building the business case for metadata in the enterprise: looking

DCMI Global Corporate Circle

G. Philip Rogers, PMPSenior Business Analyst, School of Public Health,

Instructional and Information Systems, UNC Chapel Hill [email protected]

Doctoral Student, Information Science, UNC http://www.ils.unc.edu/~gerogers/

Building the Business Case for Metadata in the Enterprise: Looking At Models, Architectures, and Business Processes As Building Blocks for Cost Benefit Analysis and ROI

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ils.unc.edu/~gerogers/


About Me

• Professional experience. Over the past 20 years, worked in Business Analyst, Project/Program Management, Technical Communications, and Management roles (before joining UNC, worked for Cisco Systems, Web startup, Intel Corporation, USAF).

• Academic interests. Doctoral student in UNC’s School of Information and Library Science – academic interests include metadata interoperability, Semantic Web, Business Intelligence, and the role of IT as an enabler for addressing research challenges.


Corporate Circle Goals

• The goals of the Global Corporate Circle are to:• Promote the use of the Dublin Core standard by

enterprise organizations/corporations for both internal and external information.

• Coordinate with developers and information providers to ensure interoperability with enterprise-wide applications.

• Develop a body of work which provides best practices, case studies and examples of how Dublin Core is implemented and its' value to the organization. Examples can include what elements are used, how they are interpreted for the organization, values/controlled vocabularies developed and the return on investment (ROI) of metadata, specifically Dublin Core, for a company.


DCAM and Its Applicability to Business Process and EA Modeling

• Pulis & Neville propose a UML-compliant model of the DCAM as a means of moving toward the development of a UML meta-model so that UML can be used to develop DC-conformant Application Profiles.

• Perhaps additional modeling languages could be considered as a basis for additional DC-conformant Application Profiles, as a means of enhancing interoperability.


Do You Know Where Your Data Is?

… And what would you do with it if and when you find it?If someone were to ask you, in a work context, “How’s it going?” – what would your answer be?– The key to answering this question is of course defining

“it.”• Financial results (profitability, market share)• Customer-related metrics (satisfaction, loyalty)• Quality measures (defects, discrepancies)• Performance measures (employee productivity)


Working Definitions of Metadata

• Semantic layer between IT systems and business users (McComb)

• “Structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource” (NISO)

• “Metadata is the information and documentation which makes data understandable and shareable for users over time. Data remain useable, shareable, and understandable as long as the metadata remain accessible.” (ISO/IEC 11179-1)


Enterprise Metadata Management

• Enterprise metadata management should provide insight into:

– What data exists– Where data is being used– How data is labeled and referenced– How data is related to other information

assets– Who uses the data– Why the data is needed– When the data was last accessed or updated


The Changing Role of Metadata

• The role of metadata has been transformed – it has gone from being an afterthought to being an architectural principle (McComb)

• Metadata plays a critical role in investments in data warehousing, data mining, business intelligence, customer relationship management, enterprise application integration, and knowledge management (to name some of the big-ticket items in which enterprises have invested over the past 5 to 10 years).


Framing the Question

• Because the term metadata is abstract and not widely understood in a corporate environment, asking someone “how they use metadata” in their job is a question many people will struggle to answer.

• Asking someone to describe their job, such as the systems and tools that they use, and to what extent and how they might use the data entered in those systems and tools, should make it possible to make deductions about the role metadata plays in their job and in their organization.


Solutions Intended to Address Gaps In Systems and Processes

• ETL. Extract, Transform, Load (reading data from one database, performing transformations on the data so that that it can be read in a different database, and writing the transformed data to the target database)

• Data warehouses, data marts. Provide a central repository and enable data mining.

• Middleware. Hides inconsistencies in underlying architectures (recent examples include web services integration, enterprise service buses) .


Problems with Scoping and Justifying Metadata Projects

• Projects where metadata is the central component often are not successful, because they are not:

1. Driven by a distinct and evident business need2. Clearly defined3. Based on achievable or measurable goals4. Properly resourced, both during and after the project

is complete

Metadata repository projects are prone to failure because their contents are not sufficiently integrated across the enterprise – for example, they are not fully compatible with ETL or data integration applications. Focusing too much attention on the metadata itself, as opposed to accomplishing clear goals with metadata, can be a costly mistake.


