building strong humanitarian supply chain activities through resilience in disaster relief in...
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BUILDING STRONG HUMANITARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN ACTIVITIES THROUGH RESILIENCE IN
DISASTER RELIEF IN PROBLEMATIC COUNTRY
(A CASE STUDY OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA)
BY
ADEOSUN OPEYEMI ADEWUNMI - 2012131110239
HAMMED OLAMIDE CHRISTANAH - 2012131110240
JUNAID AZEEZAT TITILOPE - 2012131110241
AKINRINOLA VICTOR A. - 2012131110242
IMASUNU FESTUS IDOWU - 2012131110244
SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND STUDIES,
DEPARTMENT OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY
THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN, ERUWA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD PF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN
PURCHASING AND SUPPLY
NOVEMBER, 2014
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work was carried out by of school of Business Communication and Study, Department of Purchasing and Supply, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Adeseun Ogundoyin Campus, Eruwa Ibadan, Oyo State in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of National Diploma (ND) in Purchasing and Supply under my Supervision.
______________________ ______________________MR. J.A. OKE DATEProject Supervisor
______________________ ______________________MR. A.O. OLADEJI DATEHead of Department
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the Almighty God, the Lord of the universe, the protector forgiver, and sustainer of making for the wisdom and knowledge bestowed on us throughout the course of this project and also to our living Parents for their moral and financial contributions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to use this medium for immeasurable praise, thanks and adoration to Almighty God, the Alpha and Omega, the owner of the Earth and Heaven for His mercies and protection upon our lives and for seeing us through our ND programme.
We must tender our unreserved appreciation to our project supervisor, Mr. J.A. Oke, for his wealth of knowledge, suggestions and fatherly concerns. Your efforts have made this project a reality.
Our appreciation also goes to the Head of Department, Mr. A.O. Oladeji and the entire staff of the Department of Purchasing and Supply for their joint contributions to the successful completion of our National Diploma (ND) programme.
Our greatest thanks and heartfelt gratitude goes to our “able and active” Parents Mr. and Mrs. Adeosun, Mr. and Mrs. Hammed, Mr. and Mrs. Junaid, Mr. and Mrs. Akinrinola, Mr. E and Deaconess R. Imasunu for their supports spiritually, morally, and financially from our first day one earth till date you
are Parents in a million, may you reap the fruits of your labour (Amen).
ABSTRACT
The project is based on “Building Strong Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities Through Resilient in Disaster Relief in Problematic Country” (A case study of Borno State). Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Operations” is designed to help Task Teams on World Bank social funds and community-driven development (CDD) operations to identify disaster risk management issues in their programs and projects and to design and implement appropriate responses. It introduces the concepts and components of Community Based Risk Management (CBDRM) and their key relationship to the achievement of the development and poverty reduction objectives of the World Bank. Survey method was used in this research work, the questionnaire was administered to the total population of seventy (70) while Forty (40) responded. Chi-
square method was used to test the hypothesis. In conclusion, the study reveals: the meaning of Humanitarian Supply Chain, its significance and importance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives of the study 4
1.2 Research Questions 5
1.3 Research Hypothesis 6
1.4 Statement of the problem 7
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study 8
1.6 Significance of the study 9
1.7 Definition of Terms 10
1.8 Historical Background of Borno State 12
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 13
2.1 Meaning of Humanitarian Supply Chain 13
2.2 Meaning of Disaster Risk Management 26
2.3 The Role of social funds and community driven
development operation in disaster risk
management 36
2.4 Integrating community basked disaster risk
management into the project cycle 52
2.5 Developing disaster risk reduction (Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation) 55
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology 57
3.1 Research Instrument 58
3.2 Population of the study 59
3.3 Sample Size 59
3.4 Method of Data Collection 60
3.5 Method of Data Analysis 60
3.6 Research Design 61
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation 63
4.1 Data Presentation 63
4.2 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 64
4.3 Test of Hypothesis 89
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary of Findings 95
5.1 Conclusion 97
5.2 Recommendation 98
Bibliography 100
Appendix: Questionnaire 103
Acronyms & Abbreviations 108
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Humanitarian Supply Chain activities are branch of
logistics which specializes in organizing the delivery and
warehousing of supplies during natural disasters, or complex
emergencies to affected area and people. Although, they have
been mostly utilized in commercial supply chain.
