building the information society 2 june 2006 1 from measurement to policy-making: the doi from...
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2 June 2006 1
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
From measurement to policy-From measurement to policy-making: The DOImaking: The DOI as a policy
tool““Digital Transformations in the Information Society” Digital Transformations in the Information Society”
International Telecommunication Union & International Telecommunication Union & the London Business School Joint Conferencethe London Business School Joint Conference
Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland2 June 2006
Lilia Perez-Chavolla, Ph.D.ITU Strategy and Policy Unit
2 June 2006 2
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
The DOI as a policy tool Comprehensive statistical framework to monitor the digital divide
Frame of reference for comparisons across time With other countries/regions of interest Nationally, to evaluate progress achieved on national ICT goals and impact of particular policy measures
Tool for monitoring internal disparities in ICT opportunity, infrastructure and utilisation based on classificatory variables of interest (income, age, gender, etc.)
2 June 2006 3
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Regional Comparisons
Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
2 June 2006 4
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Developing giants lead the gainers…
O = Opportunity I = Infrastructure U = Utilisation Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
DriversO I U
1 India 0.17 0.29 119 73% *2 China 0.29 0.42 74 46% *3 Russia 0.32 0.44 60 41% *4 Hungary 0.40 0.55 34 37% * *5 Peru 0.28 0.38 85 37% * * *6 Indonesia 0.24 0.33 105 36% *7 Brazil 0.32 0.43 71 35% * * *8 Poland 0.39 0.52 39 34% * *9 Japan 0.54 0.71 2 33% *10 Venezuela 0.32 0.43 67 33% *11 Chile 0.40 0.52 40 32% *12 Egypt 0.29 0.38 90 32% *13 Rep. of Korea 0.60 0.78 1 31% * *14 Israel 0.50 0.66 13 31% *15 Spain 0.47 0.61 25 28% *Average 0.37 0.50 37%
EconomyChange2001-05
Rank 2005
DOI2001
DOI2005
2 June 2006 5
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
DOI Results for Africa
Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
32 of the 41 countries with DOI scores below 0.2 are in Africa
62 percent of the African countries included in the Index are ranked among the lowest scores for Opportunity, Infrastructure and Utilisation.
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
SAHARA
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA MAL
I NIGER
LIBYA
CHAD
EGYPT
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
DJIBOUTI
ERITREA
SOMALIAKENYA
TANZANIA
DEMOCRATIC
(ZAIRE)
CENTRAL
RWANDA
GABON
EQUATORIAL
ANGOLA
CONGO
NIGERIA
BENIN
DTVOIRE
SIERRA
SENEGAL
GHANA
THE
GUINEA
LIBERIA
CAMEROON
SOUTH AFRICA
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCARZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
SWAZILANDLESOTHO
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
WESTERN
UGANDA
OF THE CONGO
REPUBLIC
BURUNDI
GUINEAREP. OF
TOGOCOTE
BURKINA
GUINEA
LEONE
GAMBIA
BISSAU
Walvis Bay
SOUTH
REPUBLIC
AFRICAN
THE
AFRICA
Top 15 (Mauritius, 0.48 - Eq. Guinea, 0.26)Bottom 15 (Chad, 0.01 -
Kenya, 0.13)
CAPE VERDE
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SEYCHELLES
MAURITIUS
Highest DOI score: Republic of Korea, 0.79
Africa’s top and bottom 15:DOI Rankings
Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
SAHARA
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA MAL
I NIGER
LIBYA
CHAD
EGYPT
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
DJIBOUTI
ERITREA
SOMALIAKENYA
TANZANIA
DEMOCRATIC
(ZAIRE)
CENTRAL
RWANDA
GABON
EQUATORIAL
ANGOLA
CONGO
NIGERIA
BENIN
DTVOIRE
SIERRA
SENEGAL
GHANA
THE
GUINEA
LIBERIA
CAMEROON
SOUTH AFRICA
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCARZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
SWAZILANDLESOTHO
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
WESTERN
UGANDA
OF THE CONGO
REPUBLIC
BURUNDI
GUINEAREP. OF
TOGOCOTE
BURKINA
GUINEA
LEONE
GAMBIA
BISSAU
Walvis Bay
SOUTH
REPUBLIC
AFRICAN
THE
AFRICA
Top 15 (Eq, Guinea, 0.73 - Mauritius, 0.98) Bottom 15 (Chad, 0.03 -
Kenya, 0.34)
CAPE VERDE
