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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF EDUCATION
BULLETIN, 1920, No. 31
STATISTICAL SURVEY OFEDUCATION, 1917 -18
ir
PREPARED BY THE STATISTICAL DIVISIONOF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION
Under the ouptcrisiort
H. R. BONNERGn/lecto, and Com*, of Statistic,
[Advance Sheets from the Biennial Survey of Education
in the United States, 1916-1918]
a.
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-18.
NTENTS.Introductory statementTotal school enrollmentThe cost of educationTeachersGiftsand bequests to educationAmount of schoolingMen teacherlin rural schoolsThe rural and cityschool termPart of school term not attendedTeachers' salaries in rural and city schoolstoy andrunt school propertyThe per capita cost of rural and Mt educationEnrollment in elementary,secondary, and higher educational institutions Kindergartens.
INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT.
The Biennial Survey of E(Itipttion presents the statistics,of prae-tically all the important school systems in the United States forI917-1S. The various chaptersin the volume have been previouslyprinted as bulletins, as indicated below:
Statistical Survey of Education, Bulletin No. 31, 1920.Statistics of State School Syetems, Bulletin No. 11, 1920. A,Statistics of City School Systems, Bulletin No. 24, 1920. rStatistics of Universities, Colleges, and Professional Schools, Bulletin No. 34, 1920.Statistics of Normal Schools, Bulletin No. 81, 1919.Nurse Training Schools, Bulletin No. 73, 1919.Summer Schools, Bulletin No. 31, 1919.Statistics of Public High Schools, Bulletin No. 19, 1920.Statistics of Private High Schools, Bulretin No. 3, 1920.Private Commercial and Business Schools, Bulletin No. 47, 1919.Industrial Schools for Delinquents, Bulletin No. 52, 1919.Schools for the Deaf, Bulletin No. 79, 1919.Schools for the Blind, Bulletin No. 78, 1919. . .
Schools and Classes for Feeble-Minded and Subnormal Childre,n, Bulletin No. 70,1919.
This plan of printing the different chapters in the report as separatebulletins permits a wider circulation of the statistics. By thisarrangement it becomes unnecessary to send jthe whole volume tothose desiring- only the statistics of a givap class of schools 'or in-stitutions. Several thousand copies of the volume, however, havebeen pritiVd for the purpose of supplying libraries, colleges, univer-sities, etd.,' with s complete report more or less comparable to thatissued in preceding years.
This chapter includes a general summary of the statistics, showingthe enrollment in public and 'private schools and institutions ofvarious types, the estimated cost of maintaining these schools for1917-18, the. distribution of teachers among these schools and theestimated length of time the average person attends school during
3
4 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1918-1918.
his life. In adoption to these gener41 statistics, this chapter containscertain information which hid to be culled from other chapters in thereport and assembled into a unified whole. Thus the statistics ofiural schools have been secured by subtracting from the chapter onState school systems the corresponding amounts in the chapter oncity school systems, and securing from these results certain relation-ships. To secure complete statistics for kindergartens, it has beennecessary to bring together corresponding data from reports of kinder-gardens maintained by cities, by villages, and by private organizations.Further, the enrollments in elementary, secondary, snd higher in-stitutions of all types have been assembled to show the total schoolenrollment in each State and *'the Nation. This chapter serves,therefore, the double purpose/f summarizing and assembling suchdata as could not well be donlin any other single chapter of the report.
TABL It 1. , chool and cortege enrollment in 1918.
Oradea. Public. Prh-ate. ToiaL
Kindergartens. , 433,377Elementary ary and grammar) 2,42,318Seoondary. gh school:9 and academies) i 1,925,473Elementary and secondary (including kfuderpttens): i
-City schools i 14,22,0011Rural schools 2,256,567
Semadery (prepandery deportment" of Mahon institutional 2, NSUniversities and college I 12,21Professional schools 9,771Normal schools:
State schools 121,157City and county schools 8,348
Total for the above 121,105, rao
City eveneaschools ., 52, 413Business schools:
Day schoolsNight schools
Reform schoolsSchools for the deaf:
State schoolsCity schools
Schools for the blindSchools for the feeble-minded:
Rate schools 16, 535City schools 1 2,123
Gemiremood fedlen 26, 321Schools in Alaska is by the Govsroment 3,635Other NM* schwas Abets 3,337
46,612 479,9891,27,004 2, 943,.;42
158,32 2,21,218
2, 560 44,66015,0119 20,10638,22 46, 653
9,52 133,074
1,923,472 r 23,029,062
585,413
182,614 299,579106,96551,912 51,937
2,172 12,1414t 24835,749 5,749
'hill for special schools
Total Mr all schools In reed Stoats 4
617 17,152
23, 5213,6363,337
78'7,!97 290,180
n,en,aar r 2,214,312
991,137
2 24,027,199
Not included In total because at duplicates:in else leans.gladness S NS sladests dtrpfleated M mtivtaftlas, collars, and professional schools.$ Dam not lack& 11gg2L55 inmates sot in school claims.
Does not laafade mieed1scote setter*, etch as art, made, e6 ., from which no data use cones:ed.
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1817-1918.
TABLE 2. School enrollment and estimated cost in 1918.
Classification. Enroll-ment.
Estimatedper malts
cost.
Estimatedtotal cost
(includingoutlays).
Pubic elementary6chools (Including kindergartens) 18,919,895 331.68 3599,383,393Public high schools., 1,925,473 152,875,761Private elementary schools (including kindergarten,' 1,503,856 36.57 54,988,700Private high schools 158,745 214.34 34,025,276Elementary and secondcry schools. I
City schools 8,586,601 47.76 410,142,716Rural schools 12,256,567 28.85 353,879,239
Universities and COliegf!,.PublicPrivate .
Normalschools:
129,096248,293
505 95291.31
85,315,M71,739,531
State 120,157 145.39 17,469,349City and county 8,348 169.97 1,418,935Private 9,569 150.52 1,526,405
Commercial and business schools 289,579 84.85 24,571,786Reform schools s 51,937 326.00 10,157,602Schools for the deaf:
State 12,170 399.00 4,855,822City 1 2,482 195.00 1483,990Private 644 461.84 297,425
Schools for the blindSchools( or t he feeble-minded:
- 5,749 510.03 2,932,182
State 16,535 258.00 4,338,030City 118,133 (I)Private 817 489.60 301,713
Clovernment Indian schools 31,521 116.69 3,328,115Schools In Alaska supported by the tiovernment 3,535 57.22 .108,003tither public schools in Alaska 3,337 81.78 272,905
Total 21,433,726 45.23 1,050,934,803
I Not included In total because duplicated In other items.I Include < colleMaje, preparatory, and professional departments.
(If this number 31,158 is the as erage enrollment.Data reported was not sufficient for reliable estimate.
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O 8
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918.
TABLE 4 -00 and biquests to education, 191t -1918.
Institutions.
I' n i versifies and oollegieSchools of theologySchools of lawSchools of medicinePublic norm:IL:schoolsPrivate normal schooliPrivate high schools
otai
1912 I 1913
$24, 783,0901,680,754
42-5,8671,295,288
479,624133,472
1,262,215
$24, 551, 9582,336,510
1149,4531,2W,096
413,580199,899657,3,51
30,061,310 29,651,879 31,357,398
326, 670, 0171,5514,281
2(13,0671,495,773
607,431116,283706.546
1914
7
1915 I 1916 1918*
120,310, 1241,467, 05"
90,5762,661,076
449,992168,479875,944
0,196,0062,257,359
128,5882,253,598
758,998143,012
1,357,719
1127,460,945
40,518616,8114
1,748,2Vt
26,023,21 37,095,280 29,856,568
TA ISLE 5.-- -Gifts and bequests to education from 1571 to 1918.
187118721873
4
it775876..
1 Ar 7
$8, 593, 74010, 072, 54011,1n5, 977
6, 053, 8044, 126, 5624, 691, 8453,015, 256
1897..1898 .
1899.19001901. 21,158,1902
1903.187 3,103,2891879 5,249,8101880.. 5,518, 501881 7, 440, 2
1883. 7,141, 3631884. 11, 270, 286
18861887.
9;314, 0815, 976, 1687,512,910
1888 6, 646, 368
1889.. 6, 942, 058
1890 8. 011,0191891. 8,519 2331892 8,7 902
1893. 8 6901894 10, 855, 365
1895 8,240,8761896 11,677,048
$10,049,14110, 981, 209:25, 332, 79215,066, 561
40020, 348, 73917, 915, 0.7517, 281, 375
1905 21,827, 8751906 23, 347, 0701907.. 28, 585, 7801908. 19, 763, 421
1909 21,192, 4501910 24, 755, 6631911 27, 634, 0291912. 30, 061, 3101913 29, 651, 8791914 31, 357, 3981915.. 26,023, 2461916. r 37,095, 2801918 ,... 29, 856, 588
Total, excluding 1882and 1917 677, 393, 1,76
TOTAL. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT.
Table 1 summarizes the figures which indicate the total enrollmentin each type of school or institution: The statistics of schools inAlaska and of Government Indian schools have been taken from otherGovernment reports. All other statistics contained in this summaryhave been derived from the succeeding chapters. These data havebeen organized to show facts r ardirig enrollment in public' andvate schools. The statistics of, prifate elementary schools havebeen estimated very largely, but, they .are in all probability fairlyflependable. The grand total ,enrolldient in all types of- schools24,02,199. This aggregate includes 21,812,887 pprsons enrolled inpublic schools and 2,214,312.. persons enrolled in piivate schools.
8. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF' EDUCATION, 1916-19IS.
Excluding all ipecial and evening schools, tie total enrollment inkindergarten, elementary, secondary, and higher institutions is23,029,062, including 21,105,590 persons registered in public schoolsand 1,924,472 persons enrolled in private schools. The furtherdistribution of these aggregates among the different types of schoolsmay be ascertained from the table.
THE COST OF EDUCATION.
Table 2 contains statistics showing 'the total cent of education in1917-18, the total enrollment in the institutions, And the average orper capita cost based on the to111,number of persons enrolled in thevarious types of schools. These annual per capita amounts do notalways represent the same conditions. Thus the per capita expendi-tures in public elementary, secondary, and higher institutions usuallydo not include amounts spent for board or lodging, while the corre-sponding expenditures in private high schools and academies, inschools for the deaf, the blind, and the feeble-minded quite fre-quently include these extraneous-to-school costs. Caution shouldbe used, therefore, in interpreting the per capita costs shown inTable 2.
The total ^mount spent for education in 1917-18 in the schoolsrepresented in Table 2 was$1,059934,803. The total enrollment inthese schools (exchiding city evening schi41151 was 23,433,726. Theaverage pe capita cost based on the, total number attending schoolis, therefor , $45.23. This average. as has just been pointed out,
.1
needs to be used cauVously, since it often includes the cost of boardand lodging.
TEACHERS.
In Table 3 the number of men and women teachers in the varioustypes of schools have been assembled. The total number employedin 1917-18 was 769,763, including 153,641 men and 616,122 women.The men teachers constitute only 23 per cent of the 'total number.It is thus seen that over three-fourths of all teachers in the UnitedStates are women. In 1890 the corresponding percentage was almost36. From this table it is possible, to ascertain where the loss of menteachers has been greatest, but this matter has been sufficientlydiscussed in succeeding cHapters. .
GIFTS AND BEQUINTS TO EDUCATION.
Table 4 .shows" the amount' of gifts and bequests to education in1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1918. As no statistics were col-lected from schools in 1916-17, there are no corresponding data forthat year. The total amount received from this source in 1918 was$29,856,568, which represents a considerable decreaseias comparedwith the correepondingdata for 1916. As the war undoubtedly reduced
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 191'1-1918. 9
this source of school support in 1918, it is not safe to estimate theamount .received in 1917.