Challenges Associated with Metadata Repositories

“The vast majority of metadata repositories are unidirectional. Modeling tools that extract, transform, and load information into the repositories are responsible for capturing both business (business metadata) and IT (technical metadata) meta information flow in only a single direction… Many enterprise tool vendors are trying to solve this particular problem, but …an organization would need to fully embrace the metadata repository approach for it to work and could not adopt it in bits and pieces. The repository will be required to store the latest version of the metadata source in which it will propagate changes. Concurrency issues will arise in this situation… [and] integration interfaces will have to be constructed to map and move metadata repository information back and forth to the metadata source.”

- McGovern


Has Something Like This Ever Happened Where You Work?

• A large amount of money is allocated to building a data warehouse. Despite management support and ample funding, the initiative fails mainly due to inflexible business processes and lack of access to or understanding of critical business data.


The Need For Metadata Management Tools AND Frameworks

“ A metadata-driven framework is MANDATORY to enable companies to understand the different forms, types, and definitions that common data elements share with each other. It is important to maintain the distinction between managing metadata through a generalized metadata tool versus having a metadata-driven framework designed for a specific purpose, such as supporting customer data integration and master/reference data management. In my experience, the most successful companies combine 'best practices' from both approaches.”

- Anurag Wadehra, VP of Marketing, Siperian


Metadata Management Maturity Curve


Observations About Enterprise Behavior

• Profit-driven enterprises are often heavily influenced by short-term, one-quarter-at-a-time, “tactical” thinking.

• Business justification for individual projects tends to be driven by short-term needs.

• Developing business cases and calculating ROI for long-term investments is very difficult in such an environment.


The Executive Sponsor’s Dilemma

• A certain project is expected to produce benefits, but will require a capital investment

• That same capital could be invested elsewhere, potentially producing a different set of benefits

• How does the sponsor decide which project or projects to invest in?


Building the Business Case

• Building a business case typically includes steps such as the following:– Estimate future expected costs– Estimate future expected benefits– Determine implied return– Compare implied return to alternatives


The Cruel World of Estimation

• Projections of expected costs and benefits are often educated guesses, at best, particularly for software projects.

• The greater the degree of uncertainty (risk) about a potential project, the higher the expected rate of return to justify the project.

• A preliminary business case may be only a first step preceding additional analysis, understanding of requirements, and preparation of a more formal business case. The assumption is that investing additional time should reduce uncertainty (risk).


Estimating Costs and Benefits

• When estimating costs:– Level of cost is directly proportional to

complexity of requirements– Uncertainty about costs reduces as

requirements are refined• When estimating benefits:

– An existing problem is solved or at least mitigated in order for the expected benefit to materialize

– The problem and the cost of living with the problem are well understood


Standard ROI Calculation

ROI is often calculated as the average benefit over a specified time period divided by the cost.

That is, Given the sum of the costs Given the sum of the benefits Given other parameters

Then the ROI can be computed in a number of ways.

However, the calculation of costs and benefits is not always based on realistic data, and under what is often tight schedule pressure, insufficient time is typically allocated for the preparation of business cases and similar deliverables.


Strategic Perspectives on Enterprise Data Management

• Understanding enterprise business processes is an essential part of strategic thinking.

• In order to help the enterprise attain its goals, enterprise architecture must be aligned with enterprise business processes.


Business Process Definition

• Set of business events that enable the delivery of an organization’s products or services to its customers. Categories for business processes:– Information – processing of data within and

movement of data among systems– Operations – individual contributors, equipment,

operational policies and procedures – Management – managers, authority, organizational

dynamics, management policies and procedures


Business Process Modeling

A business process:1. Has a Goal2. Has specific inputs3. Has specific outputs4. Uses resources5. Has a number of activities that are performed in

some order6. May affect more than one organizational unit. 7. Creates value of some kind for the customer (internal

or external).


Potential Business Process Focus Areas

• Generalized (broadly applicable)– Business Intelligence/Knowledge Management– Content Management– Enterprise Resource Planning– Portfolio Management– Customer Relationship Management

• Specialized (industry-specific)– Academia/government (grant-funded research)– Financial services (investment banking)– Health care (patient health records)– Libraries/archives (digitization)– Pharmaceuticals (clinical drug trials)– Semiconductors (microprocessor design)


Enterprise Architecture (EA) Definition

• Principles, methods, and models that shape the organizational structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure of an enterprise.