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SEYCHELLES
MAURITIUS
Highest Opportunity score: Hong Kong, 0.99
Highs and lows in Opportunity
Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
SAHARA
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA MAL
I NIGER
LIBYA
CHAD
EGYPT
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
DJIBOUTI
ERITREA
SOMALIAKENYA
TANZANIA
DEMOCRATIC
(ZAIRE)
CENTRAL
RWANDA
GABON
EQUATORIAL
ANGOLA
CONGO
NIGERIA
BENIN
DTVOIRE
SIERRA
SENEGAL
GHANA
THE
GUINEA
LIBERIA
CAMEROON
SOUTH AFRICA
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCARZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
SWAZILANDLESOTHO
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
WESTERN
UGANDA
OF THE CONGO
REPUBLIC
BURUNDI
GUINEAREP. OF
TOGOCOTE
BURKINA
GUINEA
LEONE
GAMBIA
BISSAU
Walvis Bay
SOUTH
REPUBLIC
AFRICAN
THE
AFRICA
Top 15 (Senegal, 0.06 - Mauritius, 0.4) Bottom 15 (Chad, 0.006 -
Zambia, 0.01)
CAPE VERDE
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SEYCHELLES
MAURITIUS
Highest Infrastructure score: Denmark, 0.75
In Infrastructure…
Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
SAHARA
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA MAL
I NIGER
LIBYA
CHAD
EGYPT
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
DJIBOUTI
ERITREA
SOMALIAKENYA
TANZANIA
DEMOCRATIC
(ZAIRE)
CENTRAL
RWANDA
GABON
EQUATORIAL
ANGOLA
CONGO
NIGERIA
BENIN
DTVOIRE
SIERRA
SENEGAL
GHANA
THE
GUINEA
LIBERIA
CAMEROON
SOUTH AFRICA
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCARZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
SWAZILANDLESOTHO
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
WESTERN
UGANDA
OF THE CONGO
REPUBLIC
BURUNDI
GUINEAREP. OF
TOGOCOTE
BURKINA
GUINEA
LEONE
GAMBIA
BISSAU
Walvis Bay
SOUTH
REPUBLIC
AFRICAN
THE
AFRICA
Top 15 (Swaziland, 0.01 - Morocco, 0.23)Bottom 15 (Niger, 0.0005 -
Eritrea, 0.002)
CAPE VERDE
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SEYCHELLES
MAURITIUS
Highest Utilisation score: Republic of Korea, 0.64
and Utilisation…
Source: ITU World Information Society Report.
2 June 2006 10
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Disparities in Opportunity, Infrastructure, and Utilisation across Africa
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
AngolaAlgeriaBenin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
BurundiCameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Rep.
Chad
ComorosCongo
Côte d'IvoireD.R. Congo
DjiboutiEgypt
Equatorial Guinea
EritreaEthiopia
GabonGambia
GhanaGuinea
Guinea-Bissau
KenyaLesotho
Libya
Madagascar
MalawiMali
MauritaniaMauritiusMorocco
Mozambique
NamibiaNiger
NigeriaRwanda
S. Tomé & Principe
SenegalSeychelles
Sierra LeoneSouth Africa
Sudan
SwazilandTanzania
TogoTunisiaUgandaZambia
Zimbabwe
DOI Subindex Scores
Opportunity
Infrastructure
Utilisation
2 June 2006 11
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
DOI and Income in AfricaAs with other regions, DOI scores for African countries illustrate the relation between per capita income and telecom development
-
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
$- $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000
GDP per Capita 2004
DOI Score
DOI Scores v GDP per capita 2004
Log. (DOI Scores v GDP per capita2004)
2 June 2006 12
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Mobile and Fixed Tracks: Africa
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
ChadNigerEritrea
Guinea-Bissau
Rwanda
D.R. Congo
MalawiEthiopia
Sierra Leone
Burundi
Mozambique
MaliCAR
TanzaniaKenya
Burkina FasoMadagascar
Zambia
MauritaniaS. Tomé & Pr.
ComorosNigeria
Côte d'Ivoire
UgandaGuineaCongo
Zimbabwe
GhanaBeninTogoSudan
GambiaCameroon
AngolaLesothoDjibouti
Equatorial Guinea
SwazilandSenegalNamibia
Gabon
Cape VerdeBotswana
Libya
South Africa
EgyptTunisiaAlgeriaMorocco
SeychellesMauritius
Fixed/mobile contrib. as % of national DOI score0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
DOI Score
Fixed Contribution Mobile Contribution DOI
2 June 2006 13
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Mobile penetration and affordability in Africa
-
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Mobile tariff as % of GNI per capita
Mobile subscribers per 100 inhab.