In Table 5 the amount of gifts and bequestS for each year sinceN70 has lien assembled. Omitting the amounts received.in 1882and 1917, the total amount accruing to the cause of education fromthis gratuitous support has been $(77,393,176. This amount is
"nut sufficient to maintain the public elementary and secondaryschool of the Nation for one year. (The total amount required in10I8-was $763,678,089.) This amount is equivalent to $32.48 foreach pupil now enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools(20,853,516 pupils enrolled in 1918).TAME a. -Data used in securing the average number of days of school attended by each
person u ho became 21 years of age in 1918 (5.38 years of 200 days each).
School year...ssigned
ages( years),
.14 verage l'er cent ofnumber of persons ofdays it tell each ago
ded by attendingeach pupil schoolenrolled. (1910).
.yeragenumber ofdays at te(hid by allpersons ofeach ago.*
2 s 4
5 and under. 101.7 19.5 19.86 102.1 62.1 53.27 105.2. 75.0 78.98 106.0 62.7 87.79 106.2 86.2 91.5
II) 107.3 90.0 95. 511 109.8 91.1 100.112 112.6 89.8 101.113 113.0 88.8 100.314 III. 8 81.2 90:.815 115.6 68.3 79.016 115.6 50.6 59.517 117.8 35.3 41.618 121.2 22.6 77.419 120.9 14.4 17.420 i 120 4 8.4 10.1
119 8 17.5 20.921 and over..
Total.. 1,075.9
I Column 3 wag obtained by multip ying column 3 by column 4.
AMOUNT OF SCHOOLING.
An attempt has been made to eticertain the amount of schoolingreceived by the "average" person now completing, a school course.The data showing the method of arriving at swill an average aregiven in Table 6. In Tabp 12 in the chapter on State School Systemsthe percentage of children enrolled in school at each age in 1910 isshown. These percentages are repeated in column 4 of Table 6 ofthis chapter. It is assumed that all children who are under 6 yearsof age and who are attending school are 5 years of age. There is prac-tically no fallacy in the results obtained in this way, although it isknown that some children attend kindergarten at the age of 4, gincethe age groups of 4 and 5 essentially equal. It is found, therefore,that 19.5 per cent of the children 5 years of age, or an equivalent
13225°-20--142
10 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1918-1918.
thereof, are in school. Similarly for those over 20 years of age, ithiis been assumed that they are all 21 years of- age. As the agegroups just above 20 are essentially equal, it does not matter if 1111such persons are considered 21 years of age.
This enables one to combine these scattered persons who are attend-ing school into workable percentages which for all purposes arereliably correct. It is assumed, therefore, that the average childentered school at the ago of 5 in 1902 and attended school more or lessirregularly until he was 21 years of age, in 1918. The average numberof days attended by all pupils enrolled in school in 1902 was 101.7;in 1903, 102.1 days, etc., as shown in column 3 of the table. The"average" child 5 years of age attending school in 1902 went 101.7days. The following year this "average" child went 102.1 days, etc.But it must be considered that only 19.5 per cent of the children5 years of 'age attend school and that only 52.1 per cent of the.e6 years of age attend school. Consequently, the "average" childin the population in 1902.received not over 19.S days schooling at theage of 5 and not over 53.2 days schooling at theag,e. of 6 in 1903.Proceeding as shoiv'n in the last ca umn inTable 6 it is foam] thatthis ".average" child gets the longest school term at the age of 12,when he attends 101.1 days. During his lifetime he will attend atotal days, or an equivalent of 5.38 years of actualschoo3 (lays each.
At the age of 5 the complete expectation of life, as shnwn by theUnited States Life Tables in 1910, as prepared by James W. cloverfor the Bureau of the Census, is 56.21 years of 365 days each. The"average". child as shown above attends school after this age only1,075.9 days, or an equivalent of 2.95.3-ears of 305 days each. Bycomparing these figures it is found that this " averaj" child attendsschool only one-nineteenth of his life, subsequent to his fifth birthday.In other words only 1 day in 19 is spent in scholastic preparationfor life.
. One error involved in the computation of column 5 et Table 6needs to be pointed out. The average number of days attended byeach child enrolled in school as shown in column 3 includes the num-'"ber of days attended by the older as well as the younger children.'Possibly the younger children enrolled in school do nyt attend' soregularly a4 the children comb* within the compulsory attendance&age limits. In other words, the "average'; child attending schoolat 5 may not attend the average of 101.7 days, while at the age of12 he may attend more than the average of 112.6 days. As theseerrors are counterbalancing, and as the range of ;these averages isnarrow, falling between 101.7 at 5 years and 121.2 at 18 years, nogreat vitiating factor can be discerned herein. It is held, therefore,that the method is essentially sound, and that the resultr secured
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918. 11
are reliable. The fact that it has been necessary to use percent-age of persons attending school in 1910 does not matenally operatein nullifying conclusions, since the school history of this average childcenters around the year 1910, and since such minor errors as mayexist are again compensating.
MEN TEACHERS IN RURAL SCHOOLS.
In cities having a poputation of 2,500 or over, 25,063 men and216.319 women teachers are employed. In rural schools (schoolslocated in the Open country and in villages) 80,164 men and 329,196women teachers are employed. From these figures shown in detailin Table 9, it is found that 10.4 per cent of the city teachers and 19.7per cent of the rural teachers are men."' I all sch6ols, both city andrural, 16.1 per cent of the teachers are . en. The percentage of menteachers in the rural schools of eac State is shown graphically inligure 1. Indiana, Arkansas, and "est Virginia lead with relativelyhigh percentages of men teach' -, while Connecticut, Vermont, Ne-,hraska, and Colorado fall at e bottom of the list. The scarcity ofown teachers in the rural lioolS in certain States should he suffi-cient to give great conccr Unless more retnup,prative salaries air.paid in the rural school- the exodus of practically all men teachersfrom these schools seer's imminent.
THE URAL AND CITY SCHOOL TERM.
For the. United tates the average length of the school term inhisifelementary and s ondary schools combined is about 161 s. In
the city schools e corresponding average is 182 days, w le in therural schools it only 144 days. The children in the rural schoolshave a little o r 7 months of school, while city children have over9 months. The city child has a school term,36 days longer than thechild in the ral schools. Figure 2 and Table 8 present these facts
fOr each Sta ,e.. In the figure the projection of the " pin" beyondthe "bar" i vetyr pronounced in the States fa ing in the lower half oflthe figure. Smaller differences prevail amo States with respect tothe length, of the city school term, than to that of the rural schoolterm. The ''pins" are more nearly equal in length than the "bars."
i
/ PART OF SCHOOL TERM NCO ATTENDED.II
The p rt of the school term lost by irregular attendance is shownfor tura and city schools in Table 8 and figure 3. In the first part ofthe di ram the per cent of the school term lost in the rural schoolsis abouVwice that wasted in city schools In many States near the
, botto s, of the list the loss is about the same in both classes of schools.Wino and Ohio are outstanding in the relatively small proportionof th rural school lost bysirregular attendance. It should be noted
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STAATICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION; 19r-1918. 13
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STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918. 15
in this connection that the States have been arranged in the decreas-ing order of the percentage of the rural school term lost. On thisscore Ohio and Illinois occupy the most commendable, and Kentuckyand Connecticut the most derogatory positions. As a general rulethe city child loses 39 school days annually, or 21.4 per cent of theterm- provided, while the child in rural communities loses 41 days, or28.5 per cent of the school term provided for him.
TEACHERS' SALARIES IN RURAL AND CITY SCHOOLS.
In all elementary and secondary schools the average annual salaryof teachers is $635. As shown in Table 10 the corresponding averagein city schools is $854 and in rural schools $479. The variations from
. these average practices are best exhibited in figure 4. New Jersey,California, and Arizona head the list on the high salaries paid torural teachers. Alabama, North Carolina, and Mississippi pay thelowest average salaries to rural teachers. Not infrequently the av-erage salary Raid to city teachers falls below the $600 line. Thegreat inequality in the relative lengths of the "bars" and the "pins"in most of the States suggest the query as to whether the rural childis not entitled to as good a teacher as the city child.
CITY AND RURAL SCHOOL PROPERTY.
The estimated value of all school property and the average valuefor each pupil enrolled in school are shown for city and rural schoolsin Table 10. In city. Schools this per capita is found to be $146.62,while in rural schools it is only $59.07. For both combined it isS95.12. The reservations from these general averages are showngraphically by States in figure 5. Montana, Missouri, and Wisconsinrank first on'the values of property in the rural schools; In someStates little difference exists between the average value in rural andcity schools. In most States the "pins" .project far beyond the"bars," indicating that great inequality exists as to the "schoolhome" provided for the rural and the city child.
TILE PER CAPITA COST OF RURAL AND CM EDUCATION.
An attempt has been made to ascertain the annual cost of educa-tion in city and rural schools. The results are shown in Table 12.Some of the averages are not precise, as the various per capital forcity and rural schools had to be derived by a process of subtraction,as explained above. While the averages shown are not precise,they are nevertheless fairly dependable. In figure 6 the per capitacost for each pupil enrolled has been ascertained. The city schoolson this basis spend $40.60, while the rural schools spend only $24.13for meeting the current expenses of each pupil. The States havebeen ranked on the magnitude of rural school costs. Montana,
16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
STAINS. ' Withal ANNUAL NALARIT S.0 20M 00 600 Boo
WIN IJKSHRY
cAunmariA.ARIZONA
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MARYLAND
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FIG. 4.Ayerage annual salaries of city and rural teachers, 1917-18. (Data Imaged on the total numberof teachers employed.)
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918.
STASIS.
MONTANA
WI swum
WISCONSIN
PP YORK.
CA1:70R1I A
VI AK
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Fla. 5.Aversge value of all school property per pupil enrolled in city and nnalochools, 1917-18.
3225 °-20-----3
18 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-19IB.
STATIC.
MONTANA.
YIADARACPSHIRI
ARIZONA.
NORTH DAKOTA..
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no. S. Current expenses for education per pupil enrolled in city and rursi schools, 1917-18.
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 191'1-1918. 19
Nevada, and New Hampshire rank first, and Rhode Island, Missis-sippi, and North Carolina last in the array. Great differences be-tween rural and city school expenditures are indicated by decidedprojections of the pins beyond the bars. The States seem to fallinto two well-defined groups in this diagram, the, State of Maineserving as a dividing bar. Those above Maine spend over $32 perrural school pupil, and tho'se below Maine spend less than $23 perpupil.
It should be remembered that the per capitas presented in thisgraph relate only to current expenses and do not htclude amountsspent for new buildings, grounds, and new equipment. These un-usual average capital outlays, however, are given in Table 12.
In figure 7 the average expenditures for education in ruraland city schools have been computqd on the basis of the number ofpupils in average daily attendance. ;fins method of computationeliminates from consideration the ab4lice of pupils from schools andgives the actutil annual cost for the average pupil who takes dailyadvantage of the school term provided him. On this basis the percapitas become considerably higher, for city schools $51.57, and forrural schools $33.67. Figure. 7: shows these facts for the differentStates, ranking the States on the decreasing per capita costs. Ari-zona, Montana, and Nevada 'Ad on rural-school expenditures, andMississippi; North Carolina, and Tennessee come last, excludingRhode Island, whose data were unreliable. In several States theaverage ruirhool expenditures exceed those incurred by cityschools.