“Enterprise architecture captures the essentials of the business, IT and its evolution. The idea is that the essentials are much more stable than the specific solutions that are found for the problems currently at hand. Architecture is therefore helpful in guarding the essentials of the business, while still allowing for maximal flexibility and adaptability. Without good architecture, it is difficult to achieve business success.”

- Lankhorst


EA Views

• Business architecture. Shows how business is done -- models the enterprise using business processes and the events that trigger them.

• Information (data) architecture. Enables the enterprise to develop a shared, distributed, consistent data resource -- consists of data models and databases that serve all participants in the enterprise business environment and the strategies, standards, policies required to develop and implement them.

• Application architecture. Supports business processes, provides automated solutions, manages information storage and retrieval, links the Data and Business architecture.

• Technology (infrastructure) architecture. Meets the infrastructure needs of business clients -- interoperates with and supports the Application, Business, and Data Architectures to provide interoperable technology platforms.


EA View Components


Architecture StackA

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Physical InfrastructurePhysical Infrastructure

Operating SoftwareOperating Software

InfrastructureInfrastructureServicesServices

ApplicationApplicationFoundationFoundation

ApplicationsApplications Service FrameworkService Framework

Business ProcessesBusiness Processes


Sample Business Architecture

CustData

ERP SC HRM CRM

Data Data Data

Bus

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Pricing

Quote Order Track Pay Support

B2B

User interaction

Process integration

Business policies/rules

Transaction processing

Data management


Metadata Requirements Stack


EA Governance Categories and Instruments


EA Governance Instruments• Strategic Management (BSC). Emphasizes a balanced

approach (traditional management focus is on finances) based on customer, financial, business process, and learning/growth perspectives.

• Strategy Execution (EFQM). Inspired by Malcolm Baldridge (USA) and Deming (Japan), provides management framework for performance excellence.

• Quality Management (ISO 9001). Focuses on integrated design, management, and documentation of business processes and supporting IT systems.

• IT Governance (COBIT). Provides control objectives and management guidelines for 34 IT processes. Also provides IT governance maturity model.

• IT Service Delivery and Support (ITIL). Provides set of best practices and training materials for IT service delivery.

• IT Implementation (CMM/CMMI). Model for evaluating maturity of software development processes.


Finding Data Where It Lives:Semantic Elicitation from Processes

• Long duration business transactions (LDBTs) are a valuable source for uncovering semantics in business processes (workflows).

• A good place to start for any enterprise is the “predominant flow” – typically a flow that occurs frequently, has significant cost implications, and is central to the core mission of the enterprise.

• Looking at variations in the primary flow, whether the variations make business sense, and whether they merit a time investment can yield valuable information about how to manage critical business data (McComb).


On Data Governance

• Due in part to relatively recent business drivers related to compliance such as Basel II and Sarbanes-Oxley, data governance is an area that is seeing substantial enterprise investment.

• Data governance seeks to ensure that there is a management framework that can deliver availability, usability, integrity, and security of enterprise data. Such a framework should include a governing body, a defined set of procedures, and a plan to execute those procedures.


Why Metadata for Governance?


Business Imperatives Driving Data Governance

• Agility (ability to respond more quickly)• Simplification (reduce unnecessary

complexity, and ideally, costs)• Rapid increase in the volume of

information• Rapid business growth• Geographic dispersion (due to outsourcing

and other factors)• Compliance


Metadata Uses in Data Governance

• Strategic (data stewardship; information reuse; information management; data integration strategy)

• Tactical (project flexibility and adaptability; portfolio management)


Architecture (BPM, Metadata Repository, and EA) Tools

Tools that at least partially address the central EA challenge of representing enterprise information and technology portfolios:

• BPM (top down) tools: – ARIS (IDS Scheer); Corporate Modeler (Casewise); MEGA

International Software Suite; ProVision (Proforma).• Metadata repository tools:

– Architecture Manager (Adaptive Enterprise). MOF-compliant repository that integrates with many modeling tools. http://www.adaptive.com/products/eamanager.html

