8 le mg OlO E.D.X. Vw~~cgag` dò kv vwffgvvlxv# lx dv v~gfkekgo k` ?= F.E.X. 48.848 le mg Egogxdc Dftwkvkkl`

Xgbwcdkl`v dò kv vwffgvvlxv# dv d~~ckfdhcg. _mg v~gfkekfdkl` fl~{xkbm lr`gxv dxg dv kòkfdgo dhlug dò ad{ hg

fl`dfgo mxlwbm mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# 4?> Igòxkfi Vxgg# @ggomda# AD >8?;?# W.V.D.

_XDOGADXIV

AOD# Alogc Oxkug` Dxfmkgfwxg# WAC# WAC Fwhg clbl# LAB Clbl# FLXHD dò ]AK dxg xgbkvgxgo

xdogadxiv le mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# K`f.# dò Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# LAB # W`kekgo Alogck`b

Cd`bwdbg# Alogc Oxkug` Dxfmkgfwxg Clbl# Alogc Oxkug` Dxfmkgfwxg Okdbxda# FLXHD clblv# ]AK

Clbl# FRA# FRA Clbl# KKL^ # ALE # LAB K`gxedfg Ogek`kkl` Cd`bwdbg -KOC+# dò LAB V{vAC

dxg xdogadxiv le mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~. Dcc lmgx ~xlowfv lx fla~d`{ `dagv ag`kl`go dxg wvgo elx

kog`kekfdkl` ~wx~lvgv l`c{# dò ad{ hg xdogadxiv le mgkx xgv~gfkug lr`gxv.

FLA^CKD@FG

_mg fl~{xkbm mlcogxv ckvgo dhlug dfi`lrcgobg md mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~ -dfk`b kvgce lx mxlwbm kv

ogvkb`ggv+ kv dò vmdcc d dcc kagv hg mg vlcg g`k{ md ad{ dwmlxkzg ogugcl~gxv# vw~~ckgxv dò vgccgxv le fla~wgx

vlerdxg l wvg fgxkekfdkl` adxiv# xdogadxiv lx lmgx v~gfkdc ogvkb`dkl`v l kòkfdg fla~ckd`fg rkm mgvg adgxkdcv.

Vlerdxg ogugcl~go wògx mg gxav le mkv ckfg`vg ad{ fcdka fla~ckd`fg lx flèlxad`fg rkm mkv v~gfkekfdkl` ke dò

l`c{ ke mg vlerdxg fla~ckd`fg kv le d `dwxg ewcc{ adfmk`b mg d~~ckfdhcg fla~ckd`fg ~lk`v dv vdgo k` mg

v~gfkekfdkl`. Vlerdxg ogugcl~go l`c{ ~dxkdcc{ adfmk`b mg d~~ckfdhcg fla~ckd`fg ~lk`v ad{ fcdka l`c{ md mg

vlerdxg rdv hdvgo l` mkv v~gfkekfdkl`# hw ad{ `l fcdka fla~ckd`fg lx flèlxad`fg rkm mkv v~gfkekfdkl`. K` mg

gug` md gvk`b vwkgv dxg ka~cgag`go lx d~~xlugo h{ Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# K`f.# vlerdxg ogugcl~go wvk`b mkv

v~gfkekfdkl` ad{ fcdka fla~ckd`fg lx flèlxad`fg rkm mg v~gfkekfdkl` l`c{ ke mg vlerdxg vdkvedflxkc{ fla~cggv

mg gvk`b vwkgv.


4/495


5/495

LABv Kvvwg Xg~lxtk`b ^xlfgowxg

Dcc LAB v~gfkekfdkl`v dxg vwhjgf l fl`k`wlwv xgukgr dò ka~xlugag`. Dv ~dx le mkv ~xlfgvv

rg g`flwxdbg xgdogxv l xg~lx d`{ dahkbwkkgv# k`fl`vkvg`fkgv# lx k`dffwxdfkgv mg{ ad{ ekò h{

fla~cgk`b mg Kvvwg Xg~lxk`b Elxa ckvgo l` mg adk` rgh ~dbg m~:,,rrr.lab.lxb# wògx

Olfwag`v# Xg~lx d Hwb,Kvvwg -m~:,,rrr.lab.lxb,gfm`lclb{,dbxggag`.ma+.


6/495


7/495


8/495

kk Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

2.6.= ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Og~cl{ag` -^VO+ ............................................................... ??

2.6.; ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v -^VL+ ................................................................ ?7

2.6.4> ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Vw~~lx -^VV+ .................................................................... ?2

2.? Adwxk{ Cgugc ?: ^xgokfdhcg ................................................................................... ?=2.?.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flaal` Dvvg Ad`dbgag` -LFDA+ ......................................... ?;

2.?.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fd~dhkck{ dò gxelxad`fg Ad`dbgag` -LFÂ+ ..................... 7>

2.?.6 ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg xlfgvv K`gbxdkl` -^V^K+ .................................................. 74

2.?.? Twd`kdkug ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag` -T^VA+ ...................................... 78

2.?.7 Twd`kdkug ^xlfgvv Ad`dbgag` -TÂ+ ........................................................... 76

2.7 Adwxk{ Cgugc 7: K``ludk`b .................................................................................... 7?2.7.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` ^cd``k`b -LK^+ ........................................................ 77

2.7.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^gxelxad`fg Dckbàg` -L^D+ ..................................................... 75

2.7.6 Ogegf dò ^xlhcga ^xgug`kl` -O^^+ ................................................................. 72

2.7.? Fl`k`wlwv Fd~dhkck{ Ka~xlugag` -FFK+ ............................................................ 7;

2.7.7 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc K``ludkug Ka~xlugag` -LKK+ ....................................................... 5>

2.7.5 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` Og~cl{ag` -LKO+ ................................................... 54= K`xlowfkl` ....................................................................................... 57

=.4 K`xlowfk`b mg HÂA ............................................................................................. 57=.8 _mg HÂA Fla~dxgo l Lmgx Hgv ^xdfkfgv Alogcv .......................................... 52=.6 Mkvlxkfdc gxv~gfkug le mg HÂAv ...................................................................... 52

; _mg HÂA Edakc{ ............................................................................ 5;

;.4 Wvg le mg HÂA elx Okeegxg` Oladk`v ................................................................. 5;

;.8 HÂA dv Hdvkv elx Oladk` HÂAv ....................................................................... 5;

4> HÂA Fl`fg~v .............................................................................. 24

4>.4 Kaadwxg Ugxvwv Adwxg ^xlfgvvgv ..................................................................... 244>.8 Ewòdag dc ^xlfgvv Fl`fg~v ........................................................................... 284>.6 _mg Ekug ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Cgugcv ......................................................................... 28

4>.6.4 Adwxk{ Cgugc 4 ! _mg K`kkdc Cgugc ...................................................................... 2?

4>.6.8 Adwxk{ Cgugc 8 ! _mg Ad`dbgo Cgugc ................................................................ 2?

4>.6.6 Adwxk{ Cgugc 6 ! _mg Vdòdxokzgo Cgugc .......................................................... 27

4>.6.? Adwxk{ Cgugc ? ! _mg ^xgokfdhcg Cgugc ............................................................. 25

4>.6.7 Adwxk{ Cgugc 7 ! _mg K``ludk`b Cgugc .............................................................. 22

4>.? Adwxk{ Cgugcv Ugxvwv Hwvk`gvv Xgvwcv ............................................................. 2=

44 Lugxukgr le mg HÂA ^xlfgvv Dxgdv ............................................ 2;

44.4 Xgcdkl`vmk~ dò HÂA dò Oladk` xlfgvv Dxgdv ........................................... 2;

44.8 _mg HÂA ^xlfgvv Dxgdv elx Adwxk{ Cgugc 8 .................................................... 2;44.6 _mg HÂA ^xlfgvv Dxgdv elx Adwxk{ Cgugc 6 .................................................... =444.? _mg HÂA ^xlfgvv Dxgdv elx Adwxk{ Cgugc ? .................................................... =8

44.7 _mg HÂA ^xlfgvv Dxgdv elx Adwxk{ Cgugc 7 .................................................... =6

48 Vxwfwxg le mg HÂA ..................................................................... =7

48.4 Ogvkb` le mg HÂA ............................................................................................. =748.8 Dxfmkgfwxdc Mkgxdxfm{ le mg HÂA Fla~l`g v ............................................... =748.6 Adwxk{ Cgugcv ...................................................................................................... =5


9/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> kkk

48.? ^xlfgvv Dxgdv ....................................................................................................... =248.7 ^xlfgvv Dxgd _mxgdov .......................................................................................... =248.5 ^xlfgvv Dxgd Bldcv .............................................................................................. ==

48.2 ^xlfgvv Dxgd ^xdfkfgv ......................................................................................... ;>48.= Vwh~xdfkfgv ......................................................................................................... ;448.; Vw~~cgag`dx{ Kèlxadkl` ................................................................................... ;4

48.4> Bwkod`fg elx Vgcgfgo xdfkfg _l~kfv ............................................................... ;448.44 ^xlfgvv Dxgd _ga~cdg ....................................................................................... ;4

46 K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ............................................................................ ;7

46.4 Lugxukgr le K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` .............................................................................. ;7

46.8 K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldc ......................................................................................... ;546.6 K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ^xdfkfgv .................................................................................. ;5

4? ^xlfgvv Dxgdv ................................................................................ 4>6

4?.4 Adwxk{ Cgugc 8: Ad`dbgo .................................................................................. 4>64?.4.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~ -L^C+ ....................................................... 4>6

4?.4.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg -LHB+ .................................................. 446

4?.4.6 Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag` -RWXA+ ............................................. 486

4?.4.? Rlxi W`k ^cd``k`b dò Flaakag` -RW^F+ ................................................ 48;

4?.4.7 Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc -RWAF+ ..................................................... 4?7

4?.4.5 Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg -RW^+ ........................................................................ 472

4?.4.2 Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -RWFA+ .............................................. 455

4?.4.= Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag` -VA+ ............................................................................ 425

4?.4.; ^xlfgvv dò ^xlowf Dvvwxd`fg -^^D+ ........................................................... 4;?

4?.8 Adwxk{ Cgugc 6: Vdòdxokzgo ............................................................................ 8>84?.8.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^xlfgvv Ad`dbgag` -LÂ+ .................................................. 8>6

4?.8.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fla~gg`f{ Ogugcl~ag` -LFO+ ........................................... 845

4?.8.6 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Xgvlwxfg Ad`dbgag` -LXA+ ................................................ 88=

4?.8.? Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -LFA+ .......................................... 86;

4?.8.7 ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Hwvk`gvv Ad`dbgag` -^VHA+ ...................................... 876

4?.8.5 ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Rlxi Ad`dbgag` -^VRA+ ........................................... 85=

4?.8.2 ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg ^xg~dxdkl` -^V^+ ........................................................... 8=2

4?.8.= ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Og~cl{ag` -^VO+ .......................................................... 6>;

4?.8.; ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v -^VL+ ........................................................... 64;

4?.8.4> ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Vw~~lx -^VV+ .............................................................. 682

4?.6 Adwxk{ Cgugc ?: ^xgokfdhcg ............................................................................... 6624?.6.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flaal` Dvvg Ad`dbgag` -LFDA+ ...................................... 662

4?.6.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fd~dhkck{ dò ^gxelxad`fg Ad`dbgag` -LFÂ+ .................. 6??

4?.6.6 ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg ^xlfgvv K`gbxdkl` -^V^K+ ............................................... 6754?.6.? Twd`kdkug xlowf dò Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag` LT^VA+ ................................. 658

4?.6.7 Twd`kdkug ^xlfgvv Ad`dbgag` -TÂ+ ........................................................ 65;

4?.? Adwxk{ Cgugc 7: K``ludk`b ................................................................................ 6224?.?.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` ^cd``k`b -LK^+ ................................................... 622

4?.?.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^gxelxad`fg Dckbàg` -L^D+ ................................................ 6=2

4?.?.6 Ogegf dò ^xlhcga ^xgug`kl` -O^^+ ............................................................ 6;5

4?.?.? Fl`k`wlwv Fd~dhkck{ Ka~xlugag` -FFK+ ....................................................... ?>7

4?.?.7 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc K``ludkug Ka~xlugag` -LKK+ .................................................. ?44

4?.?.5 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` Og~cl{ag` -LKO+ .............................................. ?4;


10/495

ku Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

D``g} D ! Bwkod`fg elx Vgcgfgo ^xdfkfg _l~kfv .............................. ?64

D``g} H ! Fl`k`wlwv Xg~xgvg`dkl` dò Fd~dhkck{ Cgugcv ............. ??;

D``g} F ! Oladk`!v~gfkekf HÂAv .................................................... ?74

D``g} O ! Bclvvdx{ ............................................................................. ?76

Kòg} .................................................................................................... ?=4


11/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> u

^xgedfg

Dhlw mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~

LAB

Elwògo k` 4;=;# mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# K`f. -LAB+ kv d` l~g` agahgxvmk~# `l!elx!~xlek fla~wgx kòwvx{

vdòdxov fl`vlxkwa md ~xlowfgv dò adk`dk`v fla~wgx kòwvx{ v~gfkekfdkl`v elx k`gxl~gxdhcg# ~lxdhcg dò

xgwvdhcg g`gx~xkvg d~~ckfdkl`v k` okvxkhwgo# mggxlbg`glwv gùkxlàg`v. Agahgxvmk~ k`fcwogv Kèlxadkl`

_gfm`lclb{ ugòlxv# gò wvgxv# blugxàg` dbg`fkgv# dò dfdogakd.

LAB agahgx fla~d`kgv rxkg# dol~# dò adk`dk` kv v~gfkekfdkl v elcclrk`b d adwxg# l~g` ~xlfgvv. LAB"v

v~gfkekfdkl v ka~cgag` mg Alogc Oxkug` Dxfmkgfwxg -AOD+# ad}kakzk`b XLK mxlwbm d ewcc!ckegf{fcg d~~xldfm l

g`gx~xkvg k`gbxdkl` md flugxv awck~cg l~gxdk`b v{vgav# ~xlbxdaak`b cd`bwdbgv# akoocgrdxg dò `grlxik`b

kèxdvxwfwxgv# dò vlerdxg ogugcl~ag` gùkxlàg`v. LABv v~gfkekfdkl`v k`fcwog: WAC -W`kekgo Alogck`b

Cd`bwdbg+9 FLXHD -Flaal` Lhjgf Xgtwgv Hxligx Dxfmkgfwxg+9 FRA -Flaal` Rdxgmlwvg Agdalogc+9

dò kòwvx{!v~gfkekf vdòdxov elx olzg`v le ugxkfdc adxigv.

Alxg kèlxadkl` l` mg LAB kv dudkcdhcg dm~:,,rrr.lab.lxb,.