As the length of the school term varies considerably in the differ-ent States, the average cost based on the average attendance will becomparatively low in States having a short school term and relative-ly high in States having a long school term. To eliminate this factorof inequality from consideration, it becomes necessary to divide theper capita costs pictured in figure 7 by the length of the school termin each State for city and rural schools respectively. Theresults ofthese corrections are shovn in Table 10 and figure 8. The averagedaily cost in rural schools ranges from 57 cents in Montana to 8.Bentsin Tennessee, the data for Rhode Island being unreliable. The aver-age for all rural schools is 23 cents per day, and for all city schools 28cents. It becomes apparent from these figures that city and ruralunit costs, for the same of time, are not essentially different.These minor differences w e magnified in the two. preceding graphs,since the lerigth of the school term had not been taken into consider-ation. This statement is not derogatory to figures 6 and 7, sincethey take into account the fact that the city child goes to school agreater number of days during ,the year than the rural child. Itshould also be remarked at this juncture that large city school$ can,
20 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1910-1918.
? 1' 1 1. PIE CAPITA COST PIE Pan ATTENDING (DOLLARS).10 20 30 40 50 60 7o 80
AEIZOIA.LIONTAIL.
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u. 7.Current expenses for education for each pupil In at erage daily attendance In city and ruralselsools,1917-18.
STATIST1(7A1, SURVEY OF ED17(7ATION, 1911-1918. 21
AT 18.
SOMAS&AR/Z011A.
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8.--Current eximiscs for education per day for each pupil in average daily attendance In city andrural schools, 1917-18.
04
22 BIENNIAL el5BVEY OF EDUCATiON,1916-1918.:*
Ibe maintained at smaller unit expenditures than can small ,ruralschools, most of which have only one room. Where large numbersof children can be conveniently brought together the unit cost maynot decrease but the educational advantages accruing from the samecost can be increased. With equal per capita costs, the city schoolsshould be superior to rural schools. The slight difference in thedaily cost of maintaining city and rural schools, 28 cents and 23 centsrespectively, do not, therefore, .represent oven approximate educa-tional advantages, when all fees are considered. From all of theseanalyses of 'current expensesit does not appear that the rural-schoolchild is, getting a "square deal." He is working under a* handicapso long as he remains in the rural schools. The movement for theconsolidation of schools seems to offer the most satisfactory solutionto this serious problem.
A further inequality in educational opportunities is also evidentas shown in Table 12. The average Amount spent for permanentimprovements in city schools was $7.16 and in rural schools $4.82for each Pupil enrolled in school. On the basis of average' dailyattendance these per 'capita expenditures become $9.10 and $6'.73,respectively. When these averages are divided by the length of theschool term, they each become 5 cents per day. From these com-parative figures it is apparent that the city child is better housed than,the rural child. It is true that the building program may have beenseriously hampered by war conditions in 1918, but these generalaverages, although reduced iyffEgnitude from the corresponding
,amounts usually spent, ought to be reliably comparable, for city andrural schools. On every count, therefore; in figures 2 to 8, inclu-sive, it would seem that the 'rural schools have been shamefullyneglected. The average rural child is horn under an educationalhandicap. ,
4
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7251
8, 2
3176
, NA
178,
(13
:14
84, 8
2440
, 227
68.8
822
73.0
83.1
6:.3
72.3
Mch
igan
.65
6,94
133
2,42
332
3,51
889
,984
,552
47, 4
01, 7
0142
, 582
, 851
523,
166
215,
919
267,
247
79.8
77.0
82.6
Min
neso
ta.
484,
323
163,
141
325,
182
63 1
37, 1
1324
,952
,318
38, 1
81, 8
1537
3,76
013
6,95
123
6, 4
0976
.5tr
3.72
4M
issi
sdpp
t54
0, 7
5640
, 639
600,
117
47,7
94,0
195,
114,
976
42, 6
51,0
4334
5, 9
522S
, 788
317,
166
64.0
70.8
63.4
§H
Imou
ri6
064,
412
258,
076
406,
336
-8:1
, 643
, 936
37, 7
35, 2
8346
, 408
653
5145
, 670
197,
527
308
143
76.1
76.5
75.
Ma:
9am
122,
000
34,2
0487
,796
13,7
56,0
014,
445
, 670
9,34
0,33
690
, 298
24,9
5965
,339
74.0
73.0
71. 4
Neb
rask
a30
0,01
171
,571
228,
440
35; 4
15, O
W10
,317
, 122
25, 0
97, 9
5821
4,37
7.5
7, 2
.47
157,
090
71. 5
80.0
68.8
Nev
ada
14,5
184,
445
10,0
734,
78.5
,616
606,
330
1,17
9, 2
8610
, 430
3,43
36,
097
71. 8
77.2
69.5
New
Ham
pshi
re66
,021
36,0
4929
,972
9,15
8,73
44,
9789
064,
179,
f42
352
,687
281,
rat
23,9
9471
. 879
.68D
. IN
ew J
erse
y56
2,31
941
2,10
615
0,;1
378
, 434
, 202
60, 0
84, 7
7018
, 349
, 432
423,
750
320,
157
103,
593
75. 4
77. 7
69.0
New
Mex
ico
85,6
7713
,520
72,1
578,
748,
721
1,92
0,30
16,
828,
420
56,3
7811,015
45, 3
6365
.881
.562
.9to
I In
clud
es 8
,348
pup
ils e
nrol
led
in c
ity a
ndco
unty
nor
mal
sch
ools
.t S
tatis
tics
unre
liabl
e.C
O
TA
BL
E 7
.-C
ompa
rativ
e st
alie
tica
of e
nrol
lmen
t and
atte
ndan
ce o
f pu
pil.,
in c
ity a
nd in
rur
al s
choo
l.., 1
917
-18-
- C
ontin
ued.
Stat
es.
Num
ber
of p
upils
enr
olle
d.)
Agg
rega
te n
umbe
r of
day
s
Stat
e.C
ity.
atte
nded
I ;R
ural
.
A V
eret
e
Stat
e.
daily
et t
enda
nce.
City
.-
Stat
..C
ity.
Rum
!.R
ural
.,
09
II4
68
78
910
New
Yor
k1,
666,
589
1,35
0,59
131
6,01
824
2,37
4,99
2'1
96, 4
22, 4
75I
45, 9
5'2,
517
1, 2
99, 3
351,
049,
806
249,
729
Nor
th C
arol
ina
634,
250
76,7
6155
7,54
750
, 822
,678
9, 7
'28,
760
41,1
443,
918
414,
f 79
56,6
3031
8, ..
r.9
Nor
th D
akot
a16
8, 0
0414
,919
1.53
, 115
20,0
10, 1
792,
2"8,
834
17, 7
81,3
4511
9V12
,2,6
310
7,09
2O
hio
e95
1,96
053
9,29
241
2,66
813
9,39
1, 8
2281
, 685
, 921
5 8,
6M, 9
0184
9, 2
9741
1,59
339
7, 6
94O
klah
oma.
.55
1,36
610
1,77
244
9,63
352
,179
, 473
12, t
f78,
939
39,3
00,1
3433
3,31
473
,018
IMO
, 468
Ore
gon
l.5, 8
9185
,057
AO
, 634
23,9
48,1
12.1
08,
871,
549
15, a
m5/
1313
0,86
448
,172
82,6
92Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia14
514'
984
878,
195
818,
789
214,
888,
175
131,
962,
1455
82. 9
23,3
201,
'227
,921
702,
192
5:15
,729
Rho
de I
slan
d91
, 864
80,0
333,
831
13,9
43,8
0312
,157
,032
1,78
6,81
s72
,254
68,5
963,
658
_Sou
th C
arol
ina
394,
467
49,2
9934
5,16
828
,896
, 721
6,34
34, 7
2922
,591
992
15,5
, 816
32,4
6021
9, 9
.3-
Sout
h D
akot
a48
518
, 777
1_1,708
16, 8
30, 5
123
2,45
2,86
114
, 3,6
3, 7
3290
, 476
13,7
8076
,696
Ten
ness
ee.,
_138
,59
1,34
687
50 , 85&
4, 4
9658
,747
, 272
11,2
11 4
5045
,535
, 822
406,
044
65, 5
0724
0,53
7T
exas
Uta
hI
1,09
8,98
911
0,19
32.
50, 1
7348
,765
848,
vi
61,
'11
3,18
5,08
814
, 520
, 959
31,0
58, 2
916,
837,
037
84,0
48, 7
957,
683
, 92'
278
8,39
1S.
3,99
617
8,13
439
, 497
610,
257
46,4
99V
erm
ont
62,0
4928
,913
33,1
368,
307,
427
I.4,
230,
371
4,25
7,05
849
, 751
.
24,2
8325
,468
Vir
gini
a48
1,13
910
1,44
737
9,69
246
,101
,080
14,6
43,6
4,5
31,4
57, 1
3.5
326,
'296
80,7
3324
5,56
3
Was
hing
ton
Pao
121,
747
141,
092
33,9
91,1
2316
,907
, 545
17,0
83,1
7919
4, S
5593
,410
101'
;445
Wes
t Vir
gini
a31
7282
,, 14
458
,377
-.23
8,76
729
,680
, MS
8,09
8,03
6,,
21,5
90,7
8922
, 323
45,9
0717
6, 6
16W
isco
nsin
',.'
449,
403
191,
819
257,
584
63,3
68, 3
6827
, 844
,821
'
35,3
24 3
433.
10, 4
5515
1,9
204,
544
Wyo
min
g ...
..
,:0
4, 2
719,
579
28,6
924,
597,
995
1,31
1, 3
123,
286,
481
30,6
197
. 23,
151
Stat
istic
s un
rele
.
4,,
40
Perc
enta
ge o
f en
rolle
d pu
pils
in a
vera
ge d
aily
atte
ndan
ce.
Stat
e.C
ity.
Bun
n.
11 77.9
65. 4
71. 0
89.2
60.5
fe. 7
81. 1
78.7
64.9
6.5.
3
68.7
71.7
78.0
80.2
.67.
8
74.1
70. 2
79.3
88.0
£2It
77.7
70.0
73.9
64.3
82.3
69 9
SI 7
98.4
71.9
57.9
80.0
(82
.674
.01)
77.9
96.5
726
63.7
82. 1
63.0
0 yy
67.6
[ti
71.9
CI
757
cl76
.9n
84.7
).76
.771
.95
78.6
68.3
79.2
79.4
'
41_
1_10
.7co le
a
clb - Co OoCd 5 z 5.1
74.6
71. 2
-4 8
1.0
XL
079
. 8
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918. 25
TAbLE 8.-The 8rhool term in rural and city achnals, 1917-18.
States.
Average length of9C11001 term(days).
State. City.
8
Ra-cal.
4
I nit ..ti Statei' :61 162 144
Alabama. 124 173 .114Arizona 162 177 I53
% Arkansas... . 120 173 112Coll tonna . 172 1st) 157rolorado .......... 168 1St 113
f'onneet lei it 181 181 187!fel:mare . 164 15-2 14710.4t.Coliimhia 173 173Florida . 130 158 119Ceortia 13'4 176 129
Idaho 150 173 143Illinois 159 131Indiana 155 141 141Iowa 180 177 182Kansas 172 176 170
Kant tick y 150 184 141Louislatut 136 174 123Maine 169 174 164Maryland . 170 176 1633111;:sach owl ts 176 176 125
Michigan 172 185 159Minnesota 169 182 161Mississippi 138 179 134'Missouri 16.1 159 151Montana 152 178 142
Nebraska ' 165 180 100Nevada
1 171 177 109*sc..' lam pshire .. .. ' 174 174 174Now Jersey 185 168 177New Mexico 155 174 151
New York. . 167 187 `1StNorth Carolina , 12) 172 .115North Dakota. 168 181 166Ohio 163 181 143Oklahoma 157 176 151
Oregon . 183 184Pennsylvania 175 188 158Rhode island lie 177
(ISouth Carolina 113 176 10South Dakota 186
Tennessee . 140 171 134Texas 146 174 138Utah ..- , 169 173 165Vermorkt
, 171 175 167Virginia'. 141 181 128
.Wesitingtm i 174 181 168West V irghtir . 133 176 InWisconsin I 178 183 174Wyoming 110 176 142
sr rage numberof days attend-ed by eachpupil enrolled.
