Business, Labor, Business, Labor, and Technology in and Technology in

the Gilded Agethe Gilded Age

The “Gilded Age”The “Gilded Age” The term "Gilded Age" was The term "Gilded Age" was

coined by Mark Twain and coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley in their 1873 Charles Dudley in their 1873 novel novel The Gilded Age: A Tale The Gilded Age: A Tale of Todayof Today. .

It generally refers to the It generally refers to the decades between the end of decades between the end of reconstruction and the turn of reconstruction and the turn of the century (about 1870 to the century (about 1870 to 1900). 1900).

It was a time of It was a time of unprecedented industrial unprecedented industrial growth, “boom and bust” growth, “boom and bust” economy, tumultuous politics, economy, tumultuous politics, and a wave of immigration. and a wave of immigration.

It is sometimes referred to as It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Industrial the "Second Industrial Revolution." Revolution."

Some Gilded Age Political Some Gilded Age Political CartoonsCartoons

The word "monopoly" could characterize this era, in which a The word "monopoly" could characterize this era, in which a few trusts and individuals thrived and amassed fortunes few trusts and individuals thrived and amassed fortunes while many Americans lived in poverty and lost their while many Americans lived in poverty and lost their personal autonomy to the corporate machine. personal autonomy to the corporate machine.

The Gilded Age was a formative period in American history, The Gilded Age was a formative period in American history, in which the standards for modern business and economics in which the standards for modern business and economics were just beginning to take shape. were just beginning to take shape.

Business, Labor, and Business, Labor, and Technology in the Gilded Technology in the Gilded

Age: TimelineAge: Timeline1868: Congress enacts an 8-hour 1868: Congress enacts an 8-hour

workday for workers employed workday for workers employed by the government.by the government.

1869: The transcontinental 1869: The transcontinental railroad is completed.railroad is completed.

1870: Rockefeller forms Standard 1870: Rockefeller forms Standard Oil of OhioOil of Ohio

1873: The Financial Panic of 1873 1873: The Financial Panic of 1873 begins. 5,183 business fail.begins. 5,183 business fail.

1876: Bell patents the telephone1876: Bell patents the telephone..

1877: Edison invents the 1877: Edison invents the phonograph.phonograph.

1879: Edison invents the light bulb1879: Edison invents the light bulb

1894: The American Railway 1894: The American Railway Union’s strike and boycott of Union’s strike and boycott of Pullman cars end in violence.Pullman cars end in violence.

1886: The Haymarket riot occurs 1886: The Haymarket riot occurs in Chicago following a in Chicago following a demonstration of over demonstration of over 300,000 workers for 8 hour 300,000 workers for 8 hour work days.work days.

American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor Founded.Founded.

1890: Sherman Anti-Trust Act is 1890: Sherman Anti-Trust Act is passed and promptly ignored.passed and promptly ignored.

1892: The Homestead Strike at 1892: The Homestead Strike at one of Andrew Carnegie’s one of Andrew Carnegie’s steel works ends in violence.steel works ends in violence.

"Robber Barons" or "Robber Barons" or "Captains of Industry"?"Captains of Industry"?

Individual tycoons played a pivotal role in making the US the leading Individual tycoons played a pivotal role in making the US the leading industrialized nation in the world .industrialized nation in the world .

The debate continues over whether these men were greedy and corrupt The debate continues over whether these men were greedy and corrupt "robber barons" or innovative and enterprising "captains of industry.”"robber barons" or innovative and enterprising "captains of industry.”

Each were instrumental in the "corporate revolution" of the time period, in Each were instrumental in the "corporate revolution" of the time period, in which new business practices led to the industrial advantages of economies of which new business practices led to the industrial advantages of economies of scale. scale.

J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan

JP Morgan was one the most JP Morgan was one the most influential and powerful influential and powerful figures in the financial world. figures in the financial world.

His philosophy was that only His philosophy was that only ruthless competition would ruthless competition would lead economic stability.lead economic stability.

He began a series of He began a series of consolidations in the railroad consolidations in the railroad and other industries, leading and other industries, leading the formation of colossal the formation of colossal corporations including US corporations including US Steel and General Electric. Steel and General Electric.