Logistics is one of the most important tools now in disaster
relief operations. Type and quantity of the resources, way of
procurement and storage of the supplies, tools of tracking and
means of transportation to the stricken area or country
specialization of teams participating in the operation and plan
of cooperation between these teams are some important issues
that are concerned or connected directly to humanitarian
supply chain activities through resilience in disaster relief in
problematic Country.
However, developing supply chain to store all essential
goods are one of the tools utilized in disaster response
planning. Warehouses should be designed by taking
precautions for contamination or waste of materials and
organized in order to facilitate delivers to the desired area at
the desired time and quantities. Successful humanitarian
operations also presuppose that distribution centers and
located in the correct area, which is obviously near the region
that tends to be hit by a disaster or crises and can be indicated
through software or mathematical models. The responsible
authorities aim at maximization of distribution time, money
spent and number of distribution centers. Coordination of
delivery of goods, organization of team’s supplies and
equipment movement is realized by mobilization centers, which
are located near the affected region.
Ways of taking precautions before a disaster occur, is to
organize emergency response plans which will help preparation
and consequently mobilization in the time of the disaster. A
strong supply chain technique which can improve
responsiveness in inventory prepositioning this technique is
used for estimating item quantities required according to
specific safety stock level and order frequency or for searching
optimal creations for warehouse along facility location.
The use of supply chain is one of the major tool in
resilience in disaster preparedness among surveillance,
rehearsal warning and “hazard analysis” besides, success and
performance in Humanitarian Relief Chain is very unpredictable
demand, difficulty to obtain data from operations unpredictable
working environment lack of incentive for measurement due to
their non-profit characters very short lead time and unknown
variable like geography, political, religious, ethnic situation or
weather.
Technology is a key factor to achieve better results in
disaster supply chain (Logistics) implementing up-to-date
information or tracking system and using humanitarian supply
chain software which can provide real-time supply chain
information organization can enhance “decision making”
increase the quickness of the resilience effort. Biometrics for
identifying persons or unauthorized substances, wireless
telecommunications media technology for promoting donations
and medical technologies are some more aspect of technology
applied in humanitarian operation.
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to advance the thought
and practices on supply chain relationship building in the
context of humanitarian logistics. However, the study intends
to achieve the following specific study:
i. To find out how strong humanitarian supply chain
activities can be built to relief countries that are in
disaster.
ii. To investigate the humanitarian aids supply chain and
discuss the extent to which certain business supply chain
concept particularly supply chain agility are relevant to
humanitarian supply chain activities.
iii. To enhance the speed of humanitarian aid, and which
depend on the ability of logistic to procure transport and
receive supplies at the site of the strong humanitarian
relief effort.
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION
i. Who are the main actors involved and their responsibilities
within humanitarian relief supply chain?
ii. What are the phases in the general process of disaster
management?
iii. What are the supply chain strategies in humanitarian relief
supply chain?
iv. What are the critical success factors of humanitarian relief
supply chain?
v. What are the performance metrics in humanitarian relief
supply chain?
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In research studies, some assumptions in respect of the
investigation are made. They are either true or otherwise, they
will determine the type of data to be collected, tested and
analyzed. In line with the mentioned problems and attempt to
examine the degree of correlation of the assumption with what
is really obtained out of the finding of the following:
Ho: Government has not been responding positively to the
disaster occurrences.
H1: Government has been responding positively to the
disaster occurrences.
Ho: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very
slowly to the occurrences.
H1: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very fast
to the occurrences.
Ho: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk cannot be
completely eliminated.
H1: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk can be
completely eliminated.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Over the years, some countries have been in different
kinds of disaster which have claimed many lives and damaged
lots of properties in which immigrants have experienced low
income and economics in such problematic countries have wind
down.
During the cause of disaster, many are concerned
individuals or perhaps countries tending to lend a helping hand
in building strong humanitarian supply chain activities so as to
provide resilience in disaster relief. These efforts cannot be
without their problems. Some of the main problems are
religious differences which often lead to crises, the politics
which causes more disasters in the Country/State.
Another factor that lead to slow or weak building of strong
humanitarian supply chain in the state is lack of good roads
which hinders quick delivery of drugs to the medical specialists
attending to the victims.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of this research work is about building strong
humanitarian supply chain activities through resilience in
disaster relief in problematic Country, and Borno State as a
case study.