Rif -State. City. mi.
5 .6
120 143,
74 11999 11978 128
123 136116 134
1421091349194
19714114413412'2
8898
137117142
137129
88126113
118125139140102
14580
119146
96
164142152
73122
9610513213796
12994
1411211
7
103
146142
123134
141
137154143143135
138128139129147
143153177144130
144136138146142
145127149151127
136150138128146
128124140147144
139139145137
SP
losgo
10685
8084
99122145131117
7987
133190
13211785
114106
11011714012295
14574
11613787
187130
118
9099
12512983
12183
138115
Averageof dayseachrolled.
numberlad by
pupil en-
City. 147:
Percentageschool termby eachenrolled.
oflist
pupil
State State. City.
8 9 II It 18
41 39 41 25.4 21.4 28.5
42.150 54 45 40 6 '31. 263 514 65 39.1 . 32. 8 42.542 45 41 35. 0 : 26.0 36.649 47 r.2 2X.5 2.i.7 33.153 47 56 31.2 26.0 36.1
39 35 81 21.5 19.3 41.355 40 62 33.7 22.0 42.239 39 22.6 72.639 35 39 30.1 22.2 32.844 35 4.5 32.0 19.9 34.9
43 36 44 28.8 20.8 30.819 28 9 11.6 15.4 6.911 38
('e7. 1 21.0
46 34 25.4 19.2 28.050 41 53 29.1 23.3 31.2
62 46 62 41. 1 25.0 44.03933
4636
3631
28.319.2
26.420.1
29.318.9
5335
4729
5735
31.019.6
26.716.5
34.528.0
35 27 20.2 22.7 17.040ao39
5245
44
4937
23.536.024.7
15.929.I23.8
27.336.624.5
39 48 36 25.8 27.0 25.4
47 36 60 28.5 20.0 81.248 41 52 28.1 23.2 30o833 36 34 20.3 20..2 19.646 42 55 24.6 22.4 31.163 32 24 34.1 18.4 37.1
42 42 39 22.2 72.5 21.1243 45 41 34.9 26.2 35.649 32 50 29.1 17.7 30.118 30 6 10.7 16.6 4.262 49 64 39.1 27.9 42.4
1933
4838 28
10.319.0
26.120 .2 17.7
41 39 22 21.3 22.040 48 37 35.2 27.3 .964 32 76 34.6 18.0 37.3
44 43 44 31.4 25.2 32.84137
ao33
3940
28.372.0
28.819.1
28.394.3
34 28 88 19. 8 16.0 22.46 37' 45 32.1 20.4 85.
0\14245 47 25.7 212 28.039 37 39 29.6 21.0 32.03730
3839
36 20.819.9.
20.822. 2
20.71119. 0
' Statistics unreliable.
O
26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918,
TABU, 9.- Comparative summary of number of t eachers employed in city and in ruralschools, 1917-18.
States.
State.
WoMen. men Total.) Men.
City.
Wo-men
8 1 6
United States 105,194 545, 515 650, 709 25,068
T2,1-8-2'--- 468AlabamaArizona . 24.31 1.81 2.067'
California4, 42,01.
1115,7,597 12. 096
MI 17, 276Arkansas....
Colorado 561 6, ' 7,2191
Cozuwet lentDelawareDist. Columbia. ..FloridaGeorgia
IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansas
Kentucky...LouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts...
Michigan
Mk l.c'4pplMissouriMontana
NebraskaNevada .New Hampshire...New JerseyNew Mexico
New YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhlo.Oklahoma,
OregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota
TennesseeTexasUtah.VermontVirginia.
WashingtonWest VirginiaW i3C0115411Wyoming
Rural. Percentacv of1 men tench, rs.
Men W°-menTotal. Total. State City. 111,1:
I ' n".
6 7 8 9 10 1 11 i isI 1 . .
216,3191241,382 80,16411329,196 409,360 16. 1 10. 4. 19.7
1,5g7; 1,755 2,738 8 8,01 10, AK 21. 9.6 25 65211 561 21511 1.291 1.444, 11. 7.5; 13 6
1211 1,1161 1,237 4,3( 6,471 10, 7711 36 9.8 39.91,34. 9,376 10.721 670, 5,88 6,5531 11.7 12.3: In. 2
29: , , 266i 4,303 4, 5691 7.8 11.1 3.8
5,9,4; 6,3721
57 574 5.9 6.9 I / II
556 636. 9.3 4.3. 1.' r,6 11.8 I1.4 911
3,771 4, 7721 19. 2 7. 5 22.69,850 12,280 17.8 8.9 19.8
2,704 3,27 1 16.9 13.5 17.514,8604 18, 1471 13.8 8 9 15. I4,728 10,045 36. 8 13.4 5'. 9
20,349 22,344 8.9 8.7 ft. 911,087 13,114 14.3 9.9 13.5
7, 303 11, 7211 31.4 5.31 36.04,622 5, 6191 16.7 5.6 20, ft4,247 4, 8.5 6 0 8 fi2,3051 2,5* 10.8 )0.6 11. 01,205111,747 11.0 9.0' 31.0
11,430 13,479 12.9 9.7 13.212,331 13, 644 9. 6 9. g 9. 38,073 10,537 22. K. 9 9 4
10,587 13,94 19.9 11.3 24. 14,19 4,74] II. 2 8 4 II. 5
1
10,074 10, A. 5.2 7.1 4.8533 eg 12.4 15.3 11.5
1,814 1,94 7.3 8.0 6.93,6.57 4,211 8.8 9.0 6 31,577 2,1 '23.7 9.4 26.3
6,681 52, 59, 1 WI 4,23 34,495.I
38, 727.I 2, 449' 18,013 20, 46 11.3 10.9 12.02, 17,,, 12, 474 15.241 123 1,688, 1,8111 2,644 10,786 13, 4 18.2 6 6 19 7
29. I7,307 27,846 3:1415, 460 715 5,985 6.7 10.6 9.8. 10.75153 1,984 14,844 16,866 12,962 18, 20. 11. g.3,036 10, 760 13, 796 3' 2,3161 2,636 2, 716 8,444 11 1 22. 0 12.3 24.3
1,017 5,453 6, 4 243 1,634, 1,877 774 3,619 4, 15.7 12.9 16.97,818 36,515 44, 2,682 19,777' 22,409, 5,136 16,788 21,924 17.6 12.01 23.4254 2,
1
688 2,934 2,t 2,5971 46 291 33 13. 7 8. 0 13.61,1 7, 2661 8, 481 1 i ,01Q 1, 6:277 7,3 14.1 9. 1 14.9
7 6,600 7,3.;
6561 6151 666 6,044 6, 10. 1 & I 10.2
3,37 9,571 12,947 1,936 2, 204 3,1 7,606 10,743 26.1 10 8 29.25, 9, 29,001 72 5,525i 6,2441 1, 18,249 72, 757 18.0 11.5 19.8
91 2,53 8, 177 1,237, 1,414 7 1,295 2,035 26.6 12.1 36.4123 2, 2,97 947' 1,0123 41 1,906 1,946 4.1 8. 2.1
1, 12,11 13, 202 2,6 2,914, 1,495 9,495 10,990 12. 9 19. 13.6
1,3 8,01 9,361 2,956 3, 494 817 5,016 k,823 14.4 15.2 13 93,77 7,204 10,97 17 1,643 1, 7191 3,50 5,661 9, 269 34. 4 10.' 38. 91, 15,101 16,7 59 4,907 5, 470 1, 10,196 11, 2761 9.8 10.3 9.6
1 1,7 1,891 1 227 2461 126 1,619 1,6461 7.7 7. 7.7
1 PrObably Unreliable.
445, 6,512 6,917, 43299. 0.2 1,0611 1 406 425 80
2191 1.636 I, 8551 21 1,876, 1,535 01.2061 6,065 6,271' 1 1,294 1,399 1.10112,677 12,377 15,0641 247 2,527 2,774 2,43
631 3,190 3,647 77 492 569 574,4,656 28. We 1i,613, 1,37: 14,137 15,512 3,25116 247 10, 743 16,990 93 6,015 6,945 5,'31712,434 21116 27,632, 439 4,629 5,281 1,9932,353 IT045 18,3981 3 2,958 '3,284 0231
4,414; 9,657 14,071 196 2,1521 2,34g, 4,21811,319 6, 7, 908. 122 1,967. '2,0:411 1,19721
614 6,57 7,189 2,328. 2,530' 41599 4,966 5,565 31. 2,661 2,976' 284,
2,089 16,913 19,002 1,54 15,703 17, 2551 547
2,973 20,076 23.051 tg 8,646 9, 5721 2,0401,791 16,97' 19,768 4,622 5,1241 532912, 5601 9,051 11,611 978. 1,0741 2,46414,122 16, 20,667 761 5,956 6, 719 3,361
5,136 5,781 953 1,0401 3.58
MO 12,00 12, 756 1 2,024 2,179'' 50591 735 III 131 71
7161 2, 3,123 1,096 1,180 1341,397 14, 411 15, 808, 1,1141 10,531 11,595, 356600 1,94 2, 534 37 357 394 563;
States.
27STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 191I-1918.
TABLE 10.- School property in city and rural schools, 1917-18.. _
Average value of A verage an n u al1-:1 i in a ed v,lluo of slool property. school property 961aries of teach
" tilted States
la Lama.trirona14 ) ansasal i tumid
Colonulo
ConnecticutDelawareDisi . of ColumbiaFlorida(;eorgia
IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowa
KentuckyI .46.961ana.
.....MarylandSlasSachusetts
Michigan...,Minnesota51ississippiMissouriMontana
NebraskaNevada..New 1 lampaireNew JerseyNew Mexico
New YorkNorth Carolina ..North DakotaOhioOklahoma
OregonPennsylvania13 hode islandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota...
TennesseeTexas1' tat,\'ermcntVirginia
WasWettV rgini6Wist onsinSr yomIng
per pupil enr0110.1. era.
State. City. Itnral. . State. City. Rural. 69416.1 City..
Rural .