– Rochade (Allen Systems Group). Provides publication, visualization of models; CWM support. http://www.rochade.com/index_flash.html

• EA Tools:– Architect (BiZZdesign); Enterprise Framework (Ptech); Metis

(Computatis); System Architect (Popkin); Troux 4 (Troux Technologies).

http://www.adaptive.com/products/eamanager.html

http://www.rochade.com/index_flash.html


Metadata Extraction Tool Example: Saphir

• Saphir (Silwood Technology) is a tool that reads the data structures of Peoplesoft,, SAP (BW & mySAP ), Siebel, and JD Edwards databases and extracts the definitions and relationships of the tables and columns, which can then be exported into tools such as ERwin, PowerDesigner, Popkin System Architect, or Visio.

• “Data warehouse designers, reporting teams and data architects use this powerful application to analyse their data requirements from the key enterprise applications. Saphir helps you take control of your data management projects as you strive to understand exactly where vital business information is stored.”

http://www.silwoodtechnology.com/saphir.htm

http://www.silwoodtechnology.com/saphir.htm


Saphir (continued)


Conclusion


Facilitating Interoperability: An EA/BPM Perspective

• Metadata interoperability projects have generally been based on one of the following approaches:– Application profiling/schema customization– Derivation (e.g., MODS and MARC Lite are derived from MARC21)– Crosswalking/mapping– Switching schema (e.g., OAI)– Lingua franca (set of core attributes derived from multiple schemas)– Metadata framework/container (e.g., RDF, METS)

• For EA/BPM, possible areas for further research:– Survey individuals working in areas such as EA, business process

modeling (Architects, Business Analysts)– “Crosswalk of frameworks/models,” leveraging GRAAL framework for

conceptualizing and comparing IT architectures and Value-Based IT Alignment (VITAL) approaches

– Business process model (flow) registry– Further application profiling (e.g, BPML-compliant model of DCAM)


Formulating a Business Case for Enterprise Metadata Management

• What is driving investment in projects and initiatives -- Organizational needs? Business requirements? Technology demands?

• What are the main limitations in the use of information? Inappropriate organizational structures? Cumbersome business processes? Outdated technologies?


Simple Information Assessment

Evernden & Evernden information diagnostic:

1. There is a clear and distinct vision of information as a corporate resource2. There is an organization unit responsible for information and knowledge that is

distinct from the information technology function3. There is a well-defined strategy and action plan for improving the effectiveness

of information use across the organization4. Information that is vital and necessary to make key decisions is always readily

and easily available5. All information is available in a consistent and integrated format6. Management believes that there is considerable value to be gained from the

organization’s use of information7. Information management is seen as the responsibility of business people as

well as the information technology functions8. Information has a key role in all business processes9. Financial approval is readily available for investment in the information

infrastructure of the organization (as opposed to technology investments)10. Information is used to support innovation and creativity in product and service

development, business processes, and customer support

Total Score:


Surveying EA/BPM Practitioners

• Questions that might yield insight via a survey (or similar instrument), possibly using an approach such as the COBIT IT Maturity Model, could focus on areas such as:– Enterprise data warehouse or metadata repository

initiatives attempted or planned– Modeling frameworks or tools being used– Extent to which business processes are understood

and documented– Extent to which EA aligns with business processes


EA Frameworks and Business Process Models: Is There a Role for Dublin Core?

• Pulis & Neville have already proposed a UML-compliant model of the DCAM – how might this model be leveraged as part of the larger OMG Model-Driven Architecture (MDA), which includes the Meta Object Facility (MOF) and the Common Warehouse Meta-model (CWM)?

• Other frameworks and models that appear to have traction in the U.S. are The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), the Business Process Modeling Initiative (BPMI), and the Federal Enterprise Architecture Data Reference Model (FEA DRM).


Selected References• ANSI X3.285, Metamodel for Management of Shareable Data

metadata-stds.org/Document-library/Draft-standards/X3-285-Mgmt-of-Sharable-Data/X3-285.PDF

• Cook, M. (1996). Building Enterprise Information Architectures: Reengineering Information Systems. Prentice Hall.

• Evernden & Evernden (2003). Information First: Integrating Knowledge and Information Architecture for Business Advantage. Elsevier.

