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8/11/2019 Burbidge UCSB

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Factors Effecting Active

Mode Choice inTransportation

Shaunna Kay Burbidge

University of California, Santa Barbara

Department of Geography


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Transportation Trends

The Average American spends over433 hours per year, the equivalent of

55 eight hour work days, in their car(Mackett 2003)

The car population is now increasing

five times faster that the humanpopulation (USDOT 1997)

Between 1977 & 1995 the number of

trips the average American took onfoot dropped by 21% (Active LivingNetwork 2003)

Of trips one mile or less,approximately 70% are made byautomobile (Killingsworth 2001)


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Public Health Trends

In 2004 the World Health Organization(WHO) recognized excess weight as

one of the top five health problems indeveloped nations (NIEHS 2004)

Over 130 million Americans are

overweight (64%) 60 million areObese (30%) (USDOH 2004)

These conditions are known to cause heart disease, diabetes,cardio vascular disease, stroke, asthma, cancer, and depression(Blair and Powell 1994)

In the near future obesity will pass smoking as the number onepreventable killer of Americans (WHO 2004)

In 2000 the medical costs attributed to inactivity and obesity totaledover $117 billion dollars (The Funders Network 2003)


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The Connection

Over 200,000 deaths per year (25% of allchronic disease deaths) are attributed to lack

of physical activity (Blair and Powell 2004) Moderate daily physical activity reduces the

risk of heart disease, keeps weight undercontrol, and improves blood cholesterol (AHA

2003)

As little as 30 minutes of physical activity perday can lead to drastic improvements inhealth. (Surgeon Generals recommendation)

Over $76 billion dollars per year in directmedical costs could be saved if all physicallyinactive people met current standards for

regular moderate physical activity (Frank andEngelke 2001)


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Active Transportation

Walking Almost everyone is capable of walking.

It doesnt cost a thing except calories and time

Men who walked at a moderate intensity for atleast 30 minutes per day reduced their risk of

coronary heart disease (Morris & Hardman1997)

Biking More than 42 million Americans own

bicycles and yet currently less than 1% oftrips are made by bike (NIEHS 2004)

People who bike at least 40 km per weekcut their risk of heart disease in half (Dora1999)


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Deterrents to Active Travel

Personal External- Factors effecting mode choice in a personalway that are hard to modify (ex. Disabilities or handicaps)

Personal Internal- Factors effecting mode choice that arecontrollable by policy or persuasion (ex. Attitudes, opinions, or

values held by individuals)

Environmental External- Environmental factors that are not easily

controlled by policy or persuasion (ex. Topography, climate, anddistance)

Environmental Internal- Environmental factors that can becontrolled by policy and persuasion (ex. Community design,densities, mixed uses, etc.)


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Personal Internal

Travel Time

People tend to rule out active modes dueto time constraints

Personal SafetyIf people dont feel safe walking/bikingthey wont

Quality Facilities and Destinations

Destinations and adequate infrastructureare key- If there is nowhere to go, and no

paths to use, active travel will not happen


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Environmental External

TopographyVaried Topography = More Work

Climate90% of individuals consider poor weather adeterrent to walking or biking

DistanceThe most frequently sited reason for nottraveling actively

Thresholds for Active ModesWalking = 1.5 miles Biking = 6 miles

Average Distances for Active ModesWalking = 0.5 miles Biking = 2 miles


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Environmental Internal

Zoning

Separates land uses and isoften blamed for sprawl

Infrastructure Design

Residential Density

Higher Densities promote

active travel

Mixed Uses

Living closer to various

activities encourages activetravel


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Preliminary Questions

Are people really as inactive as other studies claim?

What types of trips are people most likely to take using active means?

What factors play a role in influencing the decision to travel actively?

What kinds of people are most likely to travel actively?

Data Source

Sample of 1505 individuals either living or working in Centre County, PA

CentreSim 2 day fully annotated activity diaries

Patten and Goulias, (2004) provide complete details on the data collection

Research Questions


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Activity Levels of this Sample

Level 1- Extremely active individuals that schedule daily exercise

and walk or bike frequently (1.2%)

Level 2-Active individuals that schedule exercise intermittentlyand walk or bike regularly (3%)

Level 3- Moderately active individuals that dont schedule exercisebut walk or bike occasionally (6.4%)

Level 4- Inactive individuals who are generally sedentary and rarely walk

or bike (89.4%)

Level 5- Captive Sedentary individuals who cannot be active due topersonal or physical limitations (not defined in this research)

Only 6.65% of the individuals studied made any trips using an active mode

5 Taxonomies of Physical Activity


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Trip Purpose for Mode Choice