- 8 4 b 6 2 8 9 10,
01,933,506,818 1,258,933,000 6734,575,818 .12 2146. $59.07 6635 6654 $479
15,501,349 5.039,000 10,4E3,349 27 02 64.19 21.13 845 536 2105,115, 802 3,362,660 1,733,603 7.5 26 144.23 38. 94 952 918 673
13, 906, 117 5,151,40X1 8,757,117 36 13 97.26 21.43 367 537 29490,091, 519 36, 666000 31,227,619 149.47 169 42 122.31 1,012 1,013 92916,600,076 10,370, 000 8,430,076 93.64 110.03 78.77 749 905 661
30, 429, 407 26, 925,000 1,433, 4b7 121.93 132. 03 1 59.05 745 741 7432,,220 1, 2:0,000 958,220 60 00 62 22 I 44. 18 561 767 42913,052,000 13,052,09 212 10 212 10 1,1252 1;03710,622, 257 3, 061, 6110 7,571,257 54 06 64).47 51.88 383 662 30215,546,968 7, 160,000 8,369,908 22.68 01.12 14.89 366 661 302
11,072,159 2, 212,000 8,860,159 1105.71 104.72 105.96 .68.5 863 655154,619,659 109, 107,001 45,2126459 142.06 175.07 97.55 776 1,044 55167,675, 607 83, 530,06 34,145,607 '119.96 140.64 104.82 587 .730 4951,693,915 22,574,000 29,119,913 97.47 112.63 76 26 578 793 43936, 251,527 13,063,000 23, 1s9, 5,57 89.44 111.14 80.58 513 680 471
22, 6E0, 990 9, 367, OM 18,473,990 42 816 109.63 30.08 364 668 33914,071, 974 7, 004, 0011 7,063,978 43.21 86.47 26.69 471 664 39912,091,4.05 7,012,06n 5,079,465 83.89 95.91 75.07 443 465 26613,600,000 5,374,000 56.66 79.97 41.37 687 645 731494, 606,586 99,545,000 149.98 173.05 858 871 1,442
71,926, 534 461, 6610,000 23,304,534 109.76 146.47 72 OS 663 835 51363,117, 1 30,246,1X0 32,871,161 129.25 165 40 101.09 651 948 5314,650 3,676,000 ' 1,774,000 8.97 75.649 3.55 291 606 259
94, 2111, 40, 940,000 53,276590 141 SD 158 64 131 11 1,51 851 . 66918, 269,310 5,457,000 12,812,310 149.75 169.64 145.93 070 1,035 581
19, 140, 110 10, 603, 000 8,767,110 6.4.60 149. 12 36.37 '115133 779 544
2, 1196.15 166.67 . . _ 874 973 4327,244,229 4,606,000 2,63.5,229 109. 73 117.85 147. 92 548 635 461
79,999, 966 84, 133,000 15,1946966 142 26 15.5.172 105.13 911 946 1,0094, 446, 784 1, 229, OM 3,217, 784 51.90 90.90 61.59 500 727 441
262 ,252,578 221,341,000 40,911,578 157.36 163.69 129.46 976 1,098 55414,303,503 4,204,000 10,099,303 22.55 M. 61 18.11 204 508 25415, 300, 030 1, 4182, 060 13,616,000 92 21 112.74 90. 25 576 816 615
126,261, 514 97,900,000 80,361,944 134.73 181 53 7,3..57 744 AN 56152,162, 753 11, 528,000 40,034,753 91.61 113.32 90.37 571 625 571
9,541,375 10, 663,0110 6.5.40 163.90 702 1,037 CAI163,447,965 130, 405,000 53,042,965 121.09 148.49 63 30 702 774 CV12,159, 619 11, 113,000 1, 016,619 132 37 126. 58 '265.37 802 743 6619,339,133 3, 242,000 6, 397, ram 24.94 65.76 19.11 315 526 261
13,984,406 2, 750,000 10,334,806 94.49 163.91 84.91 604 769 VC
16,357,960 7,734,000 9, 099, 916) -26.51 A8. 31 IS. 07 370 636 3248, 072, 263 26, 4%, OM 72, 392,263 44.47 105 .6.5 241.38 487 663 4212,6135, 461 5.6.52,000 7, 213,451 116.0 115.90 117. 43 754 627 7(06,123, 186 2,613,(90 2, 510,166 42. ff 90.37 79. 73 467 554. 42
16,862,364 7,1110,000 11,252,354 39.9) 75.01 29.64 365 667 31.
30,596,666 20, R64,000 10,712,6CA 139.24 171 54 111.37 922 1,008 842 0 240, 6 2 2 8,1161110 12,129,622 63.54 139.0X3 4 0 941 4419 632 314,00.000,000 26,262,000 33,719, MO 131. 61 137.01. 130.90 521 812 33
3, PM, 248 1,110,000 2-, 376, 246 91.09 115.88 82.1x1 578 060 52
1 The averages I n this column have been computed from the toad number of teaching positions titled.Probably unreliable/Data Inconsistent.
6
1
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11,5
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629
3,79
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185
6,56
8
for
city
7 -,
52"
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95,
183,
111
11,1
31,1
2.7
40,9
40,5
9711
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6;76
4,16
559
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3,45
5,73
54,
472
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5,72
7,26
4
6,06
5,55
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9,43
3,95
64,
319,
714
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64,0
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218,
817
13,0
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335
14,5
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7
and
coun
ty n
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5,2
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51,
377,
1 1
1
702,
597
24,1
77,1
022,
958,
227
3,04
9,33
632
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3,44
3,37
496
7,44
296
1,04
4
2,22
8,53
36,
41:9
4,08
22,
104,
95.8
1,12
1,46
42,
500,
629
6,34
0, 1
681,
999,
068
:4,0
70,7
3343
0,15
4
13, 1
0, 9
0 I
1,10
1.1,
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1
7,39
1,52
16,7
63,4
656,
712,
014
3,73
4,41
9I
26,0
99,7
6111
2,35
73,
640,
918
4,76
6,2'
20
3,14
57,0
2312
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'2,2
12,7
601,
243,
633
4,71
8,18
8
6,75
0,20
33,
K37
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6,47
4,79
61,
345,
913
5, 5
2.;,3
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161,
210
1,40
9,00
19,
557,
414
2,49
5,96
5
746,
077
11,1
01,6
3554
23,0
1649
2,24
7.1
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1,61
6,45
85,
123,
73-1
1,01
37,8
3617
1,68
21,
0415
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2,17
3, 5
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154,
698
3,19
7,06
0'2
28,0
52
4,22
1,64
2lir
2, 3
:,61x
:4,2
567,
274,
095
991,
993
627,
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5,10
0,96
433
1,29
210
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309,
247
529,
363
1;53
5,72
541
7,63
141
1,61
411
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1,26
3,35
147
7,66
31,
664,
345
16,8
60
1,30
1,75
075
11,K
101,
616,
744
2,27
9,32
31,
593,
972
119,
6 ..
5,99
7,68
1''
241,
744
4141
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1,04
5,39
2
1,06
6,09
53,
566,
009
620,
206
530,
791
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30, 2
37'
677,
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1,44
2,71
521
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12
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49.9
242
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7.80
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36.9
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15.4
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.06.
6;5.
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.34
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sas
31.6
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.97
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AO
48.6
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.16
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.3.5
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2826
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tuck
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ou I
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ylan
d24
.11
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. 11
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.06
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43.0
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:5.3
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.74
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314
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n34
4.23
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.91
10.7
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. 40
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..,11
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4;13
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1.71
2829
2712
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inne
sota
41.2
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.78
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.03
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. 60
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6.5
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ta=
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.69
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5715
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Co
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918.
S7......- O1*X3 ,.0+ X....,:.-*
. _
-N-.1.Y NC.17.1..1 .Lt-r(4, m*I.NN ..1...r.,,
',-4A P.S;AP 'eri,74;214 Y-2AA2 .54!:,7:
..._..
,74:4Aglg 7,:zgRA gA4.7.4 Re74giVz .5,q
7-V4PPA ,7,=.-41A AMSg 7:tzgA2 gigiA
L.71RN R.'252rElz....6 .6..s,6 .4.:66 6.66 6
r:-7i,c2A SegV.2 814=A; MVP.;61.:..... 4r44,6c1 ,4,i'gie6 6si66
t-Ztl, i;RSAi r:VNV8 2i26:g1 r2aTt",.1.666A 46.2:... 666 .;.66
S4R!IR 9,X8:24 =3A=,P3M1 Znr1-7.lgr,,q7; 74:411 W--.T:s.
AW6A1; R;;R7R RSR.T.;: gAgI:,9A cttgOS tSSt ,1;:848 ,7,1:j
i;:-,4; !Vs,7R8 *.7,2443 geg =R18...11 AT.t6"4 ..7,44. t7;8tigi tigl
`2=W22 VA3322 '4V,..p .9. S gV9A6.-;,. .. 64:0. .; 66.eir-:
,1%7PAN CgiAR7 Zvgg sr4A» aticre.i.i..i ,..i.,1,4,ii .i.i.i..4 .6,64.4. 0 aigo..4
E!AliF7 P9r:as4 !:.'W.7741: PT.,;iR R75S.:6-ci 6..-64 .r-6 04666 aeci.si
!;r:*Pt; V4fil.14 RSA: 338M V9I2r.A8Aii T41?; '.'Sg ''LlAp,'Ll .4i.tgt
fdP2rig2 rig,876.9=SA :.352.1.!1 S7.6374:4d 4::::.tii lAsit-:Li ggt,Ti t4c4it.
gr:Z.8% gg:=6.'z 2330gg aseLis zw.:.P,:ztli"-t t,i4si tAr.i: tz;t:itAtl ii.T;g4
:'..
2 .044
;88i
d
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PiliWg21 )"54 6444 I'M 4e Mlatt t8a4 ;Ili IA I'Ps
1
ZZWZZ ZZZTO W FE.L. lit
0
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81
32 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1910,21018.
Tent E 13.- Parentage distribution of pupils and students of all grades in both publicand pri rate sehools and colleges, 1918.
Mmes.
Per cent of the "Kolenumber of pupil. ineach grade.
Per cent in each gradeper cent co the total polio la, lonreceiving public in- Pnrollo.I in each grade.at nue ion
men-tor'.
2
Sec.ond. I Iigher.ary:
United States . 85.6 9.3
AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColorado
ConnecticutDMawareDist. Columbia ...FloridaGeorgia
113. 1
91. 196.776. 4St 7
aa. 591.67!1.2tn. 792.5
Idaho 56.0Illinois 07.0Indiana K5. 3Iowa x7.2Kansas $3.7
5.6.92.8
20.612.4
10.07.6
13, 45.76.5
12.29.2
12.510.315.0
Kentucky ... 94.1 4.9Louisiana 91.4 7.3Maine t.5.4 12.8Maryland 91.0 6.5Manmehusell. "hp 61. I IS. g
Michigan $7.0 10. 7Minnesota x6.7 11.0
sippi 90 .3 5. 7Missouri 1:14 .3 9.1Montana Pol. 9 9.7
NebraskaNevada
New JseyNew Meerxico
e.
x7.2x7.6/40.U1.093.2
New York 07.8North Carolina ' 95.1North Dakota 90.8Ohio KS. 4Oklahoma 91.5
OregOIXPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota
Tannage/1eTexasUtahVermontVirginia owe yr
WasWeethiVirghnuaWisconsinWyoming
61.489.489.69.5.687.0
id. 0
86.:19
90.8
K3.6Ia. 687.290.2
9.610. 216.99.14.6
9.83.67.1
12. 46.4
15.18. 58.92. 79.7
5.99.9
12. 113.96.9
14.06.49.9.3
4
2. 1
Ele Sec-men - ond-tary. ary,
I Iligher. men- owl.Ele- Set-
.
tar'. ary.
5 6 9
92.8 90.9 52.2 19. 1 I 2.0
1. I2.0.5
3.02.9
1.5.8
7.4
1.0
1.3.02.22.53.3
1.01.31.62.53.3
2.32.3.14
2.61.4
3.22.22.3
.92.2
2r41.32.12.22.1
4.52.11.5I. 73.3
1.11.41.62.22.3
2.41.03.0.6
97. 395.699.497.298.3
85:193.1$4.396.998.5
96.9al. 695.594.97.1
95.092.710).90.054.0
88. 491.1490.992.496.5
95.498.976: 491.995.5
87.497.197.084.98.5
96. 592.1483.398.297.4
96.798.697.390.590.3
97. I99.184.597.2
Ulu89.691.696.195.9
K5.21414. 4:
74, 591.4x9.2
149. 5
91.495.:t91.794.6
64.190.6RS. 778.690.1
94.14N.192.691.792.8
93.7100.0
290.794.0
90.074.195. 594.696.8
95.887.088.379:191.2
$3. 391.770.401.483.6
95.493.292.993.5
II hiller . I!
10 11
11.4 21.
66. 1 I 23.3 I 1.5Pah 0 21.4 1.061.9 1 25.2 .761.3 I:, 7 4.271.1 I 17.7 2.6
27.I1161.1),22. 461.349. 7
x7.134.650.1146.470. 1
59.651.551.934.514.5
03.169. 764.350. 1
100.0
73.9100.042.342.
100.A
20. 157.879.453.192.4
69.528.043.66.5.671.5
29.268.3
190.065.759.6
95.481.981.