LIMITATION
i. TIME: Time scheduled to study was very short; hence this
could not permit wide coverage.
ii. FINANCE: This is owing to the fact of limited financial
capacity.
iii. Lack of getting direct information from source (Borno
State) due to the high occurrence in the State.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is to enlighten some
individuals or general public or researchers interested in
improving their knowledge on the subject and further reading
or studying about building strong humanitarian supply chain
activities through resilience in disaster relief in problematic
country.
The studying about the building strong humanitarian
supply chain activities through resilience in disaster relief in
problematic country aims to combine theory and practice to
develop an integrated supply chain resilience framework by
investigating the inter-dependencies between the strategic
literature based concept of supply chain resilience and
operational practitioner based disaster management processes.
This study also help the, to utilize the unique humanitarian
aid disaster supply chain management context, a two way
knowledge and learning flow between humanitarian and
disaster and also the commercial organizations is established.
Also the funding and research o the topic leads to development
of an integrated supply chain resilience framework capturing
the interplay of disaster in the country process and capabilities
required to build supply chain resilience.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
* PREPAREDNESS: During the preparedness phase,
government, organization and individual develop plans to
save lives, minimize disaster damage and enhance
disaster response operations.
* MITIGATION: Activities that either prevent the
occurrence of an emergency or reduce the community’s
vulnerability in ways that minimize that adverse impact of
a disaster for other emergency are example of mitigation.
* RESPONSE: The focus in the response phase is on
meeting the basic need of the people until more
permanent and sustainable solution can be found.
* RECOVERY: Recovery activities aim at restoring the
affected people lives and the infrastructure that supports
them.
1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BORNO STATE
Borno State is a State in north-eastern Nigeria. Its capital
is Maiduguri. The State was formed in 1976 from the split of
North-Eastern State. Until 1991 it contained what is now Yobe
State.
History
The State is donated by the Kanuri and Babur while few
Shuwa Arabs ethnic groups are found. Shuwa Arabs are mainly
the descendant of Arabized Fulani people and is an example of
the endurance of traditional political institutions in some area
of Africa.
There, the emirs of the former Kanem-Bornu Empire have
played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years.
The current dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the
early 19th century and was supported by the British, prevented
a military defeat for the group and established a new capital for
the dynasty at Maiduguri or Yerwa (as referred to by the
natives) in 1905, which remains the capital to this day. After
Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly
autonomous until the expansion of the number of states in
Nigeria to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further
reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by
the time of Nigeria’s return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs’
jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional
affairs. Today, the emirs still exist, and serve as advisers to the
local government.
Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in
1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party) later
ANPP.
Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in
Nigeria in April 2003. He is a member of the All Nigeria People’s
Party (ANPP). Ali Sheriff was the first governor in Borno State to
win the seat two consecutive times.
On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a
state of emergency in Northeast Nigeria, including Borno State
along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe. This
happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state
armed forces killed as many as 200 people in the town of Baga.
A spokesman for the Nigerian Armed Forces declared that the
offensive would continue “as long as it takes to achieve our
objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of
Nigeria”. The Nigerian Army has been accused of gross human
rights violations in carrying out these operations, with
witnesses accusing them of shooting people wear traditional
Muslim robes or the vertical scars typical of Kanuri people.
In July 2014, Borno State governor Kashim Shettima said
“176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since
2011”.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The purpose of this is to develop a guiding framework to
other interested researcher for building strong humanitarian
supply chain activities through resilience in disaster relief in
problematic country. The intention of this chapter is to explore
previous work in the area of disaster management and
humanitarian relief supply chain and to define the main
elements in successful humanitarian supply chain activities.
2.0 MEANING OF HUMANITARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN
Oxford dictionary (2003) defined “Humanitarian” as being
concerned with human welfare.
Wikipedia.com described “Supply Chain” as the processes
involved in the production and distribution of commodity.
Furthermore, Supply Chain according to www.google.com
defines supply chain as a system of organizations, people,
activities, information and resources involved in moving a
product or services from supplier to customer.
Humanitarian Supply Chain defined, “it is a process by which
organization or people lend or give an helping hand or service
to people or community or country involved in any form of
problem that lead to loss of lives and properties by taking the
risk of transferring or transporting (logistics) foods, medical
kits, clothes from their place of location down to the region of
the affected community or country”.