LAB V~gfkekfdkl`v

Dv `lgo# LAB v~gfkekfdkl`v dooxgvv akoocgrdxg# alogck`b dò ugxkfdc oladk` exdagrlxiv. D fddclb le dcc LAB

V~gfkekfdkl`v kv dudkcdhcg exla mg LAB rghvkg d: m~:,,rrr.lab.lxb,gfm`lclb{,olfwag`v,v~gf\fddclb.ma

V~gfkekfdkl v rkmk` mg Fddclb dxg lxbd`kzgo h{ mg elcclrk`b fdgblxkgv:

LAB Alogck`b V~gfkekfdkl`v

WAC

ALE

]AK

FRA

^xlekcg v~gfkekfdkl`v.

LAB Akoocgrdxg V~gfkekfdkl`v FLXHD,KKL^

KOC,Cd`bwdbg Ad~~k`bv

V~gfkdckzgo FLXHD v~gfkekfdkl`v

FLXHD Fla~l`g` Alogc -FFA+.

^cdelxa V~gfkekf Alogc dò K`gxedfg V~gfkekfdkl`v

FLXHDvgxukfgv


12/495

uk Hwvk`gvv xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

FLXHDedfkckkgv

LAB Oladk` v~gfkekfdkl`v

LAB Gahgoogo K`gcckbg`fg v~gfkekfdkl`v LAB Vgfwxk{ v~gfkekfdkl`v.

Dcc le LABv elxadc v~gfkekfdkl v ad{ hg olr`cldogo rkmlw fmdxbg exla lwx rghvkg. -^xlowfv ka~cgag`k`b LAB

v~gfkekfdkl`v dxg dudkcdhcg exla kòkukowdc vw~~ckgxv.+ Fl~kgv le v~gfkekfdkl`v# dudkcdhcg k` ^lvVfxk~ dò ÔE elxad#

ad{ hg lhdk`go exla mg V~gfkekfdkl`v Fddclb fkgo dhlug lx h{ fl`dfk`b mg Lhjgf Ad`dbgag` Bxlw~# K`f. -dv le

Jd`wdx{ 45# 8>>5+ d:

LAB Mgdotwdxgxv

4?> Igòxkfi Vxgg

Hwkcok`b D# Vwkg 6>>

@ggomda# AD >8?;?

WVD_gc: )4!2=4!???!>?>?

Ed}: )4!2=4!???!>68>

Gadkc:~whvNlab.lxb

Fgxdk` LAB v~gfkekfdkl`v dxg dcvl dudkcdhcg dv KVL vdòdxov. ^cgdvg fl`vwc m~:,,rrr.kvl.lxb

_{~lbxd~mkfdc Flùg`kl`v

_mg {~g v{cgv vmlr` hgclr dxg wvgo k` mkv olfwag` l okvk`bwkvm ~xlbxdaak`b vdgag`v exla lxok`dx{ G`bckvm.

Mlrgugx# mgvg flùg`kl`v dxg `l wvgo k` dhcgv lx vgfkl` mgdok`bv rmgxg `l okvk`fkl` kv `gfgvvdx{.

_kagv,_kagv @gr Xlad` ! 4> ~.: Vdòdxo hlo{ g}

Mgcugkfd,Dxkdc ! 4> ~. Hlco: LAB K`gxedfg Ogek`kkl` Cd`bwdbg -LAB KOC+ dò v{`d} gcgag`v.

Flwxkgx ! 4> ~t. Hlco: ^xlbxdaak`b cd`bwdbg gcgag`v.

Mgcugkfd,Dxkdc ! 4> ~: G}fg~kl`v

@lg _gxav md d~~gdx k` kdckfv dxg ogek`go k` mg bclvvdx{. Kdckf g} dcvl xg~xgvg`v mg dag le d olfwag`# v~gfkekfdkl`#

lx lmgx ~whckfdkl`.

Kvvwgv

_mg xgdogx kv g`flwxdbgo l xg~lx d`{ gfm`kfdc lx gokk`b kvvwgv,~xlhcgav rkm mkv v~gfkekfdkl` l m~:,,rrr.lab.lxb,gfm`lclb{,dbxggag`.ma .


13/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> ukk

Elxgrlxo

_mg ogugcl~ag` le mg Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc -HÂA+ hgbd` k` 8>>8 hw mg ck`gdbg fd` hg xdfgo hdfiawfm ewxmgx.

_mg lxkbk` le alogx` twdck{ ad`dbgag` ~xdfkfgv kv wvwdcc{ xdfgo hdfi l Rdcgx Vmgrdx# rlxik`b d Rgvgx` Gcgfxkf

dò Hgcc _gcg~ml`g Cdhlxdlxkgv k` mg 4;8>v dò 4;6>v. _mkv lxkbk`dc rlxi rdv ewxmgx xgek`go h{ R. Gordxov Ogak`b

dò Jlvg~m A. Jwxd`. K` mg 4;2>v ^mkck~ Fxlvh{ fl`fgkugo le d twdck{ ad`dbgag` adwxk{ bxko l k`fxgag`dcc{

ka~xlug twdck{.

K` mg 4;=>v# Rdv Mwa~mxg{# rlxik`b d KHA# g}~clxgo mlr l hgv k`xlowfg twdck{ ~xdfkfgv k`l vlerdxg

lxbd`kzdkl`v. _mg d~~xldfm mg dò mkv flccgdbwgv ogugcl~go rdv d vdbgo k`xlowfkl` le ~xdfkfgv. _mkv d~~xldfm cgo l

mg ogugcl~ag` le mg ~xlfgvv adwxk{ exdagrlxi md rdv mg hdvkv elx mg ekxv FAA ! mg FAA elx Vlerdxg.

Ugxvkl` 4.> le mg FAA elx Vlerdxg rdv xgcgdvgo k` Dwbwv 4;;4 YRghgx!4;;4Q Y^dwci!4;;4Q.

K` gdxc{ 8>>8 Hdxx{ Mlxg# mg Fmkge G}gfwkug le @gohdì Ckakgo# _gfm`lclb{ dò L~gxdkl`v -_%L+ k` Vlwm Dexkfd#dò mg _%L G}gfwkug Flaakgg hgbd` l xgdckzg md mg udcwg mg{ rgxg dfmkguk`b rkm mg FAA elx Vlerdxg akbm

dcvl hg dfmkgugo k` mg xgv le mgkx hdìk`b l~gxdkl`v ! ke mgvg vdag ~xlfgvv adwxk{ ~xk`fk~cgv flwco hg dod~go dò

d~~ckgo k` mg l~gxdkl`v. Vk`fg lugx => ~gxfg` le mgkx hwvk`gvv rdv l~gxdkl`v# ~xl~lxkl`dgc{ cdxbgx hg`gekv flwco hg

dfmkgugo k` md ~dx le mg hwvk`gvv. _mg G}gfwkug Flaakgg d md kag k`fcwogo Hdxx{ Mlxg# Jlm` Fxwkfivmdì#

Akfmdgc Blwco# Akig Jdxukv# Dòxg Ag{gx# Rkcckg Vfmlcz# Cg` og Ukcckgxv# dò Mdxx{ Rkcvl`.

Hdxx{ fl`dfgo _gxdTwgv Agxkfv l rlxi l` d alogc l flugx mg xgv le mgkx hwvk`gvv. _mg alogc ogugcl~ag` rdv

k`kkdgo k` D~xkc 8>>8# rkm mg k`kkdc elfwv l` d Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v FAA. _gxdTwgv rlxigo rkm @gohdì ad`dbgxv

dò vdee l ogugcl~ d` wògxvdòk`b le vgxukfg l~gxdkl`v dò bdmgx ~xdfkfgv elx mg alogc. @gohdì rdv k`vxwag`dc

k` elxawcdk`b mg vxdgb{ elx ogugcl~k`b dò d~~c{k`b mg Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v FAA rkmk` mgkx lxbd`kzdkl`. Hw jwv

dv ka~lxd`# mg{ flaakgo mg ewòk`b dò xgvlwxfgv l adig mg Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v FAA d xgdck{. _mg{ dcvl

ogfkogo# ugx{ gdxc{ k` mgkx okvfwvvkl`v# md mkv alogc rlwco `l hg d @gohdì!l`c{ alogc# hw rlwco hg adog dudkcdhcg

l mg k`gx`dkl`dc flaaw`k{.

Lugx mg `g} egr {gdxv# mg Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v FAA rdv d~~ckgo k` vgugxdc fla~d`kgv k` udxklwv kòwvxkgv. K` d~~c{k`b

k# k hgfdag fcgdx md mg vgxukfg l~gxdkl`v ~xdfkfgv k` mg alogc rgxg ugx{ fclvg l mg ~xdfkfgv d~~ckfdhcg l mg

bg`gxdc ~xlhcga le ogugcl~k`b# ~xg~dxk`b# og~cl{k`b# l~gxdk`b# dò vw~~lxk`b ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv k` d`{ kòwvx{ !

flugxk`b mg ewcc ckeg f{fcg exla fl`fg~kl` l xgkxgag`. Rkm fl`k`wk`b vw~~lx le @gohdì dò lmgx fla~d`kgv# mg

dwmlxv gulcugo mg Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v FAA k`l mg HÂA.

_gxdTwgv Agxkfv rdv dftwkxgo h{ Hlxcdò Vlerdxg Flx~lxdkl` k` Jd`wdx{ 8>>7.

Fmdxcgv Rghgx kv mg HÂA ~xljgf ad`dbgx. _mg dwmlx gda k`fcwogv Fmdxcgv Rghgx dò Hkcc Fwxkv# exla Hlxcdò# dò

_l`{ Bdxok`gx# exla @gohdì.

Vgugxdc lmgx ~gl~cg fl`xkhwgo l mg fl`fg~v dò ~xdfkfgv k` mkv olfwag`. _mg fl`xkhwlxv dxg ckvgo k` Vgfkl` 5.8.

_mg HÂA kv k`gògo elx d`{l`g k`gxgvgo lx kùlcugo k` ka~xluk`b d` lxbd`kzdkl`"v hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvv xgcdgo l mgkx

~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv ! rmgmgx mg ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv dxg elx k`gx`dc lx g}gx`dc wvg. _mkv k`fcwogv agahgxv le

d~~xdkvdc gdav# agahgxv le ~xlfgvv g`bk`ggxk`b bxlw~v# ad`dbgxv# dò ~xlegvvkl`dc vdee. _mg HÂA fd` hg wvgo dv d

~xlfgvv alogc h{ kvgce lx k fd` hg wvgo dv d exdagrlxi elx ka~xlugag` geelxv hdvgo l` lmgx alogcv vwfm dv mg

Fl`xlc LHjgfkugv elx Kèlxadkl` dò xgcdgo _gfm`lclb{ -FLHK_+ YFLHK_!8>>>Q# Kèlxadkl` _gfm`lclb{

Kèxdvxwfwxg Ckhxdx{ -K_KC+ YK_KC!8>>8Q# dò KVL!;>>> YKVL!8>>7Q.


14/495

ukkk Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>


15/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> 4

^dx K ! Lugxukgr le mg HÂA

_mkv ~dx fl`dk`v mg elcclrk`b Fcdwvgv:

4. Vfl~g

8. Flèlxad`fg

6. Xgegxg`fgv

?. _gxav dò Ogek`kkl`v

7. V{ahlcv,Dfxl`{av

5. Dookkl`dc Kèlxadkl`


16/495

8 Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>


17/495


4 Vfl~g

4.4 K`xlowfkl`

K`xlowfk`b mg HÂA v~gfkekfdkl` rkcc dooxgvv d cgdv ekug fwxxg` fmdccg`bgv l mg vwffgvv le g`gx~xkvg v{vgav:

Ad`dbgag` mdv egr vdòdxov elx d~~xdkvk`b mg adwxk{ le mgkx hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvv rlxieclrv dò `ggov ~xlug`

agmlov elx kog`ke{k`b mg xkviv ~xlfgvv rgdi`gvvgv ~lvg elx og~cl{k`b g`gx~xkvg K_ ~xljgfv dò dfmkguk`b hwvk`gvv

lhjgfkugv.

Ad`dbgag` mdv egr ~xlug` agmlov elx d~~xdkvk`b mg ekogck{ hgrgg` mlr dviv dxg dfwdcc{ ~gxelxago dò mlr

mg{ dxg ogvfxkhgo k` alogc!hdvgo xg~xgvg`dkl`v le ~xlfgvv rlxieclrv. _mkv ~xlhcga fla~xlakvgv mg udckok{ le

v{vga xgtwkxgag`v# mg dffwxdf{ le wvg fdvgv dò alogc!hdvgo xg~xgvg`dkl`v# dò mg geegfkug`gvv le mg

d~~ckfdkl` k` wvg.

Ad`dbgag` kv leg` w`drdxg le mg g}g` l rmkfm lxbd`kf bxlrm lx dftwkvkkl`v mdug xgvwcgo k` awck~cg rd{v le

~gxelxak`b vkakcdx dviv. _mg fxgdkl` le vdòdxo# dkclxdhcg ~xlfgvvgv vka~ckekgv mg xgtwkxgag`v elx g`gx~xkvg

d~~ckfdkl`v dò dv d xgvwc rkcc xgowfg mg fla~cg}k{ le g`gx~xkvg v{vgav.

Lxbd`kzdkl`v mdug egr ~xlug` agmlov elx d~~xdkvk`b d vw~~ckgxv fd~dhkck{ elx ogckugxk`b lwvlwxfgo K_ dò lmgx

hwvk`gvv vgxukfgv rkmk` mg ~dxdaggxv fcdkago k` d ~xl~lvdc. Ewxmgx mg{ `ggo d ~xlug` hdvkv elx v~gfke{k`b

fl`xdfwdc xgtwkxgag`v elx ka~xlugag`v k` d vw~~ckgxv hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvvgv.

Ad`dbgag` ggov bwkod`fg l` mlr l ka~cgag` mg hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvv elwòdkl`v xgtwkxgo elx lxbd`kzdkl`dc dbkck{

dò clrgx l~gxdk`b flvv.

_mg K_ xdog ~xgvv kv ekccgo rkm dxkfcgv dhlw edkcgo g`gx~xkvg d~~ckfdkl`v md rdvgo akcckl`v le olccdxv hgelxg hgk`b

gxak`dgo. Rmkcg vlag le mgvg edkcwxgv fd` hg hcdago l` gfm`lclb{ kvvwgv# mg fdwvgv le ad`{ edkcwxgv dxg xllgo k`

mg vdg le mg lxbd`kzdkl` k`l rmkfm mg d~~ckfdkl` kv hgk`b og~cl{go. Ad`{# ~gxmd~v alv le mgvg lxbd`kzdkl dc~xlhcgav ad`kegv mgavgcugv dv rgdi`gvvgv k` mg hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvvgv md dxg mg dxbg le d` g`gx~xkvg d~~ckfdkl`.

Ka~xluk`b lxbd`kzdkl`dc xgdok`gvv elx gfm`lclb{ og~cl{ag` kv mg alkudkl` elx adik`b mg HÂA dudkcdhcg dv d

vdòdxo exla LAB.