100.0
X21.017.017.020.422.1
V. 718.71..122.619. 1
22.317.317.317.616.2
20.919.725.914.923.5
21.911.515.
16.125.720.415.322.0
14.517.015. 723.617.5
25.021.923.716.320.6
14.021.1IS. 516.9
2:21.42. 91.21.5
2.92.02.62.7300
1.21.12.61 33. I
2.62.51.62.02.6
2.11.33.31.1.0
I.1.01.62.71.0
2.71.61.6.7
2.0
1.62.43.22. 71.6
2.31.22.11.9
.3 V, 12V'.
.1 24.06 211. 0
.6 20.9
.3 22. '1
.2 G
1.7 21.6.1 21.7. 3 23.9
.4
.6
. 5
.6
.2
.3.
.5.6
.5
.2
.6
.4
.x0 .3
.4
.1
.5
. 4
.3
.5.5.5
.6
.4
.3
.4
.7
.3
.1
.4
.5
.4
.2
.6
.l
21.n21.:t21.225.023.2
23.7i9.2a .119.e19.
21.22.27. 721.529.3
25. I13. 119.19.721.1
27.1122.521..521. 1
17.019.017.624.720.2
26.1121.726.319. 422.7
16. 722.521.220.9
Rir
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918. 33TABLE 14.- Pupils and student: of all grades in both public and private adaoolg and
college*, 1918 -Pe ItT I.
States.
Pnpils renewing ale;mentary inst rue;I ion vrimary andgrammar gra. ;.
Dri sale1 (largely
est imat od).
Pupilssecondaryst ruction:school grades).
Public
.4
receivingIn
(high-
t":11
Student shighertion (seeh to 16, next
receivinginstruc-columns
page).
Private.
a 6 7.
United States 18,919, 095 1,457,044 11,913,921 193,305 247,044 226, 451
Alabama 512, 529 14, 885 31,358 3,467 4,274 2,191Arlunta 63,470 2,911 4,503 516 1,419 ,Arkansas 419.86.5 2,635 11,4412 1,091 1,560 959California S 47:,, 845 13,818 126,913 5.103 12,020. 7,576Cobra. to 176, 523 3,096 25, 103 1,071 4,392. 1,875Connecticut ., 219, 423 3S, 462 24,506 4,255 1,966 J 3,213Delaware 34, 423 2,561 2,714 341 333Dist. Ct.lum Ina 53,802 10, 000 8,049 2,706 1,389 4,813Florida 1N5, 784 5,930 10,672 1,008 726 " 456i;eorgia
I
6.39,510 10,000 40,366 4,899 3,662 , 3,703Plato 92,745 3,000 12,16.5 1,436 1,463 216Illinois 975, 205,7n 112,657 10,658 13,736 26,965Indiana 49'2,106 23, 203 72,046 3, 556 6,541 6,530Iowa 476,759 26,370 54,572 4,1947 6,606 7,611Kansas 352,165 10,663 63, 469 3,071 9,895 , 4,216Kentucky :/19,844 26, 781 23, 511 4, 447 3,367 2,232Louisiana 34r2, 135 23, 750 23,598 3 44h 2,490 2,345Maine 123.157 12,429 17,617 2,, 701 1,574 1,293Maryland 221, 513 24, 516 13,769 3, 750 2,494 4,727Massachusetts 52'2, CR 99,109 108,790 11,900 3,484 20,536Michigan 5143,072 76,184 /75,869 4,795 14,132 2,876Minnesota 437, 407 24, 187 52,084 6,3143 8,640 3, 759Mississippi 511,617 5,750 29,139 2,330 2,706 1,502Missouri 601,552 49,828 61,869. 5,625 11,183 6,079Montana 110, 440 4, OM 11,573 896 1,137Nebraska 270,993 13,103 29,273 1,961 7,637 2,696Nevada 12,968 143 1,530 324New Hampshire 51,044 16,653 .11,977 2,779 823 1,137New Jersey 512,019 34,971 50,300 5,137 2,222 2,1374New Mexico .s1,917 3, 887 3,939 253 2,1116New York 1,49141001 216,909 172,226 19,229 13,352 34,122North Carolina 616,398 18, 328 1/, 852 6,256 4,843 3,563North Dakota 156, 414 4,795 11,995 559 2,991 775Ohio 819,158 147,196 132,802 7,525 13,199 11,666Oklahoma ,,261 7, 966 35, 689 1, 162 10,795. 383Oregon 123,244 4, 456 22,718 985 3,869 1,701Pennsylvania 1,390, 969 108,000 124,015 18,479 9,506 26,196Rhode Island 43,131 16,660 8,733 1,162 724 916South ()ar'lin,' 345, 697 7,000 8,770 *314 4,496 2,360South Dakota 125, 430 3, 411 13,124 1,263 3,532 1,406Tennessee 560,813 18,963 30,534 0,110 2,067 4,931Texas 942,934 14, 496 106, 171 5,890 11,252 5,226Utah 100,096 2,727 10,162 4,282 1, 8125Vermont 5.3, 973 5,672 8,076 1,841 979 11Virginia e 451,932 7,900 29,166 5, 739 6,795 4,5009Washirwton 225,969 6, 813 37,118 1,777 6,403 3103West V CrOnia 300, 780 2,720 16,314 1,191 2,671 501Wisconsin 399, 992 73,512 49, 411 3,784 13,143 3,058Wyoming 34,166 1,000 3,444 240 213
34 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
TABLE 15.- Pupils and sttulent s.of all grades in both Public and private schools andcolleges, 1918-PART II.
States.
Students receiving higher Instruction-
I In Schools of theology, 1In universities and law, medicine, voter- 'In normal ..heelcolleges. Mary medicine, den-
tistry, and pharmacy.
United States
AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColorado
ConnecticutDelawareDist. ColumbiaFloridaGeorgia.
Idaho
IndianaIowaKansas
KentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts
Michigan .MinnesotaMlssol.:If pi
wets=NebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew Mexico
New YOrkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahoma
OregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota
TennesseeTexasUtahVermont. wVirginia
WashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming
Public.' Private. Total7 'antic. Private) TOtal. Public.
8 9 10 II 13 I 14'
108,768 1178,060 286,14244 9,771 38,822 48,503 '124, 505
1,686 1,115437 0396 927
6,991 6, 2983,704 1,574
137 2,649333 0731 2,85800
1,649 3,204
4914,3664,3115,9533,62
01,102737913
1,562495
6,6444,0661,7553,9291,250
3;627321558
0290
6,9551,2731,0279,66s2,170
2,9132,190
243. 1,536
917
6643,1021,699
4902,096
3,9099:8
3,20213
211119,9273,9067,4344.01:11
1,6271, 3431, 2493,372
16,390
2, 1972,9811, 4915,324
0
2,2330
1,0942,251
0
23:6293,042
7759,4131
770
1,09021,639
9372,3401,251
3)724,342
0500
3,061
277439
2,2010
2,601437
1,51313,2/465,278
2,796333
3,6091,1304,953
09724,4937,4447
13,2977,747
2,6292,2802,0924,934
16,895
9,9417,0103,2469,2521,250
5,860324
1,6522,251
240
32,4844,3151932
19,,2962,920
3,98323,4191,1803,9762,168
4,5367,9441,699
9905,157
4,088
6,1,237
250213
180 1511 052 32
*92 1,146141 301
0 293O 0
425 1,94946 094 499
20111
1,739442
2930
2,37446
593
25 0 25629 4,760 5,399297 569 865753 207 960388 125 513
2,402971922
4,440547
1,059
213
1,919
9576,5412,203
5,851
55 612 667 2,31031 802 933 1,72234 41 79 697
O 1,169 1,169 932O 3,321 . 3,321 2,999
1,04285711314652
4400000
014094
731212
13600
43
179426196105480
182
2430
77It
2,71001
3710
43525
0
8,593190
01,110
112
5264,384
0200
849840
011
323
310
6600
1,3491,431
1242,856
52
8110
43525
0
8,593336
942,441
324
-6824,364
063
111
1,0261,215
196110803
21385
9030
6,4463,727
6377,109
535
3,570
Private.. Total.- -15 18
9,569 138,074
1,061 3,463971922
132 4,572547
271 1,310
68
1, 2782,156
46
171198
45
89
219
1,919
9 579,8194,359,
5,451
1, 353'1,772
0971,1143,914
6,6173,925
9377,151
535
3,059
2742,2221,826
6,3973,4301,8702,8038,433
8907,416
4812,9172,504
1,2147,225
198
s .....
325
324
85193
157
26044
2712,4201,820
6,3973,7551,8703,1278,433
9757,609
4812,9172,661
1,4717,269
3944,219
2,4121,7688,211
1,225.394
5,444
2,412152 1,920137 ; 9,048
a.
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918. 351
TABLE 16.-Pupi/a and studerill of all grades in both public and prime" arlinals andcollages, 1918-Pear I 1 I.
I summon aecordl n2to control.
State,.
1 nItixl Staten .
.Alabama.!. \ ri :ann. , ...... . . .
4 rkansesCal i'nrn la .Colorado
Connect lent 1
1 /is . 4 'el um hia .......Floridailttwria
IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansas_ 'KentuckyLouisianaMaine. .
Mar v land114sischusetts
MichiganMinn eto4.44MIsEltNlyp1mimourtMontana r.NebraskaNevadaNew 1 farnpahlre .....New JerseyNew 51 ex ho. ......
New YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahoma
OM=Penns V 1ValliaRhode Islandbooth CarolinaSouth Dakota.
TennameeTexasUtahVermontVirglnM
WashingtonWoo Virginia.WiskswisinWyounin
l'Itaremye.n' Public.
4. randI total,
1315 ate.secondary. Higher.
17 IC 19 1
20, 370,739 2, 137,226 473.495 21,110,010 1,671,100 22,967, 493_5,57:414 625 6, 465 571.161 30,663 541, 704
66, 411 5 019 1,119 eV, 392 3,4.57 73,849452, 500 12.193 2.019 407,227 4,665 437,912420,03 132,016 19,100 614,778 20,497 641,275179,523 26,111 0,137 200,018 5,953 211,971
257,085 21..761 4, 409 245.125 45,41111 291,06531 /, 1.b.-1 3,035 333 37,170 2,902 40,372frt. 912 10,755 0, 2112 53, 240 17, 519 90,790
191,714 11,660 1 , 1,11 197, 1102 7,396 204,578449,510 45,2,5 7,365 043, 5.541 o 121,102 702,160
95,745 13,601 1,079 106,373 4,652 111,0251, 1x1, 107 123,215 39, 701 1, 102, 127 242,300 1,344.523
515,309 75,412 13,071 570, RAI 33,99 000, 1182503, 129 .59,519 14,'247 537,1237 576,1195302,111 56,540 14,111 415, 529 17,940 433, 409
536,125 27, 041 5,649 E16, 722 $1,500 570,222325, 565 2.5, 954 4,135 33x,131 21,513 356,674135, ror, 20,314 2,637 142,341 16, 121 151, 771240, 021) /7,519 7,221 237,775 32, NW 370,719621,197 131,190 34,020 434,302 131,545 165,907
656,256 90,604 17,007 /11, 1073 P3, RS4 753,927461,560 59,4437 10,399 496,131 34,329 532,460517,367 31,419 ,., 4,707 543, 401 9,512 553,043652,360 67,485 19,262 675,565 65,532 739,127114,440 12,464 1,937 123,9.49 4,806 126,745
294,175 0134 10,330 307,901 17,08 3E5,73913,121 1,530 324 11,012 143 14,98579,147 14,756 1,969 60,153 241,009 67,422546,90 55,427 6,196 564,541 4E 072 407,613
, ,45, te4 4,192 2,106 87,962 0,140 92,102
1, 714,910 191,455 47,474 1,963, 579 2711, 100 1,953,139034, 626 24,101 8,406 WO, 003 26,047 667 140161,200 12,554 3,706 171, vo 6,129 177;5299,43,353 140,327 34,864 965,159 160,385 1,131,644524,217 36,151 11,077 202,745 10,010 572,755
127,700 23,701 5,570 1E1,41 7,142 136,9731, 4916,969 142,494 36,792 1,534,530 152,675 1,677,2U99,11[ 9,995 1,661 92,518 11,779 111,367
392,097 11,064 6,456 398,943 11,674 410,637111,141 14,387 4,940 142,086 0,062 143,106
575,775 36,644 7, OW 603, 403 80,064 01321, 4371,007, ao 112,001 16,478 1,110,357 15,612 1,116,1169
102,623 14,444 1,996 112,159 7,030 111,10359,645 9,917 1,4911 63028 8,034 71,053469,012 34,906 11,404 437,,943 18,248 006,191
132,772 38,945 6,711 WA, 4111) 8, MR 2761137203,500 17,555 3,342 319,815 4,502
,334,317
473,504 53,196 16,101 463,50 10,354 50, VW35,895 3,684 213 38,552 1,240 39,792
36 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19111-M8.
