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Bundela War

ManuscriptQuran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.[3]

TheMughal Armyunder the command of Aurangzeb recapturesOrchhain, October 1635.

On 13 December 1634, Aurangzeb was given his first command, comprising 10,000 horse and4000troopers. He was allowed to use the red tent, which was an imperial prerogative.

[citation needed]

Subsequently, Aurangzeb was nominally in charge of the force sent toBundelkhandwith the

intent of subduing the rebelliousBundelaleader, Jujhar Singh, who had attacked another

territory in defiance of Shah Jahan's policy and was refusing to atone for his actions.

[4]

Byarrangement, Aurangzeb stayed in the rear, away from the fighting, and took the advice of his

generals as theMughal Armygathered and commenced the Siege of Orchha in 1635.[citation needed]

The campaign was successful and Singh was removed from power.[4]

Viceroy

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A painting fromPadshahnamadepictsPrince Aurangzebfacing a maddenedwar elephant

named Sudhakar.[5]

Aurangzeb took up his new post as the Viceroy of theDeccanin 1636.[6]

After Shah Jahan's

vassals had been devastated by the alarming expansion ofAhmednagarduring the reign of the

Nizam Shahiboy-princeMurtaza Shah III, the emperor dispatched Aurangzeb, who in 1636brought the Nizam Shahi dynasty to an end.[citation needed]

. In 1637, Aurangzeb married theSafavid

princess,Dilras Banu Begum, also known as Rabia-ud-Daurani. She was his first wife and chief

consort.[7][8]

He also had an infatuation with a slave girl, Hira Bai whose death at a young agegreatly affected him. In his old age, he was under the charms of his concubine, Udaipuri Bai. The

latter had formerly been a companion to Dara Shikoh.[9]

In the same year, 1637, Aurangzeb was

placed in charge of annexing the smallRajputkingdom ofBaglana, which was achieved with

ease.[10]

In 1644, Aurangzeb's sister,Jahanara, was burned when the chemicals in her perfume were

ignited by a nearby lamp while inAgra. This event precipitated a family crisis with political

consequences. Aurangzeb suffered his father's displeasure when he returned to Agra three weeksafter the event, instead of immediately. Shah Jahan had been nursing Jahanara back to health in

that time and thousands of vassals had arrived in Agra to pay their respects.[citation needed]

ShahJahan was outraged to see Aurangzeb enter the interior palace compound in military attire and

immediately dismissed him from his position of Viceroy of the Deccan, Aurnagzeb was also no

longer allowed to use red tents, with that privilege being handed to Dara Shikoh, or associate

himself with the official military standard of the Mughal emperor.[citation needed]

In 1645, he was barred from the court for seven months and mentioned his grief to fellow

Mughal commanders. Thereafter, Shah Jahan appointed him governor of Gujarat where heserved well and was rewarded for bringing stability.

[citation needed]In 1647, Shah Jahan moved him

from Gujarat to be governor ofBalkh, replacing Aurangzeb's younger brother,Murad Baksh,who had proved ineffective there. The area was under attack fromUzbekandTurkomantribes.Whilst the Mughal artillery and muskets were a formidable force, so too were the skirmishing

skills of their opponents. The two sides were in stalemate and Aurangzeb discovered that his

army could not live off the land, which was devastated by war. With the onset of winter, he andhis father had to make a largely unsatisfactory deal with the Uzbeks, giving away territory in

exchange for nominal recognition of Mughal sovereignty. The Mughal force suffered still further

with attacks by Uzbeks and other tribesmen as it retreated through snow toKabul. By the end of

this two-year campaign, into which Aurangzeb had been plunged at a late stage, a vast sum ofmoney had been expended for little gain.

[11]

Further inauspicious military involvements followed, as Aurangzeb was appointed governor ofMultanandSindh. His efforts in 1649 and 1652 to dislodge theSafavidsatKandahar, which they

had recently retaken after a decade of Mughal control, both ended in failure as winter

approached. The logistical problems of supplying an army at the extremity of the empire,

combined with the poor quality of armaments and the intransigence of the opposition have beencited by John Richards as the reasons for failure, and a third attempt in 1653, led by Dara

Shikoh, met with the same outcome.[12]

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Dara Shikoh's appointment followed the removal of Aurangzeb, who once again took the role of

viceroy in the Deccan. He regretted this and harboured feelings that Dara had manipulated the

situation to serve his own ends. Aurangbad's twojagirs(land grants) were moved there as aconsequence of his return and, because the Deccan was a relatively impoverished area, this

caused him to lose out financially. So poor was the area that grants were required fromMalwa

and Gujarat in order to maintain the administration and the situation caused ill-feeling betweenfather and son. Shah Jahan insisted that things could be improved if Aurangzeb made efforts todevelop cultivation, but the efforts that were made proved too slow in producing results to satisfy

the emperor.[13]

Aurangzeb proposed to resolve the situation by attacking the dynastic occupants ofGolconda

(theQutb Shahis) andBijapur(theAdil Shahis). As an adjunct to resolving the financial

difficulties, the proposal would also extend Mughal influence by accruing more lands. Again, hewas to feel that Dara had exerted influence on his father: believing that he was on the verge of

victory in both instances, Aurangzeb was frustrated that Shah Jahan chose then to settle for

negotiations with the opposing forces rather than pushing for complete victory.[13]

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