Ekxv elxawcdgo h{ ^mkc Fxlvh{ k` mkv hlli# Twdck{ kv Exgg -4;2;+# mg alogx` wvg le adwxk{ alogcv hgbd` rkm Rdv

Mwa~mxg{v fxgdkl` le mg ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Exdagrlxi d mg Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg k` mg cdg 4;=>v

-Mwa~mxg{# 4;=;+ hdvgo l` kogdv mg mdo ogugcl~go rkm d bxlw~ le flccgdbwgv d KHA -Xdokfg# g dc.# 4;=7+. Mwa~mxg{v

exdagrlxi rdv gcdhlxdgo k`l mg Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc elx Vlerdxg -FAA# ^dwci# g dc.# 4;;7+ dò cdgx k`l

Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc K`gbxdkl` -FAAK# Fmxkvvkv# g dc.# 8>>8+. K mdv hgflag mg ~xggak`g` vdòdxo elx

dvvgvvk`b mg fd~dhkck{ le lxbd`kzdkl`v md ogugcl~ vlerdxg k`g`vkug v{vgav.

4.8 Elwòdkl` ^xk`fk~cgv

_mg elwòdkl` ~xk`fk~cgv dxg:

Dxkhwgv le d ~xlfgvv fd` hg gudcwdgo l oggxak`g kv fd~dhkck{ l fl`xkhwg l lxbd`kzdkl`dc lhjgfkugv.

Fd~dhcg ~xlfgvvgv fd``l vwxukug w`cgvv mg lxbd`kzdkl` kv adwxg g`lwbm l vwvdk` mga.

^xlfgvv ka~xlugag` kv hgv d~~xldfmgo dv d` lxbd`kzdkl`dc fmd`bg ~xlbxda md vdbgv mg ka~xlugag`v l dfmkgug

vwffgvvkugc{ alxg ~xgokfdhcg vdgv le lxbd`kzdkl`dc fd~dhkck{.

Gdfm vdbg lx adwxk{ cgugc cd{v d xgtwkxgo elwòdkl` l` rmkfm ewwxg ka~xlugag`v fd` hg hwkc.


18/495


19/495


8 Flèlxad`fg

8.4 HÂA Flèlxad`fg

Gvdhckvmk`b flèlxad`fg k` xgcdkl` l mg HÂA kv okeegxg` md` flèlxad`fg elx gfm`kfdc v~gfkekfdkl v. Gudcwdk`b

mg HÂA flèlxad`fg kv `l ckig ugxke{k`b md d v{vga mdv hgg` ka~cgag`go flxxgfc{ dfflxok`b l kv v~gfkekfdkl`v

dò xgtwkxgag`v# hw kv alxg dik` l udckodk`b md mg v{vga dv ka~cgag`go aggv mg dfwdc `ggov le mg fckg`. _md

kv# mg HÂA flèlxad`fg fd` l`c{ hg gudcwdgo rkmk` mg rlxik`bv le mg fwvlagxv hwvk`gvv gùkxlàg`. Dcmlwbm

xwc{ lhjgfkug ugxkekfdkl` le flèlxad`fg kv ka~lvvkhcg rkm d adwxk{ alogc# d` geegfkug d~~xdkvdc gfm`ktwg bdmgxv

awck~cg# lugxcd~~k`b elxav le gukog`fg l gudcwdg mg ~gxelxad`fg le mg ~xdfkfgv fl`dk`go k` mg HÂA.

Flèlxad`fg rkm mg HÂA kv gudcwdgo k` d~~xdkvdcv cgo h{ d` dwmlxkzgo Cgdo D~~xdkvgx rml mdv hgg` xdk`go

g}g`vkugc{ k` hlm mg HÂA dò kv dvvlfkdgo d~~xdkvdc agmlov. D~~xdkvdcv dxg flòwfgo h{ d Cgdo D~~xdkvgx rml

kv g}gx`dc l mg lxbd`kzdkl` cgdok`b d gda md k`fcwogv d cgdv vlag agahgxv exla mg lxbd`kzdkl` hgk`b d~~xdkvgo.

_mg gda flccgfv dò gudcwdgv gukog`fg xgbdxok`b mg ka~cgag`dkl` le ~xdfkfgv ogvfxkhgo k` mg HÂA dò adigvjwobag`v dhlw mgkx vxg`bmv dò rgdi`gvvgv dò mg g}g` l rmkfm mg{ flccgfkugc{ vdkve{ mg bldcv le mg ~xlfgvv

dxgdv d mg adwxk{ cgugcv rkmk` mg vfl~g le mg d~~xdkvdc.

Flèlxad`fg kv gudcwdgo wvk`b mg elcclrk`b elxav le gukog`fg:

4. Xgukgr le dxkedfv md dxg ~xlowfgo h{ ~gxelxak b d ~xlfgvv.

8. Xgukgr le dxkedfv md vw~~lx ~gxelxak`b d ~xlfgvv.

6. K`gxukgrv rkm kòkukowdcv lx bxlw~v rml ~gxelxa d ~xlfgvv.

?. K`gxukgrv rkm kòkukowdcv rml ad`dbg lx lugxvgg mg ~gxelxad`fg le d ~xlfgvv.

7. K`gxukgrv rkm kòkukowdcv rml vw~~lx mg ~gxelxad fg le mg ~xlfgvv.

5. Twd kdkug odd wvgo l fmdxdfgxkzg mg vdg le mg lxbd kzdkl` lx mg dkwogv dò hgmduklxv le mlvg k` k.

2. Twd kdkug odd ogvfxkhk b mg ~gxelxad`fg le d ~xlfgvv# kv lwflagv# dò hwvk`gvv xgvwcv.

=. Flèlxad`fg.

_mgxg dxg elwx {~gv le d~~xdkvdcv gùkvkl`go elx mg HÂA rkm udx{k`b cgugcv le dvvwxd`fg md mg ~xdfkfgv le mg

alogc mdug hgg` ka~cgag`go k` rd{v md dfmkgug mg k`g` le mg ~xdfkfgv dò mg bldcv le mgkx dvvlfkdgo ~xlfgvv

dxgdv. _mgvg elwx d~~xdkvdc elxav k`fcwog:

Vdxgx d~~xdkvdc d ckbmrgkbm# k`g}~g`vkug d~~xdkvdc cdvk`b d egr od{v l dfmkgug d` lugxukgr le flèlxad`fg l

mg HÂA. Gukog`fg kv `l xgukgrgo k` og~m dò ckakgo k`gxukgrv dxg flòwfgo. Twd`kdkug odd kv flccgfgo.

^xlbxgvv d~~xdkvdc d` kùgvkbdkl` le dcc ~xlfgvv dxgdv dò ~xdfkfgv rkmk` mg adwxk{ cgugc vfl~g le d` d~~xdkvdc

l gvdhckvm ~xlbxgvv lrdxo dfmkguk`b d adwxk{ cgugc lx l d`kfk~dg mg xgvwcv le d flèkxadlx{ d~~xdkvdc. _mkv

d~~xdkvdc kv kag fl`vwak`b# hw olgv l kùlcug mg vdag cgugc le xkblx dò fla~cgg`gvv le d flèkxadlx{ d~~xdkvdc.

Twd`kdkug odd kv flccgfgo dò fla~dxgo l mg xgvwcv lhdk`go exla k`gxukgrv dò xgukgrk`b dxkedfv.

Vw~~ckgx d~~xdkvdc d` d~~xdkvdc `lxadcc{ ~gxelxago owxk`b vlwxfg vgcgfkl` md kv kog`kfdc l d ~xlbxgvv d~~xdkvdc

g}fg~ md mg d~~xdkvdc gda k`fcwogv l agahgxv exla mg d~~xdkvgo lxbd`kzdkl`. Twd`kdkug odd kv flccgfgo. _mg

ekòk`bv ad{ hg wvgo l ogugcl~ fl`xdfwdc flaakag`v elx ka~xlugag`v md fd` hg ugxkekgo owxk`b mg ~gxklo le

fl`xdf ~gxelxad`fg h{ ~gxelxak`b d ^xlbxgvv# Vw~~ckgx# lx Flèkxadlx{ d~~xdkvdc. Twd`kdkug odd kv flccgfgo l

ugxke{ fcdkav adog k` ~xl~lvdcv dò gvdhckvm fl`xdfwdc cgugcv le ~gxelxad`fg lx ka~xlugag`.


20/495


Flèkxadlx{ d~~xdkvdc d mlxlwbm kùgvkbdkl` le dcc ~xlfgvv dxgdv dò ~xdfkfgv rkmk` mg adwxk{ cgugc vfl~g le

mg d~~xdkvdc. _mkv {~g le d~~xdkvdc kùlcugv kùgvkbdk`b dcc ekug {~gv le gukog`fg ogvfxkhgo dhlug. Gukog`fg kv

vda~cgo hxldoc{ dfxlvv mg lxbd`kzdkl` k` lxogx l dvvwxg md mg d~~xdkvdc gda kv dhcg l d~~xdkvg mg hxgdom le

flèlxad`fg. Twd`kdkug odd kv flccgfgo l kùgvkbdg mg ~gxelxad`fg dò xgvwcv le mg ~xdfkfgv. _mg d~~xdkvdcgda gudcwdgv rmgmgx gdfm ~xdfkfg mdv hgg` ka~cgag`go dò kv dfmkguk`b kv k`g`# dò rmgmgx mg bldcv le gdfm

~xlfgvv dxgd rkmk` mg d~~xdkvdc vfl~g mdug hgg` vdkvekgo. Ke dcc bldcv elx dcc ~xlfgvv dxgdv rkmk` d adwxk{ cgugc dò

d gdfm clrgx cgugc mdug hgg` vdkvekgo# mg` mg lxbd`kzdkl` kv d~~xdkvgo l mdug dfmkgugo md adwxk{ cgugc.

Lxbd`kzdkl`v fd` fcdka dfmkgugag` le d adwxk{ cgugc l`c{ ke gvdhckvmgo h{ d flèkxadlx{ d~~xdkvdc.

8.8 Flèlxad`fg rkm mg V~gfkekfdkl`

_mkv vgfkl` ogek`gv mg HÂA flèlxad`fg ~lk`v# rkm xgegxg`fg l Adwxk{ Cgugcv dò mg xgdckzdkl` le dvvlfkdgo

Bldcv.

_mg Adwxk{ Cgugcv dò Bldcv dxg v~gfkekgo k` ^dx KK# Fmd~gx 2 ! @lxadkug Fl`g` dò Vxwfwxg. _md v~gfkekfdkl`

vmlrv Adwxk{ Cgugcv 8 mxlwbm 7 dv fla~xkvk`b ^xlfgvv Dxgdv# dò mgvg ^xlfgvv Dxgdv k` wx` dxg v~gfkekgo dv vgv leBldcv.

^xlfgvv Dxgdv ~xlukog d `lkl`dc bxlw~k`b le xgcdgo Bldcv# hw ol `l ~cd{ d`{ l~gxdkl`dc xlcg k` v~gfke{k`b Adwxk{

Cgugcv# dò vl dxg `l xgegxg`fgo k` mg ogek`kkl` le Flèlxad`fg.

4. Adwxk{ Cgugcv 8# 6# ?# dò 7 dxg ogek go Flèlxad fg ^lk`v:

D` lxbd`kzdkl` ad{ flèlxa l mkv v~gfkekfdkl` d d Adwxk{ Cgugc le 8 lx mkbmgx.

8. Flèlxad`fg ogek`go fwawcdkugc{ h{ xgegxg fg l Bldcv xgdckzgo:

D fla~ckd` lxbd`kzdkl` d d bkug` Adwxk{ Cgugc vmdcc xgdckzg dcc Bldcv v~gfkekgo elx Adwxk{ Cgugcv w~ l dò

k`fcwok`b mg bkug` Cgugc.

6. Bldc xgdckzdkl :

D` lxbd`kzdkl` xgdckzgv d Bldc ke dò l`c{ ke mg lxbd`kzdkl` mdv ka~cgag`go ~xdfkfgv rmkfm# k` flahk`go geegf#

dfmkgug md Bldc. _mg dfwdcc{ ka~cgag`go ~xdfkfgv ad{ okeegx k` `dag dò vfl~g exla mg ~xdfkfgv vmlr` k` ^dx KK#

Fmd~gx 2# ~xlukogo mgkx `g geegf kv l dfmkgug mg Bldc.

6 @lxadkug Xgegxg`fgv

Dccdadxdjw!4;;; Vwhxdmad`{da Dccdadxdjw# @wv dò Hlcv le _xd`vdfkl` xlfgvvk`b#rrr.vwhxdmad`{da.fla,dxkfcgv,xd`vdfkl`v, @wvDòHlcvLe_ .mac# 4;;;.

y@lg: _mkv xgegxg`fg kv l`c{ wvgo k` mg HÂA elx Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v.q

DVT!8>>4 Dagxkfd` Vlfkg{ elx Twdck{# DVT Bclvvdx{ le _gxav# rrr.dvt.lxb,kèl,bclvvdx{# Adxfm8># 8>>4.

Fmdvg!8>>? Xkfmdxo H. Fmdvg# E. Xlhgx Jdflhv# dò @kfmlcdv J. Dtwkcd`l# L~gxdkl`v Ad`dbgag` ElxFla~gkkug Doud`dbg -_g m Gokkl`+# AfBxdr Mkcc,Kxrk`# 8>>?.

Fmxkvg`vg`!8>>6 F. A. Fmxkvg`vg` % A. G. Xd{`lx# _mg K``ludlxv Vlcwkl`# MHV ^xgvv# Hlvl`# AD# 8>>6.

y@lg: _mkv xgegxg fg kv l`c{ wvgo k` mg HÂA elx Adxigk`b.q


21/495


FLHK_!8>>> K_ Blugx`d`fg K`vkwg# Fl`xlc LHjgfkugv elx Kèlxadkl` dò Xgcdgo _gfm`lclb{# _mkxoGokkl`# Jwc{ 8>>>.

Fxlvh{!4;2; .H. Fxlvh{# Twdck{ kv Exgg# AfBxdr!Mkcc# @gr [lxi# @[# 4;2;.

Fwxkv!8>>4 Hkcc Fwxkv# Rkcckda G. Mgecg{# dò Vdcc{ Akccgx# ^gl~cg Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc# _mg:Bwkogck`gv elx Ka~xluk`b mg Rlxielxfg# Dookvl`!Rgvcg{ whckvmk`b Fla~d`{# Xgdok`b# AD#

8>>4.

Ogak`b!4;=5 R. Gordxov Ogak`b# Lw le mg Fxkvkv# AK_ Fg`gx elx Doud`fgo G`bk`ggxk`b Vwo{#Fdahxkobg# AD# 4;=5.