44.40%11.00%1.90%0.00%0.00%21.30%1.80%To Other Mode

0.00%2.20%1.90%0.00%0.00%0.40%4.10%Visiting

33.30%24.60%17.30%33.33%7.10%4.10%12.60%Recreation

0.00%1.80%1.90%0.00%0.00%0.20%3.50%Errands

0.00%0.20%1.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.20%Delivery

0.00%1.00%1.00%0.00%0.00%0.40%7.30%Escort

0.00%0.80%1.00%0.00%0.00%0.60%1.10%Appointment

2.80%0.20%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.20%0.90%Medical

0.00%0.80%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.60%0.30%Refreshment

0.00%5.90%3.80%33.33%14.30%0.40%5.00%Dining

0.00%3.30%0.00%0.00%0.00%1.40%13.00%Shopping

2.80%10.90%17.30%33.33%28.60%5.80%27.80%Return Home

0.00%4.90%8.70%0.00%0.00%19.50%1.30%From School

0.00%3.70%9.60%0.00%21.40%4.10%6.50%From Work

0.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.20%0.00%0.00%Other School

11.10%2.50%1.00%0.00%0.00%2.90%2.10%Other Work

2.80%10.90%19.20%0.00%0.00%33.10%1.7.0%To School

2.80%15.20%14.40%0.00%28.6%4.60%10.80%To Work

OtherWalk/

Jog

BicycleMotor-cycleTaxiBusAuto.


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Mode Choice for Trip Purpose

4.00%42.40%0.40%0.00%0.00%19.40%34.80%To Other Mode

0.00%9.30%0.40%0.00%0.00%0.40%89.80%Visiting

0.60%26.90%1.00%0.10%0.10%1.10%70.30%Recreation

0.00%8.90%0.50%0.00%0.00%0.20%90.30%Errands

0.00%12.90%3.20%0.00%0.00%0.00%83.90%Delivery

0.00%2.70%0.10%0.00%0.00%0.30%96.90%Escort

0.00%11.90%0.70%0.00%0.00%2.20%85.20%Appointment

1.00%5.20%0.00%0.00%0.00%1.00%92.80%Medical

0.00%30.80%0.00%0.20%0.00%5.80%63.50%Refreshment

0.00%18.70%0.60%0.00%0.30%0.30%79.90%Dining

0.00%4.70%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.50%94.80%Shopping

0.00%7.00%0.60%0.00%0.10%0.90%91.30%Return Home

0.00%29.30%2.60%0.00%0.00%27.60%40.50%From School

0.00%9.60%1.30%0.00%0.40%2.60%86.20%From Work

0.00%33.30%0.00%0.00%0.00%33.30%33.30%Other School

1.40%17.70%0.30%0.0%0.00%4.90%75.70%Other Work

0.20%38.70%3.50%0.00%0.00%27.60%30.10%To School

0.10%21.00%1.00%0.00%0.30%1.50%76.20%To Work

OtherWalk/JogBicycleMotorcycleTaxiBusAutomobile


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Factors Effecting Mode Choice

Age

Mean age for active travelers is threeyears younger than the generalpopulation-mode age is 29 yearsyounger

For all cases age proved to be asignificant factor for mode choice (atthe .01 level)

2238.538.63All Active

223938.93Walk

222934.9Bike

ModeMedianMean

25.000.010.100.300.66All

Active

100.010.100.300.59Walk

25.000.100.500.752.01Bike

MaxMinModeMedianMean

Distance

Threshold distance:

Walk = 1.43 Miles (1.5)Bike = 5.78 Miles (6.0)

Average Distance:Walk = 0.59 (0.5)

Bike = 2.01 (2.0)

Distance was significant in determiningmode choice (R2 = 0.96)


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Latent Cluster Analysis

Generally Younger (Between 20 & 40)

College Educated24.9% BD, 17.0% MD, 12.2% Ph.D.

Not Divorced, Separated or Widowed

Small Households70.5% < 3 people in the home

Higher Income

57% > $50,000 & 12.3% > $100,000

Multiple Vehicles

65.28% had two or more automobiles

Driving Ability

86.5% have a valid drivers license

What Does an Active Traveler

Look Like?


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Transportation allows individuals the opportunity to increasephysical activity and promote an active lifestyle

There are numerous deterrents to active transportation andsome can be controlled through planning and design

Active mode choice is impacted by trip purpose with activemodes most likely being utilized for recreation and travel towork and school

Age and distance both have a significant effect on active modechoice

Active travelers generally share multiple demographic

characteristics

Conclusions


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Questions & Comments

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