ENROLLMENT IN ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY, AND HIGHER EDUCA-TIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
In Tables '14, 15, and 16 the number of persons attending allelementary. secondary. and higher schools have been assembledfrom statistics contained in succeeding chapters. Certain significantpercentages have been. derived from these enrollment figures, asshown in Table 13. From this table it is seen that 88.6 per cent ofall persons attending sclic,!! are enrolled in the elementary schools,9.3 per cent in the secondary schools, and 2.1 per cent in the higherinstitutions, such as universities, colleges, technological schools, pro-fessional schools, and normal schools. In Oregon 4.5 per cent ofthe whole number of pupils in school attendance are in higher insti-tutions. T1i corresponding percentage for the District of Columbiais 7.4. On he proportion of secondary students California ranksfirst with 20.6 per cent.
In the elementary schools 92.g per cent`f the pupils are enrolledin the public schools. in the secondary schools 90.9 per cent of allstudents are registered in public schools. In higher institutionsonly 52.2 per cent of the students come under the influence of insti-tutions under public control. From these relationships it is apparentthat the private-school factor is most pronounced in our institutionsof higher education. In the chapter on high schools the decreasingimportance of private high schools has been.pointed out. In thechapter on universities, colleges, and professional schools the rela-tively static nature of higher institutions under private control hasbeen demonstrated over a period of years by means of an indexcurve showing comparative rates of increase.
It is significant to compare the States on the proportion of thetotal population enrolled in school. These percentages are shownnumerically in Table 13 and magnitudinally in figure 9. It is seenfrom the diagram that Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennesseehave the largest percentages of the total population enrolled in theschool. In preceding Similar statistical reports of the Bureau of-Education it has been shown :that the proportion of children, in theSouthern States is exceedingly high. This fact means that anunusually large proportion of the population is of school age and ispresumably attending school. These facts are suggested as aplausible explanation of the ,high ranking of those three States onthis point. Nevada, with a comparatively large adult population,has relatively few children to attend school, and therefore rankslow on the chart. These facts suggest an explanation as to whySouthern States usually take low rank when any t,tempt is madeto rate the States. From this figure it is seen that "3L8 per ceptof the population attends school at some time during the year, 10.4per cent in the elementary schools, 2 per cent in the high schools,and 0.4 per cent in higher educational institutions.
4
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38 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
TABLE 17.- if iseellaneous percentages and relation.thi)ae appertaining to public andprivate kindergartens, combined, 1917-18.
^ -
States.
F.stImatednumber ofchildren
4 to 6 yearsof sse.
Per cent ofchildren of :
kinder- i
garten aRe ;enrolled In
kinder- '
gartrns. I
a ......,,''''''"'Irngth of,,,,hootterm.
Averagenumber of
daysattendedby eachpupil
enrolled.
1
I n I ted Staten.
2
4,575,294
8 4
10.50 , 83
3
l00
139,263 1.02 85 9741ahamarizona 12,606 6.66 81 75
Arkansas 103,1(62 .19 6.1 129California 69,532 31. 70 80 87Colorado 39,338 18.28 92 . 62
Connecticut 48, 432 24.90 79 128Delaware 0,139 3.557 77 193Dist of Columbia . 11,651 3.5.62 74 02Florida 46, 434 2.06 1 68 100Georgia
i f 166 '. 8671.07 1 68 109
IdahoIlinibis
21, 465718,998
. 7419.94
78 14500Indiana 111,682 12.07 1 56 75
Iowa 104,215 9.36 76 107Kansas 60,078 2.98 66 92
Kentucky 117,769 3. II 83 95Louisiana 101,567 3, 42 76 99Maine 29,346 5.56 64 . 93Maryland 57,946 3.46 74 99Massachusetts ... 133,428 16. 14 107
Michigan 126,766 2972 85 102Minnesota .. .s 91, OM 14:35 84 115Mississippi 119,481 . 89 74 95Mi.esouri 148,821 11.45 9.5 124Montana 17,617 7.32 76 .94
Nebraska .... . 55,387 11.72 79 1/61Nevada 3,15.5 9.45 76 J108New Hampshire 15,177 8.12 74 117New Jersey 121,519 29.07 147 109New Mexico 23,574 1.12 76 120
New York 369,924 29.711 115 96North Carolina 136,906 . 45 84 137North Dakota 41,018 .5.1 84 142Ohio 198,329 13. 73 118Oklahoma 132,296 2.15 76 192
Oregon 29,263 190 91 AOPennsylvania- 375,250 6.51 91 110Rhode Island.. 23,09.5 22. 02 89 85South Carolina 109,900 71 99South Dakota 33,901 2. 71 70 107
Tennessee. 121,750 . 73 131Texas 242,271 1.65 78 85Utah 23,9%4 I. 48 75 . 115Vermont 13, 893 2. 59 113Virginia 114,937 I. SO 76 91
Washington .. 57,833 298 81 100West Virginia .... 68, 9141 .32 202 154Wisconsin 103,728 21. 56 190 120Wyoming .. 7,108 1.28 177 119
4
i Number ofdays
I *wasted.
83
99106
3593
120
51
784
6859
3391816976
RR
77717573 i
83 I6979 17184
5164577958
9947428774
819472.63
4291605385
81487358
Per cent ofschooltermwasted.
7
Numbel ofpupils to ateacher.
S
48.0 48
Z5-6.3252
21. 4 3450.8 4367.0 56
28. 5 0.1
4E9 4947.0411.4 2735. 1 30
19.5 4650.2 wl52.0 9139.2 3745. 2
49.1 4643. 8 3741.2 3743.0 2540.6 33
45.0 5037.5 41. 4.145.4 3930.5 4.3
47.1 61
29 5 34386 4232.8 7140. 8 5432.6 44
53.6 5625.6 2422.8 2436.2 4742.0 66
58.0 6442.4 3749.8 4742.0 hi97.0
24.3 2751.8 5'124.2 2732.9 204& 4 37
44.823.A 3237.8 43
1. 32.8 31
4STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1018. 39
TABLE 18.-Staiistic; of public and private kindergarten*, 1917-18.
States.
4 ailed Stalcs .
AlabamaA rip am .ArkanasCali torniaColorado
ConnecticutI4ela wart.Dist. ColumbiaFl0f141UGeorgia
IdahoillinoLsIndianaIowa ,Kansas
KentuckyLouisiana .. .......Mame aMar. land11a55achu.sotts
Michiganam Innesota
Ltsisi pp'MISSOUTIMmtana
NebraskaNevadaNew Elam pshbkeNevt JerseyNew Mexico
New YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahoma
OregonPermayh antisRhode IslandSouth Carolina ..,South Dakota
`.
TennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginia
ashineianWest Virginia ,WisecardnWyoming
Super 4 ,
sots.Te t
ac le .1
10,051
Pupils.
4
-4714,9*.
1,42
19226,4Y36,4®
12,046291
4,151957
1,791
15847,56813,4849,9612,388
3,64133,4771, Rt32,006
21,522
35,77613,071
1,05217,018
1, NS
6,1.0298
1,23235,321
263
109, K2,.613219
27,2102,842
50924,396
5,223566917
3273,990
- 3543M
2,072
1,664221
24,37291
altifirjdr;Averagedaily at-
tendance.
6
2410,7*
t
.
..
.
404
6
47,7744,9704
137,48
21: 319'2,472,1744
397,916
1,537,22829,870
381,56496,173
193,081
22,8124,259, 5171,015, 6251,066,557
2x1,290
349, 048341,708131,091196, CA
5, 04, 035
3, 640,5491,505, 593
109,6242,103, 420
121, 611
827,89132, 216
143,5843, 846, b72
31,450
9, t30, 319F3, R9731,161
3,220,303288,541
40,4922,682,785
444, 42955,826
- 98,024
42,978337,75640,60641,666
188,181
187,11334,009
2,925, 60710,750
3
1
11 I
3 ;
13 14 I3 I.
10
2 I34. I489.4 '
7
'14 ;
24
2012 .
4123
7
1
16 '0
413
22
173
2650
7,I
I I ;
22 1
I81
44165
6561113 ,
277 I6
1r1 :
151l996
I
4597228272
45
110
954476
657
719301
35va.
21
1907
53660
6
1,96926
9WI
43
866211011
21
1274131855
317
6603
743347150
13,7232,108,565
11192,221
574163
12823,5016,6076,0721,309
1,9061,968
9231,143
.12,753
19,7068,190
57910,801
682
4,609183827
20,560177
50,6710
17,1851,644
21214,0312,626
327627
2491,919
232251
1,4171
023169
15,19461
40 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
TABLE 19.- Kindergartens in cities of x,500 population and over, 1917-18.
States.
1
United States . . ..
1 Cities re-porting.
9
1529
Supervi-sacs.
Teachers.
4
Pupas.
6
Aggregateattendance
Averagedaily attendarcr.
8
76
6
40,718,918 I 320.4918,257 412, 239
Alaban4 3 1 24 lo9 54.261 32.5
ArizonaArkansas
3 14 720 48,993 277
I .17 3 575 25,522 2,179, 756 11,996CaliforniaColorado 6 1 i 108 6, 145 367,494 2,016
Connecticut 24 3 235 10, M3 1,312,3.50 7,317Delaware ..... ..,, .......Dist. Columbia
.
I 2 ' 157 4, 089 377, 684 2, 1.+3
Florida 4 " : 13 282 32,204 206Georgia 3 , 28 829 91,999
IdahoIllinois 21 2 493 42, 929 3,762, 448 20,674Indiana 23 . 4 167 8.328 898. 390 4. ZtIowa 21 I 194 7, 675 762+,375 4,336
Kansas 9 36 2, 018 185, 680 1, 022
Kentucky 5 1 67 228 300,968 1,627
Louisiana 3 1 91 3,212 307, 624. 1.746
Maine 6 37 1,444 136,2449 799
Maryland 1 47 1, 264 117,705 66;
Massachusetts 30 5. 604 19, 951 2,0,43,107 11,749
Michigan 54 . 14 586t 30, GU 2,972, 5311 16.164Minnesota 11 2 245 10,823 1,249, 570 6,7:4
alstsi IA) p I 5 1 28 817 69,174 390si
4 2 368 15, 844 1,945, 209 10,014Montana 4 1. 18 1, 161 106,572 597
Nebraska . 2 123 4, 616 570,711 3,154NevadaNew HampshireNew Jersey
1
647
448
58s
7111,114
32,723
21,765131,338
3, 545,967
125760
15.047New Mexico 1 66 5,045 25
New Turk 67 1 9 1,823 97, 277 8,278,327 44,519North Carolina 1 13 248 37,886 199
OhioNorth Dakota 1
23 31
39349
20, 8056,300
2, 5(0,61835
13,723Oklahoma 1 1 33 2, 535 251,957 1.436
1 509 40,492 212Pennsylvania 20 5 588 22, 141 2,419, 213 12,450Rhode Island 5 1 100 4, 864 393,273 2,340South Carolina 1 ....... 1 45 5,229South Dakota 4 14 514 61, 035 351
Texmessee 1 6 90 12,018 77Texas 13 2 61 3,672 2119,469 1,647Utah 2 13 354 40,608 232Vermont 3 14 263 32,725 192Virginia 2 2 22 962 107,566 596
Wn=ta, 3 22 1,348 138,444 758
Wisconsin 50 4 461 20, 289 2,464,411 12,633Wyoming
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 111/771918. 41
TABLE- W.-Statistics of knobs, is seloyes having leat tM f KV population,argel 1917-18.