Edbd`!4;== A.G. Edbd`# Doud`fgv k` Vlerdxg K`v~gfkl`v#KGGG _xd`vdfkl`v l` Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b#Ulc. 48# @l. 2# Jwc{ 4;=5# ~~. 2??!274. -Xg~xk`go k` Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b xljgf

Ad`dbgag`# X.M. _md{gx -go+# KGGG Fla~wgx Vlfkg{ ^xgvv# 4;==# ~~. ?45!?86.+

Egxbwvl`!4;;5Jdfi Egxbwvl`# g dc# Vlerdxg Dftwkvkkl` Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc Ugxvkl` 4.>8 -FAW,VGK!

;5!_X!>8>+. kvhwxbm# D: Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# Fdx`gbkg Agccl` W`kugxvk{#

Ogfgahgx 4;;5.

Exggoad`!4;;> Od`kgc ^. Exggoad` dò Bgxdco A. Rgk`hgxb#Mdòhlli le Rdcimxlwbmv# K`v~gfkl`v# dò_gfm`kfdc Xgukgrv# _mkxo Gokkl`# Olxvg Mlwvg# @gr [lxi# @[# 4;;>.

Bkch!4;;6 _la Bkch dò Olxlm{ Bxdmda# Vlerdxg K`v~gfkl`# Xgdok`b# AD# Dookvl`!Rgvcg{# 4;;6.

Mwa~mxg{!4;=2 Rdv V. Mwa~mxg{# Fmdxdfgxkzk`b mg Vlerdxg xlfgvv: D Adwxk{ Exdagrlxi# VlerdxgG`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# FAW,VGK!=2!_X!44# O_KF @wahgx DOD4=8=;7# Jw`g 4;=2.

KGGG!4;=; KGGG Vdòdxo 4>8=!4;==#KGGG Vdòdxo elx Vlerdxg Xgukgrv dò Dwokv# KGGG Fla~wgxVlfkg{ ^xgvv# 4;=;.

KGGG!4;;4 Vdòdxov Fllxok`dk`b Flaakgg le mg KGGG Fla~wgx Vlfkg{#KGGG Vdòdxo Bclvvdx{ leVlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b _gxak`lclb{ -Vo 54>.48.4;;>+# Eghxwdx{# 4;;4

KVL!8>>8 Jlk` _gfm`kfdc Flaakgg KVL,KGF J_F4 Kèlxadkl` _gfm`lclb{#Kèlxadkl` _gfm`lclb{ Vlerdxg Agdvwxgag` ^xlfgvv -KVL,KGF FO 47;6;+# 8>>8

KVL!8>>7 K`gx`dkl`dc Lxbd`kzdkl` elx Vdòdxokzdkl`# KVL ;>>>: Twdck{ ad`dbgag` v{vgav Ewòdag`dcv dò ulfdhwcdx{# 8>>7.

K`gx`dkl`dc Lxbd`kzdkl` elx Vdòdxokzdkl`# KVL ;>>4: Twdck{ ad`dbgag` v{vgav

Xgtwkxgag`v# 8>>>.

K`gx`dkl`dc Lxbd`kzdkl` elx Vdòdxokzdkl`# KVL ;>>?: Twdck{ ad`dbgag` v{vgav

Bwkogck`gv elx ~gxelxad`fg ka~xlugag`v# 8>>>.

K_KC!8>>8 WI Leekfg le Blugxàg` Flaagxfg#Kèlxadkl` _gfm`lclb{ Kèxdvxwfwxg Ckhxdx{#-gulcuk`b ckhxdx{ le vdòdxov+

Hl`!8>>8 Jd` ud` Hl`# Bglxbg Igaagxck`b# dò Okfi ^lòad` -Goklxv+ Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag` D`K`xlowfkl`# K_ Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag` Elxwa# Ud` Mdxg` whckvmk`b# Ad{ 8>>8.

Jwxd`!4;;8 J.A. Jwxd`#Jwxd` l` Twdck{ H{ Ogvkb`# _mg Exgg ^xgvv# @gr [lxi# @[# 4;;8.

Ilgx!4;;7 Ilgx# J. . Cgdok`b Fmd`bg: Rm{ _xd`velxadkl` Geelxv Edkc#Mdxudxo Hwvk`gvv Xgukgr#Adxfm!D~xkc 4;;7.


22/495

= Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

AfBdxx{!8>>4 AfBdxx{# Jdfi# g dc# ^xdfkfdc Vlerdxg Agdvwxgag`: Lhjgfkug Kèlxadkl` elx OgfkvklÀdigxv# Dookvl`!Rgvcg{ whckvmk`b Fla~d`{# Xgdok`b AD# 8>>4.

@KV_!8>>7 @dkl`dc K`vkwg le Vdòdxov dò _gfm`lclb{#Hdcoxkbg @dkl`dc Twdck{ ^xlbxda: Fxkgxkdelx ^gxelxad`fg G}fgccg`fg9Gowfdkl` Fxkgxkd elx ^gxelxad`fg G}fgccg`fg9 dòMgdcm Fdxg

Fxkgxkd elx ^gxelxad`fg G}fgccg`fg# W`kgo Vdgv Og~dxag` le Flaagxfg# Bdkmgxvhwxb#

AO# 8>>7.

^dwci!4;;4 Adxi F. ^dwci# Hkcc Fwxkv# dò Adx{ Hgm Fmxkvvkv# Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc elx Vlerdxg#Ugxvkl` 4.># Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# FAW,VGK!;4!_X!8?# O_KF @wahgx DOD8?>5>?#

Dwbwv 4;;4.

^dwci!4;;7 Adxi F. ^dwci# Fmdxcgv U. Rghgx# Hkcc Fwxkv# dò Adx{ Hgm Fmxkvvkv# _mg Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{Alogc: Bwkogck`gv elx Ka~xluk b mg Vlerdxg ^xlfgvv# Dookvl`!Rgvcg{ ^whckvmk`b Fla~d`{#

Xgdok`b# AD# 4;;7.

ÂK!8>>> ^xljgf Ad`dbgag` K`vkwg#D Bwkog l mg ^xljgf Ad`dbgag` Hlli le I`lrcgobg# xljgfAd`dbgag` K`vkwg# @grlr` Vtwdxg# ^D# 8>>8.

Xdokfg!4;=7 X.D. Xdokfg# @.I. Xlm# D.F. LMdxd# Jx.# dò R.D. Fkdxegccd# D xlbxdaak`b xlfgvvDxfmkgfwxg#KHA V{vgav Jlwx`dc# Ulc. 8?# @l. 8# 4;=7.

VGK!4;;2 Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg. FAA elx Vlerdxg# Ugxvkl` 8 -Oxde F+. 3WXC: m~:,,rrr.vgk.faw.gow,dfkukkgv,faa,oxde!f,f.mac0# Lf. 88# 4;;2.

VGK!8>>4d Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# FAAK elx V{vgav G`bk`ggxk`b ,Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b# Ugxvkl`4.4 -Vdbgo Xg~xgvg`dkl`+# FAW,VGK!8>>8!_X!>>?# Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg#

^kvhwxbm D# Ogfgahgx 8>>4.

VGK!8>>4h Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# FAAK elx V{vgav G`bk`ggxk`b ,Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b# Ugxvkl`

4.4 -Fl`k`wlwv Xg~xgvg`dkl`+# FAW,VGK!8>>8!_X!>>4# Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg#^kvhwxbm D# Ogfgahgx 8>>4.

VGK!8>>? Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# VFDA^K u4.4 Fcdvv D D~~xdkvdc Xgvwcv# Dwbwv 8>>? ^xlfgvvAdwxk{ ^xlekcg -8>>? Ako![gdx W~odg+# Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg FAAK# Dwbwv 8>>?.

Vmgrmdx!4;64 R.D. Vmgrmdx# _mg Gfl`lakf Fl`xlc le Twdck{ le Ad`wedfwxgo ^xlowfv# Ud` @lvxdò#4;64# -xg~whckvmgo h{ Dagxkfd` Vlfkg{ elx Twdck{# Akcrdwigg# RK# 4;=>+.

Rghgx!4;;4 Fmdxcgv U. Rghgx# Adxi F. ^dwci# F{`mkd J. Rkvg# dò Jdagv U. Rkmg{# Ig{ ^xdfkfgv le mgFd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc# Ugxvkl` 4.># Vlerdxg G`bk`ggxk`b K`vkwg# FAW,VGK!;4!_X!87#

O_KF @wahgx DOD8?>5>?# Dwbwv 4;;4.

Rghgx!8>>8d Fmdxcgv U. Rghgx# Mkbm Adwxk{ ^xljgf: Bclvvdx{ le _gxav dò Fl`fg~v Xgcdgo l Mkbm

Adwxk{# Ugxvkl` 4.?# -K`gx`dc _gxdTwgv Xg~lx+# Adxfm 2# 8>>8.

Rghgx!8>>8h Fmdxcgv Rghgx dò Hgm Cd{ad`# Agdvwxgag` Adwxk{ dò mg FAA: Mlr Agdvwxgag`^xdfkfgv Gulcug dv xlfgvvgv Adwxg# Vlerdxg Twdck{ xlegvvkl`dc# Jw`g# 8>>8.

Rghgx!8>>? Fmdxcgv Rghgx# Hkcc Fwxkv# dò _l`{ Bdxok`gx# Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc#Ugxvkl` >.?4# _gxdTwgv Agxkfv# Vg~gahgx 8>>?.

Rghvgx!4;;2 Rghvgxv @gr Rlxco Flccgbg Okfkl`dx{ Elwxm Gokkl`# Akfmdgc Db`gv -Goklx k` Fmkge+#Adfakccd`# @gr [lxi# @[# 4;;2.


23/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> ;

? _gxav dò Ogek`kkl`v

_gxav ckig mg elcclrk`b ad{ hg wvgo k` mkv olfwag`

Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc

FAA

FAAK

Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc# FAA# dò FAAK dxg xgbkvgxgo k` mg W.V. ^dg` dò _xdogadxi Leekfg. Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv

Adwxk{ Alogc dò mg HÂA dxg vgxukfg adxiv le Hlxcdò Vlerdxg.

@L_G: Rmg` mg gxa# ~xlfgvv dxgd kv wvgo k` mkv olfwag`# k xgegxv l mg HÂA ~xlfgvv dxgdv fl`dk`go k` ^dx KKK#Fmd~gx 4? le mkv olfwag` -lx l vkakcdx fla~l`g`v le lmgx ~xlfgvv alogcv+.

_mg elcclrk`b kv d twkfi xgegxg fg le gxak`lclb{ wvgo mxlwbmlw mkv v~gfkekfdkl`. Vgg dookkl`dc bclvvdx{ k` ^dx KU#

D``g} O.

Rmggcgx!4;;= Ol`dco J. Rmggcgx dò Vmgkcd X. ^lck`b#Hwkcok`b Fl`k`wdc Ka~xlugag # V^F ^xgvv#I`l}ukccg# _@# 4;;=.

Rmggcgx!8>>6 Ol`dco J. Rmggcgx dò Vmgkcd X. ^lck`b#Adik`b Vg`vg le Odd: V^F elx mg Vgxukfg Vgflx#V^F ^xgvv# I`l}ukccg# _@# 8>>6.

_gxa Vda~cg HÂA agd`k`b _xdoktkl`dc LAB agd`k`b

Dol~kl` ^whckfdkl` le d exdagrlxi le hgv ~xdfkfgv

md fd` hg d~~ckgo elx ka~xluk`b hwvk`gvv

~xlfgvvgv k` d hxldo xd`bg le lxbd`kzdkl`dc

fl`g}v. Dol~kl` le mg HÂA ekccv d`

wàg adxig xgtwkxgag` rmkfm vxl`bc{

vw~~lxv LABv akvvkl`.

^whckfdkl` le gfm`kfdc v~gfkekfdkl`

~xgfkvgc{ ogvfxkhk`b k`gxl~gxdhkck{

k`gxedfgv lx odd elxadv# l g`dhcg

k`gxl~gxdhkck{ le llcv h{ wvk`b mlvg

k`gxedfgv dò elxadv.

Fgxkekfdkl` ~xlbxda Kvvwk`b fgxkekfdgv hdvgo d` gudcwdkl` le

~xlekfkg`f{ md dgv l d` kòkukowdcv

i`lrcgobg le ogdkcv le mg HÂA lx l

mgkx dhkck{ l flòwf ckfg`vgo xdk`k`b#

ckfg`vgo d~~xdkvdcv# lx ka~xlugag`~xlbxdav wvk`b mg HÂA.

Kvvwk`b fgxkekfdgv le i`lrcgobg le

ogdkcv le d` LAB v~gfkekfdkl` -g.b.

WAC+ l kòkukowdcv# hdvgo l` d

i`lrcgobg gv.

Flèlxad`fg _mg g}g` l rmkfm d` lxbd`kzdkl` mdv

ka~cgag`go rlxi ~xdfkfgv md vdkve{ mg

k`g` le mg ~xdfkfgv dò ~xlfgvv dxgd bldcv

g`wagxdgo k` mg HÂA.

G}g` l rmkfm vlerdxg hgk`b gudcwdgo

flxxgfc{ xgdckzgv odd elxadv dò

k`gxedfgv olfwag`go k` vdòdxo -t.u.+#

dv lhjgfkugc{ agdvwxgo dbdk`v md

v~gfkekfdkl`.


24/495

4> Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

Ka~cgag`,

ka~cgag`dkl`

K`vdcc# wvg# dò k`vkwkl`dckzg hwvk`gvv

~xlfgvvgv dfflxok`b l bwkod`fg k` mg

HÂA dò,lx xgcdgo exdagrlxiv lx

v~gfkekfdkl`v.

Fxgdg vlerdxg md wvgv odd elxadv dò

k`gxedfgv ~whckvmgo k` mg `dago LAB

v~gfkekfdkl`.

Adwxk{ Alogc D adwxk{ alogc kv d` gulcwkl`dx{ xldoad~elx ka~cgag`k`b mg ukdc ~xdfkfgv exla l`g

lx alxg oladk`v le lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~xlfgvv.

_mg ekug cgugcv le adwxk{ bwkog d`

lxbd`kzdkl` k` gulcuk`b exla ~llxc{ ogek`go

dò k`fl`vkvg` ~xdfkfgv# l xg~gddhcg

~xdfkfgv d mg w`k cgugc# l vdòdxo

lxbd`kzdkl`!rkog gò!l!gò hwvk`gvv

~xlfgvvgv# l vdkvkfdcc{ ad`dbgo dò

~xgokfdhcg ~xlfgvvgv# dò ek`dcc{ l

fl`k`wlwv ~xlfgvv k``ludkl` dòl~kakzdkl`.

Adwxk{ Cgugc 4 kv d ogvkb`dkl` elx

lxbd`kzdkl`v md mdug `l dfmkgugo l`g le

mg lmgx cgugcv le mg alogc.

Lxbd`kzdkl`v dfmkguk`b Adwxk{ Cgugc 6# ?#

lx 7 awv dcvl agg dcc mg xgtwkxgag`v

dvvlfkdgo rkm clrgx Adwxk{ Cgugcv

hgbk``k`b rkm Cgugc 8.