• Finneran, T. (2003). Enterprise Architecture: What and Why. http://www.tdan.com/i007ht03.htm

• ISO/IEC 11179-1. Specification and standardization of data elements - Part 1: Framework. metadata-stds.org/metadata-stds/11179/

• IT Governance Institute (2006). COBIT 4.0. • Lankhorst, M., et al. (2006). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modelling,

Communication, and Analysis. Springer.• McComb, D. (2004). Semantics in Business Systems: The Savvy Manager’s Guide.

Morgan Kaufmann.• McGovern, J., et al. (2004). A Practical Guide to Enterprise Architecture. Prentice

Hall.• NISO. Understanding Metadata.

http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf • Silverston, L. (2001). The Data Model Resource Book, Revised Edition, Volume 2: A

Library of Universal Data Models by Industry Types. Wiley.

http://www.tdan.com/i007ht03.htm

http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf


Backup Slides


COBIT Maturity Model for IT Governance

• The Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) for IT governance, first published in 1996 by ISACA, along with control objectives and management guidelines for 34 IT processes, also includes an IT governance maturity model.

• The maturity model has five levels, from the lowest (“Ad Hoc”) level where there are no standardized processes, to the highest (“Optimized”) level, where processes have been refined to the level of external best practices.


COBIT Maturity Model for Internal Control

Maturity Level Meaning

0 (non-existent) Complete lack of recognizable processes; organization does not acknowledge that there are issues to be addressed.

1 (Initial/ad hoc) Organization recognizes that issues exist; no standardized processes - ad hoc approaches applied on a case by case basis; overall management approach is disorganized.

2 (Repeatable but intuitive)

Similar procedures are followed by different people undertaking same task; no formal training or communication on standard procedures; responsibility is left to individual; high degree of reliance on the knowledge of individuals.

3 (Defined process) Standardized and documented procedures, communicated through training; still left to individual to follow processes; procedures are non-sophisticated based on formalization of existing practices.

4 (managed and measurable)

Compliance with procedures can be measured/monitored and action taken where processes are not working effectively; processes are under constant improvement; automation and tools are used to a limited extent.

5 (Optimised) Processes refined to level of best practice, based on the results of continuous improvement and maturity modelling with other organisations; IT employed in integrated way to automate workflow and provides tools to improve quality and effectiveness.


Business Process Analysis: A Key To Gaining Insight Into Organizational Data

• An operation is composed of processes designed to add value by transforming inputs into useful outputs. Inputs may be materials, labor, energy, and capital equipment. Outputs may be a physical product (possibly used as an input to another process) or a service. Processes can have a significant impact on the performance of a business, and process improvement can improve a firm's competitiveness.

• The first step to improving a process is to analyze it in order to understand the activities, their relationships, and the values of relevant metrics. Process analysis generally involves the following tasks:

• Define the process boundaries that mark the entry points of the process inputs and the exit points of the process outputs.

• Construct a process flow diagram that illustrates the various process activities and their interrelationships.

• Determine the capacity of each step in the process. Calculate other measures of interest.

• Identify the bottleneck, that is, the step having the lowest capacity.• Evaluate further limitations in order to quantify the impact of the bottleneck.• Use the analysis to make operating decisions and to improve the process.


Framework for Comparative Analysis

• Based on an analysis of frameworks for systems engineering, industrial product engineering, and software engineering, Wierenga et al. developed the GRAAL conceptual framework for describing and comparing IT architectures.

• The four dimensions of the framework are system aspects, system aggregation, systems processes, and description levels.


GRAAL Conceptual Framework

• GRAAL program, http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/ • A Conceptual Framework for Architecture

Alignment Guidelines. Project GRAAL WP1 Whitepaper P. A. T. van Eck (editor), H. Blanken, M. Fokkinga, P. W. G. Grefen, R. J. Wieringa, October 17, 2002 http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/GRAAL_whitepaper_20021017.pdf

• Project GRAAL: Towards Operational Architecture Alignment. Pascal van Eck, Henk Blanken, Roel Wieringa http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/eck_blanken_wieringa_ijcis04.pdf

http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/



http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/GRAAL_whitepaper_20021017.pdf

http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/GRAAL_whitepaper_20021017.pdf

http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/eck_blanken_wieringa_ijcis04.pdf

http://graal.ewi.utwente.nl/eck_blanken_wieringa_ijcis04.pdf


Value-Based IT Alignment (VITAL)