The cool and rational Morgan The cool and rational Morgan was a avid art collector and was a avid art collector and once served as President of once served as President of the Metropolitan Museum of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Art.

Morgan preferred not to be photographed!

Jay GouldJay Gould Railroad entrepreneur Jay Railroad entrepreneur Jay

Gould considered himself to Gould considered himself to be one the most hated men of be one the most hated men of the 19th century. the 19th century.

Gould was the archetypal Gould was the archetypal "robber baron," constantly "robber baron," constantly mired in scandal and mired in scandal and corruption. corruption.

One of his major One of his major achievements was helping achievements was helping Western Union ascend to Western Union ascend to dominance in the telegraph dominance in the telegraph industry. industry.

J.D. Rockefeller J.D. Rockefeller Rockefeller built a massive Rockefeller built a massive

fortune in the oil industry fortune in the oil industry using practices including using practices including swallowing up competitors and swallowing up competitors and negotiating exclusive deals negotiating exclusive deals with railroad companies. with railroad companies.

In 1911, Standard Oil's In 1911, Standard Oil's monopoly was dissolved in a monopoly was dissolved in a Supreme Court decision based Supreme Court decision based on the 1890 Sherman Anti-on the 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Trust Act.

Rockefeller was often Rockefeller was often maligned in the press and maligned in the press and some perceive him as one of some perceive him as one of the most hated figures of his the most hated figures of his day. day.

By the time of his death, By the time of his death, Rockefeller, a devout Baptist, Rockefeller, a devout Baptist, had given away over $500 had given away over $500 million in philanthropic million in philanthropic pursuits. pursuits.

Standard OilStandard Oil

Standard Oil employed vertical and horizontal integration tactics on a grand Standard Oil employed vertical and horizontal integration tactics on a grand scale to grow the business into a monopoly that controlled virtually all the oil scale to grow the business into a monopoly that controlled virtually all the oil production in the nation. production in the nation.

In 1882, the company combined its interests across dozens of states into a trust.In 1882, the company combined its interests across dozens of states into a trust. John D. Rockefeller, the company's president, became the richest man in the John D. Rockefeller, the company's president, became the richest man in the

world for a time, earning him both the admiration and disdain of ordinary world for a time, earning him both the admiration and disdain of ordinary Americans. Americans.

“Next!,” 1904

Rockefeller on Industrial Rockefeller on Industrial Combinations (1899)Combinations (1899)

““It is too late to argue about advantages of industrial combinations. It is too late to argue about advantages of industrial combinations. They are a necessity. … Their chief advantages are:They are a necessity. … Their chief advantages are:1. Command of necessary capital. 1. Command of necessary capital. 2. Extension of limits of business. 2. Extension of limits of business. 3. Increase of number of persons interested in the business. 3. Increase of number of persons interested in the business. 4. Economy in the business. 4. Economy in the business. 5. Improvements and economies which are derived from 5. Improvements and economies which are derived from knowledge of many interested persons of wide experience. knowledge of many interested persons of wide experience. 6. Power to give the public improved products at less prices and 6. Power to give the public improved products at less prices and still make a profit for the stockholders. still make a profit for the stockholders. 7. Permanent work and good wages for laborers.”7. Permanent work and good wages for laborers.”

““The dangers are that the power … may be abused… this fact is no The dangers are that the power … may be abused… this fact is no more of an argument against combinations than the fact that more of an argument against combinations than the fact that steam may explode is an argument against steam. Steam is steam may explode is an argument against steam. Steam is necessary and can be made comparatively safe. Combination is necessary and can be made comparatively safe. Combination is necessary and its abuses can be minimized… most legislative necessary and its abuses can be minimized… most legislative attempts have been an effort not to control but to destroy; hence attempts have been an effort not to control but to destroy; hence their futility.”their futility.”

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish

immigrant, is known for immigrant, is known for being a truly self-made man. being a truly self-made man.

Though brilliant in business, Though brilliant in business, workers and labor unions workers and labor unions found him dismissive of found him dismissive of their concerns. their concerns.

At the turn of the century, At the turn of the century, he sold his steel company to he sold his steel company to JP Morgan (who integrated JP Morgan (who integrated it into the mammoth US it into the mammoth US Steel) and dedicated his Steel) and dedicated his time and fortune to time and fortune to philanthropy. philanthropy.