-`l`g+

Agmlo D vg le rlxi vg~v dffla~d`kgo h{ wvdbgxwcgv# vgtwg`fk`b k`vxwfkl`v# dò

fllxok`dkl` bwkogck`gv md v~gfke{ d w`ktwg

~xlfgowxg elx ~gxelxak`b d dvi# dfkuk{# lx~xlfgvv.

D vg le bwkogck`gv elx vlerdxg

ogugcl~ag`. D vlerdxg ogugcl~ag`

~xlfgvv -t.u.+.

Alogc D` dhvxdfkl` le vlag dv~gf le mg vdkfvxwfwxg lx o{`dakf hgmduklx le d`

lxbd`kzdkl`dc v{vga. Rmg` wvgo rkm

adwxk{ alogcv mkv ogek`kkl` ka~ckgv d`

dhvxdfkl` le mg ukdc ~xdfkfgv xgtwkxgo l

dfmkgug d v~gfkekf vdg k` mg o{`dakf

hgmduklx le d` lxbd`kzdkl`dc v{vga.

D adfmk`g!xgdodhcg dhvxdfkl` le vlag

dv~gf le mg vdkf vxwfwxg lx o{`dakf

hgmduklx le d fla~wgx v{vga.

Alogc!hdvgo Wvg le d mwad`!xgdodhcg alogc l xgowfg mgmwad` udxkdkl` k` ka~cgag`k`b gudcwdk`b

vlag dv~gf le d ~xlfgvv lx lxbd`kzdkl`dcv{vga.

Wvk`b adfmk`g!xgdodhcg alogcv -t.u.+

ogvfxkhk`b vlag dv~gf le d ~xlfgvv lx

v{vga l xgdckzg md ~xlfgvv lx v{vgarkm xgcdkugc{ ckcg mwad` k`gxug`kl`.

L~g` Vdòdxo Lxbd`kzdkl`v `ggo d xwvgo dò l~g`vdòdxo dbdk`v rmkfm l gudcwdg mg

fd~dhkck{ le mgavgcugv lx mgkx ugòlxv elx

aggk`b mgkx vgxukfg cgugc# twdck{# ~xkfg# dò

ew`fkl`dck{ flaakag`v.

Exggc{!dudkcdhcg vdòdxo -t.u.+ rkm l

K^X xgvxkfkl`v md ~xgug` kv rkogv~xgdo

ka~cgag`dkl` -t.u.+.


25/495


7 V{ahlcv,Dfxl`{av

_mgxg dxg `l v{ahlcv ogek`go k` mkv v~gfkekfdkl . _mg dfxl`{av wvgo mxlwbmlw mkv v~gfkekfdkl` dxg ckvgo hgclr.

^xlfgvv D vg le dviv lx dfkukkgv ~gxelxago ldfmkgug d bkug` ~wx~lvg lx d v~gfkekgo xgvwc.

Olfwag`go ~xlfgowxg elx ~gxelxak`b

vlag dvi rkmk` d` lxbd`kzdkl` g.b.

vlerdxg fl`vxwfkl`# ~d{xlcc# lxogx

~xlfgvvk`b gf+.

^xlbxda D vg le ~xgogek`go dviv lx dfkukkgv~gxelxago l dfmkgug d bkug` ~wx~lvg lx d

v~gfkekgo xgvwc.

Vlerdxg md ka~cgag`v -t.u.+ d

v~gfkekfdkl` -t.u.+.

Vdòdxo Rkogc{!wvgo Adwxk{ Alogcv fl`dk`k`b mgukdc ~xdfkfgv xgtwkxgo l ka~xlug mg

~xlfgvv fd~dhkck{ le d` lxbd`kzdkl`.

Rkogc{!wvgo v~gfkekfdkl` le odd elxadv

dò k`gxedfgv# ogvkb`go l dvvkv llc

k`gxl~gxdhkck{.

_xd`vdfkl`dc K` mg HÂA d xd`vdfkl` kv d vgtwg`fg leokvfxggc{ ogek`go dviv dò,lx g}fmd`bgv le

kèlxadkl`# odd# lx d`bkhcg kgav md rmg`

fla~cggo dfmkgug d v~gfkekgo lwflagdbxggo l h{ hlm ~dxkgv. _mgxg kv `l

dvvwa~kl` adog k` mg HÂA dhlw

rmgmgx mg k`gxagokdg vdgv le d

xd`vdfkl` fd` hg g}gx`dcc{ lhvgxugo. _mwv#

xd`vdfkl`dc ka~ckgv hwvk`gvv dfkukkgv

flòwfgo mxlwbm exgtwg`# okvfxgg#

xg~gkkug xd`vdfkl`v xdmgx md` mxlwbm d`

g}g`vkug ~xlfgvv md wèlcov lugx kag dò

rmkfm ad{ `l kùlcug xg~gdgo dviv.

^lvvgvvk`b mg ~xl~gx{ md d ~dxkfwcdx

dfkl` kv fdxxkgo lw fla~cggc{# lx `l d

dcc hw fd``l hg g}gx`dcc{ lhvgxugo k`

d ~dxkdcc{!fla~cggo vdg.

HÂA Hwvk`gvv xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc

FFK Fl`k`wlwv Fd~dhkck{ Ka~xlugag`v -~xlfgvv dxgd+

FK flèkbwxdkl` kga

FAflèkbwxdkl` ad`dbgag`

FA Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

FAA Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc

FAAK Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc K`gbxdkl`

O^^ Ogegf dò ^xlhcga ^xgug`kl` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

B!AD Bwkogck`gv elx Agdvwxgag` dò D`dc{vkv


26/495


B!LFO Bwkogck`gv elx Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fmd`bg dò Ogugcl~ag`

B!ÔX Bwkogck`gv elx ^xlhcga dò Ogfkvkl` Xgvlcwkl`

B!XA Bwkogck`gv elx Xkvi Ad`dbgag`

B!R^K Bwkogck`gv elx Rlxi xlowf K`v~gfkl`

KOGDC K`kkdk`b# Okdb`lvk`b# Gvdhckvmk`b# Dfk`b# Cgdx`k`b

K`B k`vkwkl`dckzdkl` bldc

K`^ k`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ~xdfkfg

KAA K`gbxdgo Adxigk`b Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

y@lg: _mkv dfxl`{a kv l`c{ wvgo k` mg HÂA elx Adxigk`b.q

KVA K`gbxdgo Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+y@lg: _mkv dfxl`{a kv l`c{ wvgo k` mg HÂA elx Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v.q

K_ Kèlxadkl` _gfm`lclb{

AA adwxk{ alogc

ALD Adxig Leegxk`b D`dc{vkv -~xlfgvv dxgd+


ALHA Adxig Leegxk`b Hwvk`gvv Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


ALK Adxig Leegxk`b K`xlowfkl` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


AL^ Adxig Leegxk`b ^xg~dxdkl` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


LHB Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LFDA Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flaal` Dvvg Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LKO Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` Og~cl{ag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LK^ Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` cd``k`b -~xlfgvv dxgd+

L^D Lxbd`kzdkl`dc gxelxad`fg Dckbàg` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LFA Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LFÂ Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fd~dhkck{ dò gxelxad`fg Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LKK Lxbd`kzdkl`dc K``ludkug Ka~xlugag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

L^C Lxbd`kzdkl`dc xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~ -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LÂ Lxbd`kzdkl`dc xlfgvv Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


27/495


LXA Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Xgvlwxfg Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

LVA Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Vikccv Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

L_ Lxbd`kzdkl`dc _xdk`k`b -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^D ~xlfgvv dxgd

ÔFD ^cd`!Ol!Fmgfi!Df

^!FAA ^gl~cg Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc

^^D ^xlfgvv dò ^xlowf Dvvwxd`fg -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^VHA ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Hwvk`gvv Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^VO ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Og~cl{ag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^VL ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^V^ ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg ^xg~dxdkl` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^V^K ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg ^xlfgvv K`gbxdkl` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^VV ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Vw~~lx -~xlfgvv dxgd+

^VRA ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Rlxi Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

TÂ Twd`kdkug xlfgvv Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

T^VA Twd`kdkug ^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

VOGC Vgxukfg Ogckugx{ -~xlfgvv dxgd+

y@lg: _mkv dfxl`{a kv l`c{ wvgo k` mg HÂA elx Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v.q

VOG^ Vgxukfg Og~cl{ag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


VOGU Vgxukfg Ogugcl~ag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


VB v~gfkekf bldc

VCD vgxukfg cgugc dbxggag`

VA Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

VAV Vgxukfg Adk`g`d`fg dò Vw~~lx -~xlfgvv dxgd+


VL!FAA Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc

V^ v~gfkekf ~xdfkfg

V^F vdkvkfdc ~xlfgvv fl`xlc


28/495

4? Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

5 Dookkl`dc Kèlxadkl`

5.4 _mg HÂA Wvgv

_mgxg dxg elwx ~xkadx{ rd{v k` rmkfm mg HÂA rkcc hg wvgo dò gdfm rkcc mdug okeegxg` xgtwkxgag`v elx d~~xdkvdcv.

Bwkok`b hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` ~xlbxdav _mg HÂA kv ogvkb`go l bwkog ka~xlugag` ~xlbxdav dò mkv

kv d`kfk~dgo l hg kv alv exgtwg` wvg. Ka~xlugag` ~xlbxdav vmlwco hg k`kkdgo rkm d` gudcwdkl` le mg

lxbd`kzdkl`v fwxxg` vxg`bmv dò rgdi`gvvgv. _mg Vdxgx D~~xdkvdc ~xlukogv ekòk`bv vweekfkg` l k`kkdg d`

ka~xlugag` ~xlbxda. Gkmgx Vdxgx D~~xdkvdcv lx ^xlbxgvv D~~xdkvdcv fd` hg wvgo l oggxak`g mg vdwv dò

geegfkug`gvv le ka~xlugag` dfkukkgv owxk`b mgkx og~cl{ag`. ^xlbxgvv D~~xdkvdcv dxg vweekfkg` elx k`gx`dc

gudcwdkl`v le adwxk{ cgugc vdwv. Mlrgugx# ke mg lxbd`kzdkl` rd`v l ~xgvg` kv adwxk{ xgvwcv ~whckfc{# d

Flèkxadlx{ D~~xdkvdc rlwco hg xgtwkxgo.

Dvvgvvk`b xkvi elx ogugcl~k`b dò og~cl{k`b g`gx~xkvg d~~ckfdkl v _mg HÂA rkcc hg wvgo l kog`ke{ xkviv l mg

vwffgvvewc ka~cgag`dkl` le v{vgav dò l ~xlukog bwkod`fg l` mg dfkl`v l hg dig` l ka~xlug mga ~xklx l

v{vga og~cl{ag`. _mg ka~lxd`fg le xgowfk`b mg xkviv l g`gx~xkvg d~~ckfdkl`v xgtwkxgv kèlxadkl` ogxkugo exla

gkmgx d ^xlbxgvv D~~xdkvdc lx d Flèkxadlx{ D~~xdkvdc. Ke d` g}gx`dc lxbd`kzdkl` kv ogugcl~k`b mg v{vga# ekòk`bv

exla d Flèkxadlx{ D~~xdkvdc ad{ hg k`fcwogo k` mg dbxggag`v dv dfkl`v mg fwvlagx rkcc dig l ~xg~dxg elx

v{vga og~cl{ag`.

Gudcwdk`b mg fd~dhkck{ le vw~~ckgxv _mg FAA elx vlerdxg rdv lxkbk`dcc{ ogugcl~go l mgc~ OlO alug hg{lò

wvk`b clrgv ~xkfg dv mg hdvkv elx vgcgfk`b dal`b hkoogxv. Vkakcdxc{# lxbd`kzdkl`v `ggo d xwvgo dò l~g` vdòdxo

dbdk`v rmkfm l gudcwdg mg fd~dhkck{ le mgkx ugòlxv elx aggk`b mgkx vgxukfg cgugc# twdck{# ~xkfg# dò ew`fkl`dck{

flaakag`v. _mg{ rkcc rd` l ~gxelxa Vw~~ckgx D~~xdkvdcv owxk`b mg vgcgfkl` ~xlfgvv dò wvg ^xlbxgvv# Vw~~ckgx#

lx Flèkxadlx{ D~~xdkvdcv owxk`b fl`xdf ~gxelxad`fg l gudcwdg ~xlbxgvv k` gckak`dk`b ~xlfgvv ogekfkg`fkgv

kog`kekgo owxk`b vlwxfg vgcgfkl`.

V^K Vgxukfg ^xlfgvv K`gbxdkl` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


VR!FAA Vlerdxg Fd~dhkck{ Adwxk{ Alogc

U ugxvkl`

RHV rlxi hxgdiolr` vxwfwxg

RWFA Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

RWAF Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc -~xlfgvv dxgd+

RW^ Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg -~xlfgvv dxgd+

RW^F Rlxi W`k cd``k`b dò Flaakag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+

RWXA Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag` -~xlfgvv dxgd+


29/495


Hg`fmadxik`b Ad`dbgag` ad{ rd` l gudcwdg rmgxg mg{ vdò xgcdkug l mg adwxk{ le hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvvgv k`

mgkx kòwvx{ vgbag`. ^xlbxgvv D~~xdkvdcv rkcc ~xlukog d` d~~xl}kadg hg`fmadxi# rmkcg Flèkxadlx{ D~~xdkvdcv

rkcc ~xlukog alxg xkblxlwv hg`fmadxik`b xgvwcv dò agdvwxgv. LAB fd` ogugcl~ xg~lvklxkgv le odd dò kèlxadkl`

flccgfgo owxk`b d~~xdkvdcv xgbdxok`b kòwvx{ xgòv dò hgv ~xdfkfgv k` okeegxg` dxgdv le hwvk`gvv ~xlfgvv.

5.8 Dfi`lrcgobgag`v

Fl`xkhwlxv l mg Hwvk`gvv xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc

D `wahgx le ~gl~cg fl`xkhwgo l mg fl`fg~v dò ~xdfkfgv g}~xgvvgo k` mg Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc. _mgvg

fl`xkhwlxv k`fcwog mg elcclrk`b kòkukowdcv.

Hlxcdò Vletrdxg dò _gxdTwgvt Agtxkfv

Jlm` Dcog`

Oduko Hdxvlr ^gg Ow^x

Akig G~`gx

Adxvmd Mwbmgv

Ig` Jlm`vl`

Hgm Cd{ad`

Ol` L}cg{

Jlg weegx

Iguk` Vfmdd`

Jl{fg Vdz

@gohdì Ckaktgo

Rkccga Hwcgx

@lxad` Gordxov

Oduko Mwbmgv

Hxkd` Id`{d`bdxdxd

Albdado Clwr

Igvmdud @dkow

Odd` @gc

D`d Vd`fmgz

ICD _g`flx

Xlhgx Xwhk`l

Oduko Vxwghk`b

Vwhakvvkl` gda elx mg Hwvk`gvv xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc

Dvmkvm Dbxdrdc# Dolhg V{vgav# K`f.