Wikipedia also brings its own idea on humanitarianism
which states it as an ethic of kindness, benevolence and
sympathy extended universally and impartially to all human
beings.
Humanitarian has been an evolving concept historically
but universality is a common element in its evolution.
Humanitarian can also be described as the acceptance of
every human being for plainly just being another human,
ignoring and abolishing biased social views, prejudice, and
racism in the process, if utilized individually as a practiced
viewpoint, or mindset.
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
(2000) describes Humanitarian as one who is devoted to the
promotion of human welfare and the advancement of social
reforms, a philanthropist.
Collins English Dictionary (2003) also describes having the
interests of mankind at heart. It further states that it is also
relating to ethical or theological humanitarianism. It is also an
adherent of humanitarianism.
We will therefore check on approaches made by some
researchers/scholars about Humanitarian Supply Chain
Activities.
Thomas and Mizushima, (2005, p.60) describes
Humanitarian Supply Chain as the process of planning,
implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow
and storage of goods and materials as well as related
information, from the point of the origin to the point of
consumption for the purpose of meeting the end beneficiary’s
requirements.
Encyclo.co.uk © (2014) describes Humanitarian Supply
Chain (logistics) as a branch of logistics which specializes in
organizing the delivery and warehousing of supplies during
natural disasters or complex emergencies to the affected area
and people. Although they have been mostly utilized in
commercial supply chain, logistic (supply chain) is one of the
most important tools now in disaster relief operation.
Lambert and Knemeyer (2004) gave their knowledge on
Humanitarian Supply Chain Relief share some common drivers
with their business counterparts. They also include that it is
also important to reach more beneficiaries in need and serve
them more quickly.
However, according Lambert and Knemeyer (2004),
Humanitarian Supply Chains have their share of unique drivers,
such as; increasing awareness; becoming better prepared for
the next disaster; gaining rapid access to accurate information
about what is needed; and providing better security in the field.
Kovacs and Spens (2007) discuss differences between
business logistics (supply chain) and Humanitarian Logistic
(supply). Compared to their business counterparts,
humanitarians face greater challenges in collaboration.
Coordination of many different aid agencies, suppliers and local
and regional actors, all with their own operating methods can
be very challenging.
Some researches on Humanitarian Supply Chain
partnerships emerged recently. For example, according to
Tomasini and Van Wassenhove (2009) suggests that disasters
test the capacity of different actors (e.g. Government Agencies,
Military Units and Humanitarian organizations) to work
together. While these actors usually may have little reason to
collaborate, a disaster puts them under sudden pressure to
coordinate their capabilities to relieve suffering and save lives.
McLachlan et. al, (2009), Partners are crucial for MCC’s
operation; as a relatively small organization, they would be
much less effective without partners, being a faith-based
organization, MCC tries to choose local or regional partners who
have similar views. Having local partners provides several
advantages. Such partners have deeper connections with local
communities and local authorities. They also have a better
understanding of the local culture and value system. Other
critical partners for MCC include the Canadian Foodgrain Bank
and the WFP. One preliminary generalization from the MCC
(Mennonite Central Committee) case was to pick partners
carefully, focusing on their complementary capabilities and
compatibility or “like-mindedness” (McLachlan et. al, 2009).
Sheu (2007), Humanitarian Supply Chain (Logistics) is a
critical element of a successful relief operation as it focuses on
the efficient management of flows of goods, information and
services, to respond to the urgent needs of the affected
populations under emergency conditions, such as those
encountered during and after natural or man-made disasters.
In particular, effective and efficient supply chain
management enables Humanitarian organizations to make the
best use of resources, by matching the available supplies with
the highest priority needs in the shortest possible time, under
the constraint of limited funding (van Wassenhove, 2006).
According to van Wassenhove, L.(2006), Humanitarian
Logistics is an existing addition to the knowledge base of the
humanitarian sector. For many years, humanitarian supply
chain and logistics specialists have provided exceptional
(through often understand) services to delivery of aid. These
professionals often operate in volatile and changing
environments where day-to-day operations are unpredictable
and unplanned.
Humanitarian logistics provides readers with a
comprehensive overview of the sector, and the environment in
which supply chains are planned, managed and delivered.