He famously wrote, "the He famously wrote, "the man who dies rich, dies man who dies rich, dies disgraced." disgraced."

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry Carnegie's steel mills set new Carnegie's steel mills set new

standards for the steel standards for the steel industry. Including strategies industry. Including strategies to increase efficiency, cut to increase efficiency, cut costs, vertically integrate, and costs, vertically integrate, and invest in new technology. invest in new technology.

Steel was produced at Steel was produced at profoundly reduced prices, profoundly reduced prices, which made engineering feats which made engineering feats like bridges and tall buildings like bridges and tall buildings more affordable. more affordable.

His obsession with cutting His obsession with cutting costs translated to low wages costs translated to low wages and dangerous working and dangerous working conditions for laborers.conditions for laborers.

J.P. Morgan bought out J.P. Morgan bought out Carnegie's business and Carnegie's business and integrated it into U.S. Steel, integrated it into U.S. Steel, which became the world's first which became the world's first billion-dollar corporation in billion-dollar corporation in 1901. 1901.

The red line indicates that Carnegie produced 30% of steel in the country. Notice the spike after

1896.

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry

Many companies incorporated by U.S. Steel (vertical integration), as well as related industries absorbed

by the company (horizontal integration).

Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Carnegie and The The Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth

The spectacular wealth of some industrialists was sometimes The spectacular wealth of some industrialists was sometimes rationalized by the belief that they were doing good for society. rationalized by the belief that they were doing good for society. Carnegie, one of the most generous philanthropists of his day, wrote Carnegie, one of the most generous philanthropists of his day, wrote in defense of the successful man who acquires a vast fortune:in defense of the successful man who acquires a vast fortune:

““Thus is the problem of Rich and Poor to be solved. The laws Thus is the problem of Rich and Poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free; the laws of distribution of accumulation will be left free; the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; … administering [wealth] be but a trustee for the poor; … administering [wealth] for the community far better than it could or would have for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. … the man who dies leaving behind him done for itself. … the man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was his to administer millions of available wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away ‘unwept, unhonored, and during life, will pass away ‘unwept, unhonored, and unsung… Of such as these the public verdict will then be: unsung… Of such as these the public verdict will then be: "The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.’ ” "The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.’ ”

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism The term "Social Darwinism" The term "Social Darwinism"

refers to a popular pseudo-refers to a popular pseudo-scientific justification for scientific justification for racismracism

It claims that the biological It claims that the biological theories of evolution and theories of evolution and natural selection can also be natural selection can also be applied to human society. applied to human society.

It implies that variations It implies that variations between ethnic or racial between ethnic or racial groups are deterministic of groups are deterministic of their social rank and those their social rank and those inherently inferior to others inherently inferior to others should be left to die out as a should be left to die out as a result of their own result of their own incompetence.incompetence.

It was a popular view amongst It was a popular view amongst the intellegencia of the day, the intellegencia of the day, perhaps because of its perhaps because of its scientific veneer. scientific veneer.

The Changing Status of The Changing Status of LaborLabor

A hallmark of the late 19th A hallmark of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is and early 20th centuries is the expanding output of the expanding output of American industry. American industry.

Mechanization reduced the Mechanization reduced the prices of manufactured goods, prices of manufactured goods, but wages fell and workers but wages fell and workers did repetitive tasks for long did repetitive tasks for long hours under strict hours under strict supervision. supervision.

The artisanal ideal of The artisanal ideal of independence eroded with the independence eroded with the growth of mass-production. growth of mass-production.

Compensation through "store Compensation through "store pay" and "scrip wages," pay" and "scrip wages," redeemable only at the store redeemable only at the store owned by the employer, owned by the employer, proliferated.proliferated.

Child LaborChild Labor

Industrialization, the tumultuous economy, and the influx of poor Industrialization, the tumultuous economy, and the influx of poor immigrants made cheap child labor an institution in all kinds of immigrants made cheap child labor an institution in all kinds of industries and occupations. industries and occupations.

Up to 25% of children were employed in manufacturing by 1910. Up to 25% of children were employed in manufacturing by 1910.

As the Progressive Era dawned, reformers began addressing this issue.As the Progressive Era dawned, reformers began addressing this issue.