^gg Xkug# Dod~kug# K`f.


30/495


Akig G~`gx# Hlxcdò Vlerdxg Flx~lxdkl`

Ogxgi Akgxv# HÂ Elfwv

Ol`dco Fmd~k`# Hwvk`gvv Vgad`kfv# Co.

Jlm` Dcog`# Fd~dhkck{ Agdvwxgag`# CCF

Exgo Fwaak`v# Gcgfxl`kf Odd V{vgav Flx~lxdkl`

^mkc Bkchgx# Clahdxok Vlerdxg# K`f.

Vwagg Adcmlxd# W`kv{v Flx~lxdkl`

Dwmlxv dò xk`fk~dc Fl`xkhwlxv

Fmdxcgv U. Rghgx

Hkcc Fwxkv

_l`{ Bdxok`gx


31/495


^dx KK ! HÂA @lxadkug Fl`g`

_mkv ^dx fl`dk`v mg elcclrk`b fmd~gx dò vgfkl`v:

2. HÂA @lxadkug Fl`g` dò Vxwfwxg

2.4 K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldc dò ^xdfkfgv

2.8 Adwxk{ Cgugc 8: Ad`dbgo

2.6 Adwxk{ Cgugc 6: Vdòdxokzgo

2.? Adwxk{ Cgugc ?: ^xgokfdhcg

2.7 Adwxk{ Cgugc 7: K``ludk`b


32/495

4= Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>


33/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> 4;

2 HÂA @lxadkug Fl`g` dò Vxwfwxg

K` mkv vgfkl`# Adwxk{ Cgugcv dxg v~gfkekgo wvk`b mg elcclrk`b vxwfwxg elx gdfm Adwxk{ Cgugc g}fg~ Cgugc 4:

^xlfgvv Dxgdv -^Dv+

^xlfgvv Dxgd `dag

^wx~lvg vdgag`

V~gfkekf Bldcv

K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv

^xdfkfg l Bldc Xgcdkl`dc _dhcg

V~gfkekf ^xdfkfgv

K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` xdfkfgv

K` mg dhlug vxwfwxg# ^xlfgvv Dxgdv dxg cdhgcgo vgv le Bldcv rkm d flaal` mkbm!cgugc ~wx~lvg9 dv vwfm# ^xlfgvv Dxgdv

dxg bxlw~k`bv elx ~wx~lvgv le ~xgvg`dkl` dò wògxvdòk`b.

Gvdhckvmk`b d` lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv adwxk{ wvk`b mg HÂA agd`v ~xlukok`b gukog`fg md lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~xdfkfgv

mdug hgg` vwffgvvewcc{ ka~cgag`go l xgdckzg fgxdk` Bldcv. _mg xdkl`dcg hgmkò mkv vgfkl` kv l ~xlukog mg HÂA

wvgx rkm d fcgdx dhwcdx ~xgvg`dkl` le mg xgcgud` kèlxadkl`# xdìgo k` lxogx dfflxok`b l Adwxk{ Cgugc# rkm jwv

g`lwbm vw~~lxk`b kèlxadkl` l g`dhcg twkfi fla~xgmg`vkl`.

_mg ig{ kèlxadkl` oggxak`k`b flèlxad`fg fl`fgx`v mg Bldcv md awv hg xgdckzgo elx d bkug` Adwxk{ Cgugc# dò

mg ~xdfkfgv md dfmkgug mlvg bldcv.

_mg g}g` l rmkfm mg Bldcv mdug hgg` xgdckzgo kv d` kòkfdlx le mlr awfm fd~dhkck{ mg lxbd`kzdkl` mdv gvdhckvmgo

d md Adwxk{ Cgugc. _mg Bldcv v~gfke{ mg vfl~g# hlwòdxkgv# dò k`g` le gdfm ~xlfgvv dxgd# dò ~xlukog fxkgxkd h{rmkfm flèlxad`fg kv gudcwdgo.

_mg fl`g` k` mkv vgfkl` kv xg~gdgo ugxhdka k` ^dx KKK le mkv olfwag`# rmgxg fl`vkogxdhcg kèlxadkug adgxkdc kv

k`fcwogo. _mg ogdkcgo ogvfxk~kl` le mg ~xdfkfgv# vwh~xdfkfgv# dò kccwvxdkug g}da~cgv rkcc hg mgc~ewc dò `gfgvvdx{

elx lxbd`kzdkl`v hwkcok`b ~gxelxad`fg ka~xlugag` ~xlbxdav dxlwò mg HÂA.

Adtwxkt{

Cgugc

Elfwv ^xlfgvv Dxgdv

7K``ludk`b

Lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvvgv dxg

fl`k`wdcc{ ka~xlugo

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` ^cd``k`b

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^gxelxad`fg Dckbàg`

Ogegf dò ^xlhcga ^xgug`kl`

Fl`k`wlwv Fd~dhkck{ Ka~xlugag`

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc K``ludkug Ka~xlugag`

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Ka~xlugag` Og~cl{ag`


34/495


2.4 K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldc dò ^xdfkfgv

Gdfm ~xlfgvv dxgd fl`dk`v mg vdag K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldc dò mg vdag vg le ekug k`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ~xdfkfgv. Elx

vka~ckekfdkl`# mg{ dxg ckvgo l`g kag mgxg# xdmgx md` xg~gdgo k` gdfm ~xlfgvv dxgd.

_mg k`vkwkl`dckzdkl` bldc -K`B+ kv vdgo vka~c{ dv:

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Y~xlfgvv\dxgd\`dagQ dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

_mg ekug K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ^xdfkfgv -K`^v+ dò mg ad~~k`b l mg K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldc dxg dv elcclrv

?

^xgokfdhcg

Rlxi ~xlfgvvgv dxg ad`dbgo twd`k!

dkugc{ l gvdhckvm ~xgokfdhcg

xgvwcv

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flaal` Dvvg Ad`dbgag`

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fd~dhkck{ dò gxelxad`fg Ad`dbgag`

^xlowf dò Vgxukfg ^xlfgvv K`gbxdkl`Twd`kdkug xlowf dò Vgxukfg Ad`dbgag`

Twd`kdkug xlfgvv Ad`dbgag`

6

Vdòdxokzgo

Lxbd`kzdkl` gvdhckvmgv vdòdxo

~xlfgvvgv dò dvvgv elx ~gxelxak`b

mg ~xlowf dò vgxukfg rlxi

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc xlfgvv Ad`dbgag`

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fla~gg`f{ Ogugcl~ag`

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Xgvlwxfg Ad`dbgag`

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag`

^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Hwvk`gvv Ad`dbgag`

^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Rlxi Ad`dbgag`

^xlowf dò Vgxukfg ^xg~dxdkl`

^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Og~cl{ag`^xlowf dò Vgxukfg L~gxdkl`v

^xlowf dò Vgxukfg Vw~~lx

8

Ad`dbgo

Ad`dbgxv gvdhckvm d vdhcg rlxi

gùkxlàg` k` mgkx rlxi w`k

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg

Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag`

Rlxi W`k cd``k`b dò Flaakag`

Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc

Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg

Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag`

Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag`^xlfgvv dò xlowf Dvvwxd`fg

4

K`kkdc

Kòkukowdc geelxv rkm `l g}~ckfk

~xlfgvv lx lxbd`kzdkl`dc vw~~lx


35/495


2.4.4 K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ^xdfkfgv

2.8 Adwxk{ Cgugc 8: Ad`dbgo

_mg elcclrk`b vgfkl` fl`dk`v mg ~xlfgvv dxgdv md hgcl`b l adwxk{ cgugc 8. _mg adwxk{ cgugc 8 ~xlfgvv dxgdv le mg

HÂA dxg dv elcclrv:

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~ -L^C+

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg -LHB+

Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag` -RWXA+

Rlxi W`k ^cd``k`b dò Flaakag` -RW^F+

Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc -RWAF+

Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg -RW^+

Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -RWFA+

Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag` -VA+

^xlfgvv dò xlowf Dvvwxd`fg -^^D+

Bldc ^xdftkfg

K`B -^xdfkfgv Dxg K`vkwkl`dckzgo+ K`^ 4 -Ogvfxkhg mg ^xlfgvv+

K`^ 8 -^cd` mg Rlxi+

K`^ 6 -^xlukog I`lrcgobg dò Vikccv+

K`^ ? -Fl`xlc ^gxelxad`fg dò Xgvwcv+

K`^ 7 -Lhjgfkugc{ Dvvwxg Flèlxad`fg+

K`^ 4 D ogvfxk~kl` le mg ~xlfgvv md kv wvgo k` ~gxelxak`b mg ~xdfkfgv elx Y~xlfgvv\dxgd\`dagQ kv

olfwag`go.

K`^ 8 _mg rlxi kùlcugo k` ~gxelxak`b mg ~xdfkfgv elx Y~xlfgvv\dxgd\`dagQ kv ~cd``go.

K`^ 6 _mg ~gl~cg ~gxelxak`b# vw~~lxk`b# lx deegfgo h{ mg ~xdfkfgv elx Y~xlfgvv\dxgd\`dagQ dxg

~xlukogo rkm mg `ggogo i`lrcgobg dò vikccv.

K`^ ? _mg ~gxelxad`fg# dfkukkgv# vdwv# dò xgvwcv le Y~xlfgvv\dxgd\`dagQ dxg agdvwxgo dò

al`klxgo# dò d~~xl~xkdg flxxgfkug dfkl`v dxg ~gxelxago l fl`xlc mg ~gxelxad`fg dò

xgvwcv.

K`^ 7 _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Y~xlfgvv\dxgd\`dagQ dxg lhjgfkugc{ ugxkekgo elx flèlxad`fg l d~~ckfdhcg

cdrv# xgbwcdkl`v# vdòdxov# lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~lckfkgv# hwvk`gvv xwcgv# ~xlfgvv ogvfxk~kl`v# dò

rlxi ~xlfgowxgv9 dò `l`!flèlxad`fgv dxg dooxgvvgo.


36/495


2.8.4 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~ -L^C+

2.8.4.4 ^wx~lvg

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~ gvdhckvmgv mg g}gfwkug v~l`vlxvmk~ dò dfflw`dhkck{ elx mg ad`dbgag` dò

~gxelxad`fg le mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` dfkukkgv.

2.8.4.8 V~gfkekf dò K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv4

2.8.4.6 ^xdfkfg!l!Bldc Xgcdkl`vmk~ _dhcg

2.8.4.? V~gfkekf ^xdfkfgv

VB 4 _mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` dfkukkgv dxg v~l`vlxgo h{ g}gfwkug ad`dbgag`.

VB 8 _mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ad`dbgag` v{vgav dò dfkukkgv dxg dckb`go rkm mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv

ka~xlugag` bldcv dò vxdgbkgv.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Lxbd`kzdkl`dc ^xlfgvv Cgdogxvmk~ dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

4. _mg ogvkb dkl`v le VB # K`B# V^ # K`^ dxg ogvkb`dkl v wvgo l kog`ke{ V~gfkekf Bldcv# K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv# V~gfkekf xdfkfgv#

lx K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` ^xdfkfgv# xgv~gfkugc{.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6#?#7#5

VB 8 V^ 2#=#;#4>#44

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Hwvk`gvv xgdvl`v jwvke{k`b mg lxbd`kzdkl`v kùgvag` k` ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` dxg gvdhckvmgo dò

adk`dk`go h{ g}gfwkug ad`dbgag`.

V^ 8 _mg ogvfxk~kl` le mg ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` bldcv dò vxdgbkgv elx mg lxbd`kzdkl` dxg gvdhckvmgo dò

adk`dk`go h{ g}gfwkug ad`dbgag`.

V^ 6 G}gfwkug ad`dbgag`v g}~gfdkl`v elx ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` dxg flaaw`kfdgo l mg lxbd`kzdkl`

h{ ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` bldcv dò vxdgbkgv.

V^ ? Ewòk`b dò lmgx xgvlwxfgv `ggogo l ka~cgag` mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` vxdgbkgv dxg

~xlukogo.

V^ 7 G}gfwkug ad`dbgag` xgukgrv dò d~~xlugv mg ~cd`v elx ka~cgag`k`b mg ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag`vxdgbkgv.

V^ 5 G}gfwkug ad`dbgag` fllxok`dgv rkm g}gx`dc fwvlagxv dò lmgx xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv g}gx`dc

lxbd`kzdkl`v l dooxgvv geegfv mg ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` dfkukkgv mdug l` mga.


37/495


2.8.8 Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg -LHB+

2.8.8.4 ^wx~lvg

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg gvdhckvmgv g}gfwkug dfflw`dhkck{ elx mg ad`dbgag` dò ~gxelxad`fg le mg

lxbd`kzdkl`v rlxi dò xgvwcv.

2.8.8.8 V~gfkekf dò K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv



V^ 2 Ogek`kkl`v le mg agdvwxgv wvgo l ~cd`# ad`dbg# dò gudcwdg xgvwcv le mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv

ka~xlugag` ~xlbxda dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ = _mg xgv~l`vkhkckkgv dò flaakag`v le mg w`kv dò mgkx ad`dbgxv dxg ig~ fl`vkvg` rkm mg~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` bldcv dò vxdgbkgv.

V^ ; _mg ~gxelxad`fg ad`dbgag` dò fla~g`vdkl` v{vgav dxg dojwvgo dv `ggogo l xgflb`kzg

fl`xkhwkl`v l mg lxbd`kzdkl`v hwvk`gvv ~gxelxad`fg dò ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` bldcv dò vxdgbkgv.

V^ 4> ^xlbxgvv k` dfmkguk`b mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` bldcv kv xgukgrgo h{ g}gfwkug

ad`dbgag` l` d ~gxklokf hdvkv.

V^ 44 _mg ad`dbgxv dò vdee dxg ig~ kèlxago le mg vdwv dò xgvwcv le mg ~xlfgvv ka~xlugag` dfkukkgv

dò fmd`bgv l mg ka~xlugag` bldcv dò vxdgbkgv.

VB 4 G}gfwkug ad`dbgag` dckb`v mg hwvk`gvv dfkukkgv kùlcugo k` mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlowf dò vgxukfg

rlxi rkm mg lxbd`kzdkl`v hwvk`gvv bldcv.

VB 8 G}gfwkug ad`dbgag` d~~xlugv# agdvwxgv# dò ad`dbgv mg hwvk`gvv dfkukkgv le mg lxbd`kzdkl`v

w`kv.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Hwvk`gvv Blugx`d`fg dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6#?#7

VB 8 V^ 5#2#=#;

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Gvdhckvm dò adk`dk` mg lxbd`kzdkl`v hwvk`gvv bldcv.

V^ 8 Ogek`kkl`v le mg hwvk`gvv lwflag agdvwxgv xgcdgo l mg lxbd`kzdkl`v `gdx!gxa dò cl`b!gxa

hwvk`gvv bldcv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.