3
States.Numberor villagesraparting.
Super-visors. Teachers.
4
Pupils.Aggregateattend-sone.
Averagedall- Tfy -
kedneice.
t
I nited States... . 492 1 , 587 21,138 2,812, 200 14, 438
AlabamaAriwna 21 . ... 2 119 13, ARS 74ArkansasCalifornia . ..... . . .
345 '
3 15757 2,a37
19,9202115, 42
1121,212
Colorado
Connecticut s ± 3 136 17,053Deta ware iDist 'ol um hia. ..Florida 152 16,759 123Georgia 1 1 24 3, 222 13
Idaho 2 2 91 13,1112Illinois 17 425 46, 410Indiana 1 1 17 1,060 I0Irma 59 61 1,SM 252, 229 1,327lamas 4 159 50,507 116
KentuckyLouisiana 4 4 los 37,064 21.2MameMaryland1Laseschusetts- 30 3,000
Michigan 91 110 1,105 OM, 214 2,116Minnesota 21 1 39 1,507 1111,0111 1,0VMississippiMissouri
5 6 lu7 271
18,61031,119
USp 116
Montana
Nebraska 5.x .. 61 1,745 1311,419 1,325Nevada1New if amrshirr
3 ... . 32
7735
10,6143,843
New Jersey 40 47 1,912 114,140 1,164New 11 ex ice 3 3 170 22,905 129
lira' York 26 40 1,549 150, 950North Carolina.Nretts Da kens_
1
5 540
101.5,11111
15,165SS
Ohio 3 4 131 17,064 98Oklahoma it 6 210 28,108 149
OregonPrensy I anis .. 3 .......Rhode Island 1,
41
102:8
38,9001,991
136re
Booth CarolinaSouth Dakota ii f41 5,400 30
Teemessee 111 13,104 73TexasUtahVermont 1 1111 4,040 50Virginia
Washlngt re 2 2 87 7,185 44West V,Irgiabk 1 2 76 I 6,400 ODWisconsin 7211) amine -3
753
1,99091
341,7411 19,793
1,91661
4;
42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918,
TABLE 21.--Statisties of public kindergartens in cities and villages, 1917-18.
States.Cities and Super
! lag" visors.reporting.
2
Teachers.Aggregate
Pupil,. attend-an4.
4 5 6
United States 1,031 77 4+, 944
---,-
Alabama 3 1 24
Arizona 5 10
Arkansas 1 3
California 92 3 632Colorado , 6 1 109
Connecticut ..... .. . 27 3 238
DelawareDist. Columbia I 2 157
Florida , 2 17
Georgia. i 1 1 29I
Idaho 2 I2
Illinois 30 2 510Indiana 24 4 ' 164
I own 40 1 255Kansas 1:1 40
Kentucky 5 1 67
Louisiana 7 1 i 95
Maine I 37
Maryland 1 47
Massachusetts 31 5 035
Michigan 145 14
Minnesota 32 3
Missssiossulgpi 10 1
M 10 2
Montana 4 1
Nebraska 66 2Nevada 4
New Hampshire 7
New Jersey z 97New Maxi& 4
New 'York 93 9
North Carolina. 2North Dakota. 6 .Ohio 26 : 3
Oklahoma 7 :
OregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota
TennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginia
WashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming
1
2361
2132
2
122a
5
2
2
933,377 43,324,1114
696244
3237518
194
50632
1,66314
6397
39
8592
1
15
61131522
242
5293
709A39157
27,5596,145
10,649
4,(149434
955
9143,3549,3459, 4762,177
3, 2263,4771,4441, 264
19,491
31,13912,430
91510,115
1,161
6,301
2991,149
34,635236
99,926
15420,6362,745
60922,403
4,99245
1933,572
1151
299902
1,43575
23,77991
51,21162,67619,420
2,395,1404367,494
1,330;012
Averagedaily at-tendance.
235,329
325347122
13,2042,016
7,412
377, 6:4 2,1.351,569 32995,221 571
13., 12 744
3,809,26 20,9434499,990 4,71,
1.020,103 5,724186,247 1,13,
300,969341,709136,949117,705
2,046,167
3,539,7951,437,590
97,7941,979,169
106,572
910,16432,216
135,1813,760,047
27,850
9,439,92343,00621,045
2, 521, VD278,065
40,4423, 458,113
396,2015,220
66,435
25,518289,469
40,80636,776
107,566
145,1448,400
2, 910,15510,793
1,127I, A5: .
799619.95
11.767
19,1227,q5
!O. 200597
4,512143791
20,0,1157
45,177231121
13,9211, 544.5
21212,6752,356
303441
1521,647
232217
SO260
14,55961
43 -
r. STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1911-1918. 43
TAB tte 22. -Statistics of private kindergartens, 1917-18.
StatenNumber of 8,
kinder-garter..
8 3
United State; 600 377
Teachers.
4
1,217 ,I 46,612
Aggregateattondanos
Alabama 11 2ArizonaArkansas 2 1
California 16 . 8Colorado 6 2
IConnecticut 27 10I Ida ware 8 4I /is! Columbia 2' 1
Fltrida . fr 3Georgia . 27' 9
IIdaho 2 2Illinois 60 32Indiana 53 14lows 15 8Kansas 4 4
KentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts
MichiganIfinnow4a=p1Montana
NebraskaNevadaNew Ham {shireNew JerseyNew Mexico
New YorkNorth CarotinsNorth DakotaOhioOklahoma.
OregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota..
TennesseeTexasPtahVermontVirginia
WashingtonWest VinWhoonsinWyoming
10
1633
1913
422
3
5
226
21382
1134
526
104
510
220
97
26
6
24
19
1293
102
5
180
5422
142
21
52
0S
0
22
14
Averagedail
7
4,449,632 25,453
261 711 83 157
21II I
39
31831
2875617
5
13
35 4,599374 62, IN264 30,422
1,397 207,216261 29,87062 5,880
623 44,610938 99,860
67 9,3204 214 460,1915139 115,635
4s5 46,964211 34, 046
437 48,070
7 18926 74252 1541
23 1,63820' 641
3 972S 1. 903
3 127
81 ,132
I
3 8328 0882 27
2061
11,04612 3253' 65
186 6, 27441 97
418
28Mlj 175
. 1, 1631003s
24.5592
502,52141,730
so171
vt14, 842 12480,964 ' 478
197,468 936
101,75469,01312, 840
125,23115,039
17,727
6, 46086, ket53,000
991,39640, 2171.9,478
699,06810, 476
80, 1,963 324,8729' 341 49,238
10 521 50,6066 I 837 , 31,381
51 144 17,460418 48, 287
3 6934 1,110
71 2295 , 146
31 ' 1,043
4,80130,615
20,90925,609
115,452
582375
alles
87
46478
20
6,226
483,566
89
1,336 ,270297
97271
34.475
121106(06
44 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
ir KINDERGARTENS.
The statistics of all kindergartens reporting to the Bureau of Educa-tion have been summarized in Tables 17-22, inclusive. The statisticsof all kindergartens in cities of 2,500 population and over were col-lected with other city school statistics and have been shown in detailfor Cities of 10,000 population and over in the chapter on city schoolsystems. The public school kindergarten statistics in villages, i. e.,in places having a population less than 2,500 in 1910, are not shownin detail in this report. Only the summary is shown herewith. Thestatistics of private kindergartens have not been printed in detail inthe report. Table 22 presents the summary of these 890 reports.
In figure 10 the percentage of ohildren of kindergarten qge who areenrolled in kindergartens has been pictured 'by State :Z. It has.been assumed that the total number of children 4 and 5 yearsof age, inclusive, in the various States represents the numberof children , of kindergarten age. In the diagram it is con
that the District of Columbia ranks first, with over 35 per cent ofits children. of these ages in kindergartens. A revision of thecensus estimates in 1920 will undoubtedly show that this proportionis too high. California, Nev York, and New Jersey come next inthe order named. In eight States over one-fifth of these childrenare in kindergartens. In the whole country only 10.5. per cent ofthe children of these ages are enrolled in kindergartens.
Figure 11 shows the average length of the schtlol term in publicand private kindergartens, combined. Remarkable uniformity pre-vails in the length of the kindergarten school tePm. The averageterm is 183 days. In all States, but one, the average exceeds 160days. This uniformity in the length of the school term seems toimply that kindergartens are characteristic of cities rather than ofrural districts, which often have a relatively short school term.
' Die great waste of the school term in kindergartens is appallingto the uninitiated. As shown in figure 12, in eight States the childrenattend less than one-half the school term provided. In nearly all theStates the loss is over 30 per cent. The average for all States ils 46per cent. Several reasons account for this apparently t'waste.Oftentimes all city school buildings for elementary schoo o nothave kindergartens. This lack of kindergartentekilities means thatthe children witio do not attend arc often obligeT to go lonOr dis-tances to school than .such small children should go. The distance'factor, therefore, operates to reduce attendance. During theseearly years the child comes into contact with many communicablechildren's diseases when at school. His previous home life has beenmore or less restricted, but now he is exposed to any disease, broughtteschool. The loss of a few weeks through sickness may mean that
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1917-1918. 45
'2 A '2 1 . FIR CIO! 01 =Mai DROLL= if XITEMAATME.0
=mum 07 eourrammama&1211
011111022GAS
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22LAVA2111.
100121A14.=ManLOLLWAS211101212.
WTI DANDTA.MUM0112ABINA.
11.42122
0/3901TM NIA.TM&
WON=11111 MUM el
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1112111111271.1.
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10121 01121222.101/111 1101074.
6A1101.111A.
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-I
F10. l0. Percentage of children of kindergarten age enrolled In kindergarten, 1917- Is.
3
st
PP
'00" iig5 0011g;i9151 ggysl§i§51 M2 8 .8. "m !
11111111111111t111 11
1 I
1111 u 1 u 1111 1111 1111 1111111111111III 1 1111 1111 1111 1111111111III I I II I VIII IIIp 1
! !
,
48 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF- EDUCATION, 1916-1918.
the child will not return to school again that year. At this earlyage no compulsory attendance law operates to bring the child back toschool. In view of these reasons, a high degree of regularity of at tend-ance is not to be expected of such small children.
As shown in Table 17, the average number of pupils to a beadier is48. Considering. the fact that 46 per cent of the children enrolled inkindergartens do not attend, it is found that the average- number ofpupils actually present each day to each teacher is onlf 22. It isevident, therefore, that the teaching load in kindergartens is. notvery heavy. Considerable variation from the general average pre- -veils, one State (Illinois) having as many as 80 pupils to a teacher,and another (Vermont) having only 20. In considering kinder-garten statistics, it should be observed that in States having verysmall percentages of pupils in kindergartens, the aterages, as shownin Table 17, often exhibit characteristics of a few individual schools
rand not generalities. Due regard should, therefore, be given to thenu ber of pupils enrolled in kindergartens in judging the percentagesas sh own.
O
N
a