The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor As corporations gained more As corporations gained more

power and specialization and power and specialization and mechanization of labor mechanization of labor undermined the status of the undermined the status of the skilled laborer, workers sought to skilled laborer, workers sought to organize. organize.

The Knights of Labor was founded The Knights of Labor was founded as a secret organization in 1869. as a secret organization in 1869.

They garnered opposition from They garnered opposition from the more prevalent craft unions the more prevalent craft unions because they included anyone because they included anyone from any industry, including from any industry, including African Americans and women. African Americans and women.

They espoused a utopian vision for They espoused a utopian vision for the future and advocated social the future and advocated social reforms. reforms.

Membership peaked in the 1880's. Membership peaked in the 1880's. Many deserted the Knights Many deserted the Knights because they felt they could get because they felt they could get more done in a more narrowly more done in a more narrowly focused, aggressive organization. focused, aggressive organization.

Preamble to Constitution of Preamble to Constitution of the Knights of Laborthe Knights of Labor

““The recent alarming development and aggression of The recent alarming development and aggression of aggregated wealth, which… will invariably lead to the aggregated wealth, which… will invariably lead to the pauperization and hopeless degradation of the toiling pauperization and hopeless degradation of the toiling masses, render it imperative, if we desire to enjoy the masses, render it imperative, if we desire to enjoy the blessings of life, that a check should be placed upon blessings of life, that a check should be placed upon its power … and a system adopted which will secure its power … and a system adopted which will secure to the laborer the fruits of his toil; and as this much-to the laborer the fruits of his toil; and as this much-desired object can only be accomplished by the desired object can only be accomplished by the thorough unification of labor, and the united efforts thorough unification of labor, and the united efforts of those who obey the divine injunction that "In the of those who obey the divine injunction that "In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread," we have sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread," we have formed the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor With formed the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor With a view of securing the organization and direction, by a view of securing the organization and direction, by cooperative effort, of the power of the industrial cooperative effort, of the power of the industrial classes; … calling upon all who believe in securing classes; … calling upon all who believe in securing "the greatest good to the greatest number" to aid and "the greatest good to the greatest number" to aid and assist us…”assist us…”

The Haymarket AffairThe Haymarket Affair Workers rallied around the idea of Workers rallied around the idea of

an 8 hour workday.an 8 hour workday. On May 1, 1886, the largest On May 1, 1886, the largest

spontaneous labor demonstration in spontaneous labor demonstration in the nation's history occurred in the nation's history occurred in Chicago.Chicago.

Two days later, police shot and Two days later, police shot and killed 2 striking unionists killed 2 striking unionists demonstrating against "scabs.” demonstrating against "scabs.”

A bomb exploded at Haymarket A bomb exploded at Haymarket Square as police tried to break up a Square as police tried to break up a demonstration against the shooting demonstration against the shooting of the unionists. of the unionists.

Mass arrests of radicals followed Mass arrests of radicals followed and 8 anarchists were convicted of and 8 anarchists were convicted of the bombing under questionable the bombing under questionable circumstances. circumstances.

The incidents renewed fears of The incidents renewed fears of radicalism and led some employers radicalism and led some employers to develop blacklists and strengthen to develop blacklists and strengthen their resolve against strikers' their resolve against strikers' demands. demands.

The Haymarket AffairThe Haymarket Affair

The American Federation of The American Federation of Labor Labor

The American Federation of The American Federation of Labor was founded in 1886 by Labor was founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers as an alliance Samuel Gompers as an alliance of craft unions comprised of of craft unions comprised of mostly skilled workers. mostly skilled workers.

The AFL focused on concrete, The AFL focused on concrete, labor-related goals like labor-related goals like increased wages and the right increased wages and the right to collective bargaining. to collective bargaining.

Unlike the Knights of Labor, Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL did not seek to the AFL did not seek to overturn the industrial wage overturn the industrial wage and hour system in favor of a and hour system in favor of a new social order. new social order.

The organization became the The organization became the voice of "mainstream" voice of "mainstream" American labor. American labor.

The AFL remained the most The AFL remained the most powerful labor organization powerful labor organization until 1955, when it merged with until 1955, when it merged with the CIO. the CIO. Gompers was President of

the AFL (except one year) from 1886 to 1924.