38/495

8? Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

2.8.6 Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag` -RWXA+

2.8.6.4 ^wx~lvg

Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag` gvdhckvmgv dò adk`dk`v mg olfwag`go dò dbxggo!l xgtwkxgag`v elx mg rlxi

md d rlxi w`k lx ~xljgf ~gxelxav.



V^ 6 Ogvfxk~kl`v le mg hwvk`gvv dfkukkgv dò rlxieclrv xgtwkxgo l ogugcl~# ~xg~dxg# og~cl{# l~gxdg# dò

vw~~lx mg lxbd`kzdkl`v ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ ? G}gfwkug ad`dbgag` gvdhckvmgv dò adk`dk`v ~gxelxad`fg bldcv elx hwvk`gvv rlxieclrv md dxgoxdr` exla mg lxbd`kzdkl`v hwvk`gvv vxdgb{ dò bldcv.

V^ 7 G}gfwkug ad`dbgag` gvdhckvmgv dò adk`dk`v mg lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~lckfkgv md blugx` mg

~gxelxad`fg le mg hwvk`gvv dfkukkgv.

V^ 5 G}gfwkugv dò akoocg ad`dbgxv xgukgr dò d~~xlug rlxi flaakag`v mg w`kv adig l g}gx`dc

vdigmlcogxv.

V^ 2 Xgvlwxfgv elx mg w`kv dxg dcclfdgo hdvgo l` rmd mg{ `ggo l ~gxelxa mgkx dvvkb`go rlxi dò vdkve{

mgkx xgtwkxgag`v# ~cd`v# dò flaakag`v.

V^ = Ogek`kkl`v le mg rlxieclr agdvwxgv wvgo l al`klx mg ~gxelxad`fg le mg w`kv dò hwvk`gvv

dfkukkgv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ ; G}gfwkugv dò akoocg ad`dbgxv xgukgr mg ~gxelxad`fg# vdwv# dò xgvwcv le mg lxbd`kzdkl`v

hwvk`gvv dfkukkgv# dò g`vwxg md d~~xl~xkdg flxxgfkug dfkl`v dxg ~gxelxago rmg` `gfgvvdx{.

VB 4 _mg xgtwkxgag`v dò xgtwkxgag`v fmd`bgv elx d rlxi w`k dò mg ka~df le mgvg xgtwkxgag`v l` mg

rlxi w`k dxg kog`kekgo dò gudcwdgo.

VB 8 _mg xgtwkxgag`v hdvgck`g elx d rlxi w`k kv olfwag`go# adk`dk`go# dò dbxggo l h{ mg rlxi w`k.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Rlxi W`k Xgtwkxgag`v Ad`dbgag` dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6

VB 8 V^ ?#7#5

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7


39/495



2.8.? Rlxi W`k ^cd``k`b dò Flaakag` -RW^F+

2.8.?.4 ^wx~lvg

Rlxi W`k ^cd``k`b dò Flaakag` gvdhckvmgv dò adk`dk`v mg ~cd`v dò flaakag`v elx ~gxelxak`b dò ad`dbk`b

mg rlxi xgtwkxgo le d rlxi w`k lx ~xljgf.

2.8.?.8 V~gfkekf dò K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv

2.8.?.6 ^xdfkfg!l!Bldc Xgcdkl`vmk~ _dhcg

V^ 4 _mg xgtwkxgag`v dò xgtwkxgag`v fmd`bgv ~xl~lvgo elx d rlxi w`k dxg kog`kekgo.

V^ 8 _mg ~xl~lvgo xgtwkxgag`v dò xgtwkxgag`v fmd`bgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg xgukgrgo h{ mg rlxi w`k l

g`vwxg mg{ dxg wògxvllo# dò fcdxkekfdkl`v dxg lhdk`go rmgxg `ggogo.

V^ 6 _mg ~xl~lvgo xgtwkxgag`v dò xgtwkxgag`v fmd`bgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg gudcwdgo h{ d rlxi w`k l

g`vwxg mg{ fd` hg ka~cgag`go rkmk` mg vfl~g le xgv~l`vkhkck{# fd~dhkck{# dò fd~dfk{ le d rlxi

w`k.

V^ ? _mg ~xl~lvgo xgtwkxgag`v dò xgtwkxgag`v fmd`bgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg `gblkdgo rkm mg

xgtwkxgag`v ~xlukogxv dò lr`gxv le deegfgo ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv l g`vwxg mg{ dxg fl`vkvg` rkm

mg vfl~g le xgv~l`vkhkck{# fd~dhkck{# dò fd~dfk{ le mg rlxi w`k.

V^ 7 _mg v~gfkekfdkl` le mg dbxggo!l hdvgck`g xgtwkxgag`v elx d rlxi w`k kv gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 5 D rlxi w`kv dbxggo!l xgtwkxgag`v dxg xgukgrgo l` d ~gxklokf dò gug`!oxkug` hdvkv# l kog`ke{

xgtwkxgag`v md dxg k`fl`vkvg` rkm mg hwvk`gvv `ggov.

VB 4 Twd`kdkug gvkadgv le mg ~cd``k`b ~dxdaggxv dxg ogxkugo dò olfwag`go l ogvfxkhg mg

adb`kwog le mg rlxi l hg ol`g h{ d rlxi w`k.

VB 8 _mg flaakag`v d rlxi w`k `ggov l ~gxelxa kv rlxi dxg kog`kekgo# ~cd``go# olfwag`go# dò

dbxggo l h{ xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv.

VB 6 ^cd`v md ogvfxkhg mlr d rlxi w`k rkcc ~gxelxa kv rlxi dxg olfwag`go dò ig~ fl`vkvg` rkm kv

xgtwkxgag`v# kv flaakag`v# dò xgcdgo ~cd`v.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Rlxi W`k ^cd``k`b dò Flaakag` dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#?#7#5#2#=

VB 8 V^ 6#;#4>#44#48#42

VB 6 V^ 46#4?#47#45#4=#4;

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7


40/495


2.8.?.? V~gfkekf ^xdfkfgv

V^ 4 Kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v k` d rlxi w`k ~dxkfk~dg lx dxg d~~xl~xkdgc{ xg~xgvg`go k` gvkadk`b dò

~cd``k`b mg rlxi.

V^ 8 Cgvvl`v cgdx`go h{ d rlxi w`k dxg wvgo k` gvkadk`b dò ~cd``k`b ewwxg rlxi.

V^ 6 D ogvfxk~kl` le mg rlxieclr elx mg rlxi w`k kv gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ ? D rlxi hxgdiolr` vxwfwxg md ~dxkkl`v rlxi dvvkb`go l d rlxi w`k k`l dfkukkgv kv gvdhckvmgo

dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 7 Ogek`kkl`v le mg agdvwxgv wvgo l ~cd` dò ad`dbg d rlxi w`k dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 5 Gvkadgv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go elx mg hdvg dxkhwgv le mg rlxi dfkukkgv dò rlxi ~xlowfv

elx d rlxi w`k.

V^ 2 Gvkadgv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go elx mg ogadò,~xlowfkl` vfmgowcg mg rlxi w`k `ggov l

vw~~lx.

V^ = Gvkadgv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go elx mg geelx# hwobg# dò lmgx xgvlwxfgv xgtwkxgo l vdkve{ d

rlxi w`kv xgtwkxgag`v# ogadò,~xlowfkl` vfmgowcg# dò flaakag`v.

V^ ; Flaakag`v l dooxgvv fxkkfdc og~gòg`fkgv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go hgrgg` d rlxi w`k dò

lmgx rlxi w`kv dò lmgx xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv.

V^ 4> Flaakag`v hgrgg` d rlxi w`k dò lmgx rlxi w`kv# lmgx rlxibxlw~v# dò lmgx xgcgud`

vdigmlcogxv# dò fmd`bgv l mg flaakag`v dxg xgukgrgo dò dbxggo l h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò

rlxibxlw~v rkmk` mg rlxi w`k.

V^ 44 Vfmgowcgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go l ogvfxkhg mg akcgvl`gv# dfkukkgv# dòd~~ckfdkl` le xgvlwxfgv md dxg `ggogo l vdkve{ mg xgtwkxgag`v# flaakag`v# dò ogadò,

~xlowfkl` vfmgowcg.

V^ 48 _mg xgtwkxgag`v# ~cd``k`b fl`vxdk`v# dò mg gvkadgv le mg ~cd``k`b ~dxdaggxv elx d rlxi w`k dxg

hdcd`fgo rkm mg dudkcdhcg cgugcv le xgvlwxfgv# vfmgowcg# dò hwobg.

V^ 46 ^cd`v dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go elx lhdk`k`b# dvvkb`k`b# dò ~xg~dxk`b mg ~gl~cg l ~gxelxa mgkx

xlcgv k` d rlxi w`k# dò elx xgdvvkb`k`b ~gl~cg rml dxg `l `ggogo.

V^ 4? ^cd`v elx dftwkxk`b dò og~cl{k`b mg `l`!~gl~cg xgvlwxfgv `ggogo l ~gxelxa d rlxi w`kv rlxi dò

xgdcclfdk`b mgvg xgvlwxfgv md dxg `l `ggogo dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 47 ^cd`v dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go elx mg flccgfkl`# vlxdbg# ad`dbgag`# dò okv~lvdc le mgfxkkfdc odd dò kèlxadkl` elx d rlxi w`k.

V^ 45 Xkviv md flwco jgl~dxokzg vdkve{k`b d rlxi w`kv xgtwkxgag`v dò flaakag`v dxg kog`kekgo dò

d`dc{zgo# dò ~cd`v l ad`dbg mga dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 42 Agfmd`kvav l dvvkb` dò xgbwcdxc{ al`klx mg rlxi ~gxelxago h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v k`

d rlxi w`k dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 4= _mg ~cd`v dò flaakag`v elx d rlxi w`k dxg xgfl`fkcgo rkm mg ~cd`v dò flaakag`v le xgcdgo

rlxi w`kv dò rlxibxlw~v.


41/495


2.8.7 Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc -RWAF+

2.8.7.4 ^wx~lvg

Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc agdvwxgv# al`klxv# dò dojwvv mg rlxi dvvkbàg`v# xgvlwxfgv# dò lmgx rlxi

edflxv elx mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v k` mg rlxi w`k lx ~xljgf dò igg~v ~gxelxad`fg dò xgvwcv k` ck`g rkm mg

xgtwkxgag`v dò ~cd`v.




V^ 4; _mg fla~l`g` ~cd`v elx d rlxi w`k dxg lxbd`kzgo k`l d flwxvg le dfkl` elx ~gxelxak`b mg rlxi.

VB 4 Rlxi dvvkbàg`v dò rlxi dfkukkgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg ad`dbgo dbdk`v kv xgtwkxgag`v# gvkadgv#

~cd`v# dò flaakag`v.

VB 8 _mg dfwdc ~gxelxad`fg dò xgvwcv le d rlxi w`k dxg al`klxgo dbdk`v kv xgtwkxgag`v# gvkadgv#

~cd`v# dò flaakag`v.

VB 6 Flxxgfkug dfkl`v dxg ~gxelxago rmg` mg ~gxelxad`fg lx xgvwcv le d rlxi w`k ogukdg vkb`kekfd`c{

exla kv xgtwkxgag`v# ~cd`v# lx flaakag`v.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Rlxi W`k Al`klxk`b dò Fl`xlc dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6#?

VB 8 V^ 7#5#2#=#;#4>

VB 6 V^ 44#48#46#4?#47

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Rlxi xgtwgvv xgfgkugo h{ d rlxi w`k dxg d`dc{zgo# ~xklxkkzgo# dò ~cd``go k`l mg rlxi w`kv

dfkukkgv.

V^ 8 _mg ~gl~cg `ggogo l ~gxelxa mg rlxi w`kv rlxi dxg lhdk`go# dvvkb`go# dò ~xg~dxgo dfflxok`b l

mg ~cd`v dò mg `ggov le mg rlxi w`k.

V^ 6 _mg `l`!~gl~cg xgvlwxfgv `ggogo l ~gxelxa d rlxi w`kv rlxi dxg dftwkxgo dò og~cl{go lx

xgdcclfdgo# dv d~~xl~xkdg# dfflxok`b l mg ~cd`v dò mg `ggov le mg rlxi w`k.

V^ ? _mg dvvkbàg` le rlxi dfkukkgv l kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` mg rlxi w`k kv gvdhckvmgo dò

adk`dk`go.

V^ 7 _mg lugxdcc rlxieclr le d rlxi w`k kv al`klxgo dbdk`v mg ogek`go rlxieclr ogvfxk~kl`.


42/495

8= Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.>

2.8.5 Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg -RW^+

2.8.5.4 ^wx~lvg

Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg gvdhckvmgv rlxi dbxggag`v elx mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkm mg rlxi w`k ad`dbgx dò

~gxelxav mg rlxi l ~xlowfg mg dbxggo!l xgvwcv.


V^ 5 _mg rlxi dvvkb`go l kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v k` d rlxi w`k kv al`klxgo l` d xgbwcdx hdvkv# dò

dojwvag`v dxg adog dv `ggogo.

V^ 2 Agdvwxgv ogek`go k` mg ~cd`v elx d rlxi w`k dxg flccgfgo# d`dc{zgo# dò wvgo k` ad`dbk`b mg rlxi.

V^ = _mg ~gxelxad`fg dò mg vdwv le mg dfkukkgv# rlxi ~xlowfv# dò vgxukfgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg

xgukgrgo dbdk`v kv xgtwkxgag`v# ~cd`v# dò flaakag`v l` d xgbwcdx hdvkv.

V^ ; _mg fxkkfdc odd dò kèlxadkl` elx d rlxi w`k dxg flccgfgo# vlxgo# ad`dbgo# dò okv~lvgo dfflxok`b

l mg odd ad`dbgag` ~cd`v.

V^ 4> _mg kog`kekgo xkviv elx d rlxi w`k dxg ad`dbgo.

V^ 44 Vkb`kekfd` ogukdkl`v exla d rlxi w`kv xgtwkxgag`v# gvkadgv# ~cd`v# dò flaakag`v dxg

kog`kekgo dò dooxgvvgo.

V^ 48 _mg ckigc{ fdwvgv le vkb`kekfd` ogukdkl`v exla d rlxi w`kv xgtwkxgag`v# gvkadgv# ~cd`v# dò

flaakag`v dò lmgx vkb`kekfd` rlxi w`k kvvwgv dxg kog`kekgo dò dooxgvvgo.

V^ 46 _mg rlxi w`kv vdwv# dffla~ckvmag`v# kvvwgv# dò xkviv elx d rlxi w`k dxg xgukgrgo rkm xgcgud`

vdigmlcogxv dv `ggogo.

V^ 4? _mg ~cd`v elx d rlxi w`k dxg xgukvgo l xgecgf vdwv# xkvi fmd`bgv# flaakag` fmd`bgv# dò fmd`bgv

k` mg ~cd``k`b ~dxdaggxv.