2 June 2006 14
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Internet use and affordability in Africa
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Internet tariff as % of GNI
Internet users per 100 inhabitants
Top 10 countries
Bottom 10 countries
Seychelles
Mauritius
Tunisia
Egypt Cape Verde
South Africa
Morocco
Algeria
Sierra Leone
Madagascar/MalawiBurundi/RwandaChadCAR/Sierra Leone/ D.R. Congo/NigerEthiopia
St. Tome
Togo
2 June 2006 15
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Tracking national gaps: The example of Brazil
Urban/rural disparitiesHigher scores for states with large urban areas and/or greater administrative and economic importance for the country
0.52
0.61 0.66 0.650.64 0.54
-
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Modified DOI Scores
Brazil North NortheastSoutheast South C-W
2 June 2006 16
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Brazil’s regional DOI scores
0.920.31
0.880.19
0.860.17
0.93
0.38
0.930.37
0.930.36
- 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00Modified Subindex DOI scores
Brazil
North
Northeast
Southeast
South
Central-Western
Region
Modified Opportunity Index Modified Infrastructure Index
2 June 2006 17
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
A look at a gender-focusedDOI: The Czech Republic
Czech Republic, 1st Quarter 2005-Individuals 15+
Male Female DOI Score
Mobile population coverageInternet tariff % of earned income 0.99 0.98 0.99Mobile tariff % earned income 0.99 0.98 0.99
Modified Opportunity Score 0.99 0.98 0.99Access to fixed line at home NA NA NA Access to PC at home 0.39 0.35 0.37Access to Internet at home 0.25 0.22 0.24Have mobile phone 0.80 0.72 0.76Use mobile Internet access (WAP) 0.03 0.02 0.02
Modified Infrastructure Score 0.37 0.33 0.35Use Internet 0.35 0.29 0.32Fixed broadband ratio 0.27 0.24 0.26Mobile broadband ratio
Modified Utilisation Score 0.31 0.27 0.29Digital Opportunity Index (DOI) 0.56 0.53 0.54
Source: ITU/KADO project, UNDP, and the Czech Statistical Office
2 June 2006 18
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Disaggregating by gender
26.9%
24.3%
35.3%
3.3%
1.6%
80.1%
71.8%
25.2%
22.3%
39.3%
34.8%
1.1%
1.8%
1.0%
1.5%
29.1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Male
Female
Individuals Ages 15+ as of 1Q 2005
Mobile tariff % earned income
Internet tariff % of earned income
Access to PC at home
Access to Internet at home
Have mobile phone
Use mobile Internet access (WAP)
Use Internet
Fixed broadband ratioOpportunity
Opportunity
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Utilisation
Utilisation
Affordability differences and cultural factors impact women’s levels of opportunity and utilisation
Czech Republic
2 June 2006 19
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Policy OptionsPOLICY OBJECTIVES POLICY INSTRUMENTS DOI IMPACT
Information Economy Level
Economic growth Expansive fiscal policy, monetary policy, competition in ICT
Innovation rate Innovation policy, competition in ICT, targeted subsidies and tax incentives (microlevel)
Infrastructure, Utilisation
ICT Sector Level
ICT investment level Direct public investment, targeted subsidies, tax incentives, competition in ICT
Opportunity,
Infrastructure
Universality of service Targeted subsidies, competition in ICT Opportunity,
Infrastructure, Utilisation
Broadband access Targeted subsidies, competition in ICT Infrastructure, Utilisation
Retail price level All prices set by regulator, competition in ICT Opportunity, Utilisation
Consumer protection Condition regulation, consumer protection laws Utilisation
Micro Level
Competitive behavior Open market entry, antitrust oversight
Access to incumbent network Open access, interconnection, unbundling obligations
Wholesale prices Wholesale price regulation
Opportunity,
Infrastructure
Note: Items in blue refer to policy instruments considered incompatible with competitive policies. Based on J. Bauer 2004.
2 June 2006 20
BUILDING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Some key challenges Better integration of ICT policies andnational development plans
Designing sustainable policies that respond toa rapidly changing and complex telecom environment
Improving the national data collection process Cooperation and coordination between ICT
Ministries, regulators, NSOs, industry, and other
stakeholders to match policy priorities and info needs Collection of disaggregated data for classificatory variables of interest