• Value-based IT ALignment (VITAL), http://www.vital-project.org/• Daneva, M., Wieringa, R. (2005). Requirements Engineering for

Cross-Organizational ERP Implementation: Undocumented Assumptions and Potential Mismatches. In: Proc. Int. Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE'05), Paris, Aug/Sept 2005, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA. http://www.vital-project.org/papers/Daneva-Wieringa-Camera-Ready-RE-Paper.pdf

• Daneva, M., Eck, P. van (2006). What Enterprise Architecture and Enterprise Systems Usage Can and Cannot Tell About Each Other.CTIT Technical Report TR-CTIT-06-02, Centre for Telematics and Information Technology. University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. http://www.cs.utwente.nl/~patveck/redirect.php?p=TR0602

• Santana Tapia, R. (2006). IT Process Architectjures for Enterprise Development: A Survey from a Maturity Model Perspective.CTIT Technical Report TR-CTIT-06-04, Centre for Telematics and Information Technology. University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. http://www.vital-project.org/papers/TR-CTIT-06-04.pdf

http://www.vital-project.org/

http://www.vital-project.org/

http://www.vital-project.org/papers/Daneva-Wieringa-Camera-Ready-RE-Paper.pdf

http://www.vital-project.org/papers/Daneva-Wieringa-Camera-Ready-RE-Paper.pdf

http://www.cs.utwente.nl/~patveck/redirect.php?p=TR0602

http://www.vital-project.org/papers/TR-CTIT-06-04.pdf


Traditional Industry Categories for Which Data Models Exist

• Silverston provides an extensive library of universal data models for the following industry categories:– Manufacturing– Telecommunications– Health Care– Insurance– Financial Services– Professional Services– Travel– E-Commerce


Traditional Data Modeling: Entities and Attributes

• An entity represents a category of information that must be managed by the business.– Entities are data that are captured, used in

calculations, reported, and so on.– Entities come in groups. For example, an entity called

“supplier” implies that multiple suppliers exist.• An attribute is a characteristic of an entity that

reveals information about the entity that needs to be managed.– For example, a “supplier” entity might have attributes

such as “supplier ID,” “supplier name,” etc.


Data Structure Example: Health Care Delivery

• For any given HEALTH CARE EPISODE, there can be:– One or more HEALTH CARE DELIVERYs

(e.g., EXIMINATION, DRUG ADMINISTRATION)

– Each HEALTH CARE DELIVERY must be associated with a HEALTH CARE OFFERING (that identifies possible HEALTH CARE SERVICES and HEALTH CARE GOODS)


Data Model Example: Health Care Delivery


DC Element Set

• Title• Creator• Subject• Description• Publisher• Contributer• Date• Type• Format• Identifier• Source• Language• Relation• Coverage• Rights


Zachman Framework


Activities That Use Information

• Organizational use of information:– Analyze org structure, strategy & skills– Define goals and objectives, critical success factors and

constraints– Identify org structure and strategy changes– Identify org impact of biz or technical requirements

• Business use of information:– Identify required functions– Identify required data– Identify business activities and critical business processes– Identify required activities– Map functions to data– Map functions to activities– Map activities to data– Review biz impact of org or technical requirements


Activities That Use Information (continued)

• Plan or design how information will be used in a particular context:– Design workflows– Design information structures– Specify data storage and data access– Specify application functionality– Specify technical support– Design organizational structures– Review business requirements and designs– Examine org, biz, and technical benefits and costs– Prioritize solutions– Plan implementations

• Use information effectively:– Analyze strategies, competitive environment, skills, and competencies, org

design, management structures– Analyze processes and workflows, functions, data and information use– Analyze existing application, network, and system architecture– Analyze existing databases, applications, and systems– Review org impact, biz requirements, and technical architectures– Prioritize redevelopment needs


On Metrics

Keys to Measurement:– Measure the right things.– Metrics must be specific, measurable,

actionable, relevant, and timely (SMART)– Understand who the “customers” (internal or

external are)– Understand process inputs and outputs

building the business case for metadata in the enterprise: looking

Documents