V^ 47 Cgvvl`v cgdx`go k` ~gxelxak`b dò ad`dbk`b mg rlxi elx d rlxi w`k dxg xgflxogo dò wvgo k`

gvdhckvmk`b ewwxg xgtwkxgag`v# gvkadgv# ~cd`v# dò flaakag`v.

VB 4 Kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k wògxvdò mgkx rlxi dvvkbàg`v dò dxg ~xlukogo

rkm mg xgvlwxfgv `ggogo l ~gxelxa mg rlxi.

VB 8 _mg rlxi ~gxelxago dò rlxi ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv ogckugxgo h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v

rkmk` d rlxi w`k vdkve{ mgkx ~cd`v dò flaakag`v.VB 6 Kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k agdvwxg dò ka~xlug mg ~gxelxad`fg le mgkx rlxi

dfkukkgv.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Rlxi W`k ^gxelxad`fg dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.


43/495

Hwvk`gvv ^xlfgvv Adwxk{ Alogc# u4.> 8;



2.8.2 Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` -RWFA+

2.8.2.4 ^wx~lvg

Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` kog`kekgv# ad`dbgv# dò fl`xlcv mg fl`g` dò fmd`bgv l d rlxi w`kv

flèkbwxdkl` ad`dbgag` -FA+ ~xlowf hdvgck`gv.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6#?

VB 8 V^ 7#5#2

VB 6 V^ =#;

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Rlxi dvvkbàg`v dxg xgfgkugo h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v dò dxg d`dc{zgo# ~xklxkkzgo# dò

vfmgowcgo d~~xl~xkdgc{ k`l mgkx rlxi dfkukkgv.

V^ 8 _mg og~gòg`fkgv dò k`gxdfkl`v dal`b mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v `ggogo l ~gxelxa mg rlxi

dvvkbàg`v dxg ogek`go# dò flaakag`v dxg dbxggo l h{ xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv.

V^ 6 _mg kèlxadkl` dò xgvlwxfgv md kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k `ggo l ~gxelxa mgkx

rlxi dfkukkgv dxg lhdk`go.

V^ ? Kòkukowdcv dò rlxi bxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k ~xg~dxg elx mgkx rlxi dvvkbàg`v dv ogek`go k` mg

xgcgud` ~xlfgvv ogvfxk~kl`v dò rlxi ~xlfgowxgv.

V^ 7 _mg dvvkb`go rlxi kv ~gxelxago h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k k` dfflxod`fg

rkm rlxi xgtwkxgag`v# rlxi ~xlfgowxgv# dò rlxi dbxggag`v.

V^ 5 _mg dwmg`kfk{ dò k`gbxk{ le mg odd dò kèlxadkl` md dxg k`~w l# fxgdgo h{# dò lw~w exlamg rlxi vg~v ~gxelxago h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k dxg adk`dk`go.

V^ 2 _mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v ~gxelxak`b mg rlxi ~xlukog vdwv le mg rlxi l mg rlxi w`k

ad`dbgx dò lmgx xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv l` d xgbwcdx hdvkv.

V^ = Agdvwxgv le mg rlxi dfkukkgv ~gxelxago h{ mg kòkukowdcv dò rlxi bxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi w`k dò

mg rlxi ~xlowfv ~xlowfgo dxg flccgfgo dò d`dc{zgo l wògxvdò mg ~gxelxad`fg dò xgvwcv.

V^ ; Ka~xlugag`v dxg kog`kekgo dò k`flx~lxdgo k`l mg rd{ kòkukowdcv dò rlxibxlw~v rkmk` d rlxi

w`k ~gxelxa mgkx rlxi.


44/495





VB 4 D rlxi w`kv FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv dò mgkx flèkbwxdkl` kgav dxg kog`kekgo.

VB 8 _mg fl`g` le d rlxi w`kv FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv dò mgkx flèkbwxdkl` kgav dxg ad`dbgo dò

fl`xlccgo.

VB 6 Kèlxadkl` md ogvfxkhgv mg fl`g` dò vdwv le d rlxi w`kv FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv dò mgkx

flèkbwxdkl` kgav kv adk`dk`go dò xg~lxgo l xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Rlxi W`k Flèkbwxdkl` Ad`dbgag` dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6

VB 8 V^ ?#7#5

VB 6 V^ 2#=#;

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Flèkbwxdkl` ad`dbgag` xg~lvklxkgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 8 D ckv le flèkbwxdkl` kgav md rkcc hg fl`xlccgo h{ d rlxi w`k kv gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 6 V~gfkekfdkl`v le mg FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv md rkcc hg fxgdgo h{ d rlxi w`k elx wvg k`gx`dc l mg

lxbd`kzdkl` dò elx ogckugx{ l fwvlagxv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ ? Fmd`bgv l d rlxi w`kv flèkbwxdkl` kgav dxg ad`dbgo.

V^ 7 D rlxi w`kv FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv lx fl`xlccgo vgxukfg ~dfiv# dv d~~xl~xkdg# dxg fxgdgo elx k`gx`dc

wvg dò elx ogckugx{ l fwvlagxv.

V^ 5 D rlxi w`kv FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv lx fl`xlccgo vgxukfg ~dfiv# dv d~~xl~xkdg# dxg ogckugxgo elx mgkx

k`gògo wvg.

V^ 2 Xgflxov le d rlxi w`kv flèkbwxdkl` kgav dò FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ = D rlxi w`kv FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv# mgkx fla~l`g` flèkbwxdkl` kgav# dò dvvlfkdgo xgflxov dxg

dwokgo l g`vwxg mgkx k`gbxk{# dò flxxgfkug dfkl`v dxg ~gxelxago.

V^ ; Xg~lxv dxg ~xlukogo l xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv l` mg rlxi w`kv flèkbwxdkl` ad`dbgag` dfkukkgv#

dò l` mg vdwv dò fl`g` le mg flèkbwxdkl` kgav dò FA ~xlowf hdvgck`gv.


45/495


2.8.= Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag` -VA+

2.8.=.4 ^wx~lvg

Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag ad`dbgv mg dftwkvkkl` le ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv exla vw~~ckgxv g}gx`dc l mg lxbd`kzdkl`.

2.8.=.8 V~gfkekf dò K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv

2.8.=.6 ^xdfkfg!l!Bldc Xgcdkl`vmk~ _dhcg

2.8.=.? V~gfkekf ^xdfkfgv

VB 4 Flaakag`v rkm d twdckekgo vw~~ckgx l ~xlukog vgcgfgo ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv elx d rlxi w`k dxg

dbxggo l h{ xgcgud` vdigmlcogxv.

VB 8 _mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag`v dò rlxi dbxggag`v hgrgg` d rlxi w`k dò vw~~ckgx dxg vdkvekgo h{ mg

vw~~ckgx dò rlxi w`k.

VB 6 _mg dftwkxgo ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv dxg dffg~go dò k`flx~lxdgo k`l d rlxi w`kv kèxdvxwfwxg#

~xlfgvvgv# ~xlowfv# dò vgxukfgv.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx Vlwxfk`b Ad`dbgag` dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6#?#7#5#2

VB 8 V^ =#;#4>#44#4=

VB 6 V^ 48#46#4?#47#45#42

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Ogvfxk~kl`v le mg vlwxfk`b `ggov le d rlxi w`k dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 8 _mg xgtwkxgag`v elx mg ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv l hg dftwkxgo elx d rlxi w`k dxg gvdhckvmgo dò

adk`dk`go.

V^ 6 Lee!mg!vmgce ~xlowfv dxg vgcgfgo# dv d~~xl~xkdg# md vdkve{ d rlxi w`kv vlwxfk`b `ggov dò lmgx

gvdhckvmgo fxkgxkd.

V^ ? D vw~~ckgx kv vgcgfgo hdvgo l` kv fd~dhkck{ l vdkve{ mg vlwxfk`b xgtwkxgag`v dò kv dhkck{ l rlxi

rkm mg rlxi w`k dò lxbd`kzdkl`.

V^ 7 _mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag`v elx d vgcgfgo vw~~ckgx dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go.

V^ 5 D vw~~ckgx kv vgcgfgo l ~gxelxa gdfm rlxi lxogx.

V^ 2 Rlxi lxogxv dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go rkm d vw~~ckgx l ~xlukog v~gfkekgo ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv.

V^ = D vw~~ckgxv ~cd`v dò flaakag`v dxg hdcd`fgo rkm d rlxi w`kv k`gx`dc ~cd`v dò flaakag`v.


46/495


2.8.; ^xlfgvv dò ^xlowf Dvvwxd`fg -^^D+

2.8.;.4 ^wx~lvg

^xlfgvv dò ^xlowf Dvvwxd`fg ~xlukogv d~~xl~xkdg flèlxad`fg bwkod`fg dò lhjgfkugc{ xgukgrv mg dfkukkgv dò

rlxi ~xlowfv le rlxi geelxv rkmk` mg lxbd`kzdkl` l g`vwxg mg{ flèlxa rkm d~~ckfdhcg cdrv# xgbwcdkl`v# vdòdxov#

lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~lckfkgv# hwvk`gvv xwcgv# ~xlfgvv ogvfxk~kl`v# dò rlxi ~xlfgowxgv.

2.8.;.8 V~gfkekf dò K`vkwkl`dckzdkl` Bldcv

V^ ; _mg v~gfkekgo xgv~l`vkhkckkgv le mg rlxi w`kv dò lmgx kùlcugo rlxibxlw~v l vw~~lx mg vw~~ckgx

dxg vdkvekgo.

V^ 4> D vw~~ckgxv ~xlbxgvv dò ~gxelxad`fg k` ~xlukok`b v~gfkekgo ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv dxg al`klxgodbdk`v mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag`# rlxi lxogxv# ~cd`v# flaakag`v# dò `ggov le mg rlxi w`k.

V^ 44 _mg lugxdcc xgcdkl`vmk~ rkm d vw~~ckgx kv al`klxgo dò dojwvgo dv `ggogo l geegfkugc{ dò

geekfkg`c{ vdkve{ mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag`# rlxi lxogxv# ~cd`v# flaakag`v# dò `ggov le mg rlxi w`k

dò lxbd`kzdkl`.

V^ 48 _mg ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv ~xlukogo h{ d vw~~ckgx dxg gudcwdgo dbdk`v mgkx xgtwkxgag`v dò mg `ggov

le mg rlxi w`k.

V^ 46 _mg rlxi w`kv edfkckkgv# fd~dhkck{# dò fd~dfk{ dxg gvdhckvmgo dò adk`dk`go l dffg~# k`flx~lxdg#

fl`xlc# adk`dk`# dò vw~~lx mg dftwkxgo ~xlowfv.

V^ 4? _mg dftwkxgo ~xlowfv dxg xd`vkkl`go k`l d rlxi w`k.

V^ 47 Vkb`kekfd` ogukdkl`v exla mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag`# rlxi lxogxv# ~gxelxad`fg xgvwcv# dò dffg~dhkck{

le mg ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv dxg kog`kekgo# dò dooxgvvgo h{ d vw~~ckgx dò mg dftwkxk`b rlxi w`k dv

d~~xl~xkdg.

V^ 45 _mg ckigc{ fdwvgv le vkb`kekfd` ogukdkl`v exla mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag`# rlxi lxogxv# ~gxelxad`fg

xgvwcv# dò dffg~dhkck{ le mg ~xlowfv dò vgxukfgv dxg kog`kekgo# dò dooxgvvgo h{ d vw~~ckgx dò mg

dftwkxk`b rlxi w`k dv d~~xl~xkdg.

V^ 42 Gdfm rlxi lxogx k` d vlwxfk`b dbxggag` kv fclvgo rmg` mg rlxi kv fla~cggo dò flaakag`v dxg

vdkvekgo lx rmg` lmgx gxak`dkl` flòkkl`v dxg xgdckzgo.

V^ 4= _mg vlwxfk`b xgcdkl`vmk~ rkm d vw~~ckgx kv gògo rmg` mg vlwxfk`b dbxggag` dò dvvlfkdgo rlxi

lxogxv dxg vdkvekgo lx rmg` lmgx gxak`dkl` flòkkl`v dxg xgdckzgo.

VB 4 Dfkukkgv dò rlxi ~xlowfv dxg lhjgfkugc{ gudcwdgo elx flèlxad`fg l mg d~~ckfdhcg cdrv#

xgbwcdkl`v# vdòdxov# lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~lckfkgv# hwvk`gvv xwcgv# ~xlfgvv ogvfxk~kl`v# dò rlxi

~xlfgowxgv.

VB 8 @l`!flèlxad`fg kvvwgv dxg xdfigo# flaaw`kfdgo# dò xgvlcugo.

K`B _mg ~xdfkfgv elx ^xlfgvv dò ^xlowf Dvvwxd`fg dxg k`vkwkl`dckzgo.


47/495


2.8.;.6 ^xdfkfg!l!Bldc Xgcdkl`vmk~ _dhcg

2.8.;.? V~gfkekf ^xdfkfgv

2.6 Adwxk{ Cgugc 6: Vdòdxokzgo

_mg elcclrk`b vgfkl` fl`dk`v mg ~xlfgvv dxgdv md hgcl`b l adwxk{ cgugc 6. _mg adwxk{ cgugc 6 ~xlfgvv dxgdv le mg

HÂA dxg dv elcclrv:

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc xlfgvv Ad`dbgag` -LÂ+

Lxbd`kzdkl`dc Fla~gg`f{ Ogugcl~ag` -LFO+

Bldc ^xdfkfg

VB 4 V^ 4#8#6#?#7

VB 8 V^ 5#2#=#;#4>

K`B K`^ 4#8#6#?#7

V^ 4 Dvvkvd`fg kv ~xlukogo l mg kòkukowdcv# rlxi w`kv# dò rlxibxlw~v vl mg{ fd` wògxvdò dò

fla~c{ rkm mg cdrv# xgbwcdkl`v# lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~lckfkgv# hwvk`gvv xwcgv# dò vdòdxov md dxg

d~~ckfdhcg l mgkx rlxi.

V^ 8 Kèlxadkl` dò dvvgv lhdk`go exla ~gxelxak`b mg ~xlfgvv dò ~xlowf dvvwxd`fg xgukgrv dxg

~xlukogo l mg ad`dbgag` dò vdee le mg rlxi w`kv vl mg{ fd` geegfkugc{ ~cd`# ad`dbg# dò

~gxelxa mgkx rlxi.

V^ 6 _mg ~xlfgvv ogvfxk~kl`v dò rlxi ~xlfgowxgv wvgo k` ~gxelxak`b mg rlxi dxg lhjgfkugc{ gudcwdgo

dbdk`v mg d~~ckfdhcg cdrv# xgbwcdkl`v# vdòdxov# lxbd`kzdkl`dc ~lckfkgv# dò hwvk`gvv xwcgv.

business process maturity model (bpmm)

Documents