Selected Gompers Selected Gompers QuotesQuotes

““It is a fact that the employing class . . . endeavor to get the It is a fact that the employing class . . . endeavor to get the greatest amount of labor for the smallest wages for which they can greatest amount of labor for the smallest wages for which they can get employees. … workers have always endeavored to get the get employees. … workers have always endeavored to get the greatest amount of money for the smallest amount of work.  Under greatest amount of money for the smallest amount of work.  Under these conditions it is impossible for capitalists and laborers to have these conditions it is impossible for capitalists and laborers to have common interests. ...”  common interests. ...” 

““There seems to me no money … is more dishonorable to us as a There seems to me no money … is more dishonorable to us as a nation than that insatiable greed which drags the children into the nation than that insatiable greed which drags the children into the mills and factories and grinds their young bones into dollars. … the mills and factories and grinds their young bones into dollars. … the child of the nineteenth century should be something more than a child of the nineteenth century should be something more than a machine.” machine.”

““A strike on any scale is merely a trial of industrial strength, an A strike on any scale is merely a trial of industrial strength, an application of the law of  "supply and demand," … How can a application of the law of  "supply and demand," … How can a society based on free contract and free competition object to such society based on free contract and free competition object to such a method of determining the comparative strength and endurance a method of determining the comparative strength and endurance of capital and labor?” of capital and labor?”

““Freedom of speech is the safety valve of society; if it is Freedom of speech is the safety valve of society; if it is obstructed, there will be an explosion somewhere. It is dangerous obstructed, there will be an explosion somewhere. It is dangerous to tamper with this right of ours.” to tamper with this right of ours.”

The Pullman Strike The Pullman Strike

The 1894 Pullman Strike is the quintessence of labor-management The 1894 Pullman Strike is the quintessence of labor-management relations during the era corporate tycoons that was the Gilded Age. relations during the era corporate tycoons that was the Gilded Age.

George Pullman, the owner of the Pullman Palace Car Company, provided George Pullman, the owner of the Pullman Palace Car Company, provided and controlled his employee's lives. They lived in the town of Pullman, and controlled his employee's lives. They lived in the town of Pullman, attended Pullman schools and churches, shopped at Pullman Stores, and attended Pullman schools and churches, shopped at Pullman Stores, and used Pullman utilities. used Pullman utilities.

As one employee famously described it, ""We are born in a Pullman house, As one employee famously described it, ""We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in fed from the Pullman shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman Hell." the Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman Hell."

This paycheck amounted to 12 cents after rent and expenses were

deducted.

The Pullman StrikeThe Pullman Strike When Pullman slashed wages When Pullman slashed wages

to protect profits without to protect profits without lowering prices and rent , the lowering prices and rent , the American Railway Union (ARU) American Railway Union (ARU) led by Eugene V. Debs led by Eugene V. Debs initiated a massive strike and a initiated a massive strike and a boycott of trains using Pullman boycott of trains using Pullman cars. cars.

The US Attorney General The US Attorney General obtained a court injunction obtained a court injunction against the workers for against the workers for interfering with the delivery of interfering with the delivery of the mail and President the mail and President Cleveland sent federal troops Cleveland sent federal troops to enforce the order and crush to enforce the order and crush the strike. the strike.

Violence claimed the lives of Violence claimed the lives of over 30 people by the end of over 30 people by the end of the strike. the strike.

It was the first use of federal It was the first use of federal troops to break a strike. troops to break a strike.

The Pullman StrikeThe Pullman Strike

The strikers were forced to return to work on Pullman's terms, Debs served a The strikers were forced to return to work on Pullman's terms, Debs served a prison sentence for disobeying the injunction, and the ARU was disbanded. prison sentence for disobeying the injunction, and the ARU was disbanded.

The hated George Pullman died 2 years later in fear that his tomb would be The hated George Pullman died 2 years later in fear that his tomb would be defiled. defiled.

"What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In "What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if

we must."we must."

-- Mark Twain, 1871-- Mark Twain, 1871

CitationsCitations Slide 2: Slide 2: http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture04.htmlhttp://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture04.html Slide 3: Slide 3:

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