The authors explain the complexities associated with
planning and managing humanitarian logistics (supply chain)
and the demands that they place on the professionals who
operate in this sector. It is widely recognized that although
commercial supply chain industries are perceived to be leading
on innovation. It is humanitarian logisticians who are often
delivering delivery innovative solutions and solving problems
under pressure, van Wassenhove and Tomasini successfully
epitomize the complex nature of humanitarian supply chain and
this result in a book that can be read and mastered not only by
sector specialists, but also by an interested public.
He further states that commercial best practice can be
combined with the experience and innovation continuously
demonstrated by humanitarian professionals to develop
humanitarian supply chain management and logistics as a
recognized entity.
Research and development concerning supply chain best
practice (processes) and technology can reduce the gap
between commercial and humanitarian logistics, research and
development requires collaboration between agencies,
commercial, industry and academia to be relevant and
innovative. Humanitarian supply chain is a good example of the
quality of research and development that such collaborations
can produce publications such as this are required to help to
define and steer development efforts in humanitarian supply
chain management and logistics.
According to Goldsby and Garcia – Dastugue, (2003),
Humanitarian Logistics (Supply chain) effectiveness should
instead be determined by its fit with the beneficiaries’
requirements, in other words, timely delivered within a given
budget.
Slack and Lewis, (2002), states that performance in
Humanitarian Logistics/Supply Chain can therefore be seen as
the result of the strategic reconciliation of relief organization’s
enablers (resources, processes and capabilities) and the
requirements of the beneficiaries (e.g. survivability, speed,
safety, sustainability) if there is a gap (unsatisfactory
performance), it is assumed that relief organizations will adapt
their strategies, thus dealing with the operational decision area
(allocation of resources, level of cooperation, outsourcing,
e.t.c.) in order to reach a strategic fit between the enablers and
requirements of the beneficiaries.
Seybolt (2009) presents the Humanitarian assistance
community – people in need, governments, UN agencies, NGOs,
Political Missions, Military units and Donors – as a complex,
open, adaptive system. Poor coordination among Humanitarian,
Political and Military organization is cited as an explanation for
performance gaps. Seybolt describes three (3) constraints on
network development;
The sudden, massive workload following a crisis;
The need for trust among the system’s actors; and
The political interests of certain actors.
He argues that information sharing can help overcome these
obstacles.
According to Podolny and Page (1998) networks foster
learning, enable the attainment of status or legitimacy, provide
for autonomy, and facilitate the management of resource
dependencies. They also note possible economic benefits to the
coordination enabled by networks.
In summary, the humanitarian community has been
criticized for its lack of coordination or collaboration. While
there are many challenges, the literature aimed at commercial
supply chains contains useful conceptual and empirical work on
relationships; including some guidance on relationship building,
which can be adapted to the humanitarian context.
2.2 MEANING OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic, or environmental losses that
exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources.
A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from
the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability, and
insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk (UN/International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction, 2004). Therefore, disasters are not
unpredictable and unavoidable events but rather unsolved
problems of development.
Furthermore, Disaster risk management (DRM) refers to
the systematic process of using administrative decisions,
organization, operational skills, and capacities to implement
policies, strategies, and coping capacities of the society and
communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and
related environmental and technological disasters. This
includes all forms of activities, including structural and
nonstructural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit
(mitigation, preparedness, and response) the adverse effects of
hazards (adapted from UN/ISDR, 2004). DRM is usually divided
into three main areas of activity:
1. Disaster risk reduction (prevention, mitigation, and
preparedness),
2. Disaster response (rescue and relief ), and
3. Disaster recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction).
While these areas of activity are often referred to as
separate “phases” or components of disaster management for
administrative funding and programming purposes, in reality
they overlap and affect each other.
Key Definitions
Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a conceptual framework of elements considered with the purpose of minimizing vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society in order to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards and to facilitate sustainable development. DRR is a cross-cutting and development issue.The process of DRR is a complex one consisting of political, technical, participatory, and resource mobilization components. Therefore, DRR requires collective wisdom and efforts from national policy and decision makers from
various government sectors and from representatives from civil society, including academic institutions, the private sector, and the media (UN/ISDR, 2004).
Disaster Response Disaster response refers to the provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the needs of those affected. It is generally immediate and short-term (UN/ISDR Web site). The primary objective of this humanitarian assistance is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. It includes immediate post-disaster rescue and relief activities, such as the provision of food, water and sanitation, shelter, health services, and other assistance to the affected population. It also includes the protection of vulnerable people—for example, those involuntarily displaced from their homes by a hazard event or whose access to relief assistance may be affected by factors such as a disability (The Sphere Project, 2004).
Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) refers to the decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while
encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk. Recovery affords an opportunity to develop and apply disaster risk reduction measures (UN/ISDR, 2004).
RISK REDUCTION
Disaster risk reduction is founded on the principle that the
adverse impacts of hazards can be managed, reduced, and
sometimes even prevented by taking appropriate actions to
decrease people’s exposure to hazards and their susceptibility
to hazard impacts. Conversely, understanding and increasing
people’s capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover
from hazard impacts is an essential component of reducing
vulnerability. DRR aims to enable societies to be more resilient
to natural hazards and to ensure that development does not
inadvertently increase vulnerability to those hazards.
Therefore, recovery activities should do more than merely
return disaster-affected people and institutions back to the
situation that existed before a disaster. In particular, the
recovery phase of a disaster response also offers opportunities
to strengthen the capacity of communities and their
governments to cope with the impact of disasters and to
reduce their vulnerability to future hazards and shocks — for
instance, through restoring destroyed mangroves as protection
against storm surge, increasing fishing opportunities, or
developing the disaster management skills of local government
authorities. Likewise, DRR should be incorporated into regular
development planning and programming to reduce or avoid the
negative impacts of future hazard events.
RESPONSE
Disaster-affected populations initially will require critical
life-saving support. At the same time, their communities,
institutions, and livelihoods will have been physically destroyed
or weakened by the impact of the crisis. Many households and
communities will begin a process of self-recovery as soon as
possible after a disaster, out of practical necessity. The
vulnerabilities that turned a hazard into a disaster in the first
place often get recreated in the process. For example, homes
may be reconstructed using the same building techniques that
caused them to collapse. Poor households may resort to selling
off their scarce productive assets in the immediate aftermath of
a disaster in order to meet their basic needs and become even
more vulnerable to future shocks.
International experience also has demonstrated the close
links between relief and recovery. The choices made regarding
the kinds of relief assistance to be provided, and how it is
provided, can facilitate or hinder the recovery of affected
communities (Christoplos, 2006a). For instance, following the
2005 Pakistan earthquake, instead of distributing expensive
winterized tents with a limited lifespan, the Pakistan Poverty
Alleviation Fund (PPAF) provided affected communities with
corrugated galvanized iron sheets and tools. The tools and
materials were used by communities to build themselves
temporary shelters using wood and other materials salvaged
from the rubble. They could be used later in permanent home
reconstruction.
The choices made regarding the provision of relief also
can have positive or negative impacts on reducing disaster
risks—for example, undertaking a rapid environmental impact
assessment to identify whether toxic substances have been
released into the environment following an earthquake (e.g.,
the chemical leaks from factories damaged by the May 2008
earthquake in China1) and then mounting a campaign to
reduce the threat to nearby communities.
For these reasons, relief needs to be carried out with a view to
supporting and reinforcing the early recovery and risk reduction
of disaster-affected populations.
RECOVERY
When a natural disaster strikes in a poor community, not
only does it cause serious loss of life and property, it often
takes away or threatens the livelihoods and futures of those
who survived. This is especially the case where productive
household members have been lost or permanently disabled.
For many households, not only will their short-term economic
and social vulnerability be increased, but their ability to cope
with future shocks may also be eroded. These pressures can
contribute to increased poverty and marginalization in a
society. They can aggravate tensions or conflicts that may have
already existed within or between communities prior to the
disaster.
In the case of slow-onset or regularly recurring hazard
events or shocks, many poor communities live in a constant
state of recovery, where temporary relief has become a
permanent coping strategy. For example, in Malawi drought
occurs with such frequency that people have little time to
recover before another drought hits. This has resulted in
deepening poverty, chronic food insecurity, and aid
dependency.
Thus, in order to be effective and sustainable, recovery
initiatives must be linked to the national and local development
context and processes, as well as an understanding of the
economic, social, and political conditions that existed prior to
the disaster. Some of these are likely to have been contributing
factors to the risk and vulnerability that turned the hazard
event into a disaster; others — for instance, underlying
structural issues—may have an impact on the strategies
adopted for recovery. Lack of understanding of these processes
can lead to poorly targeted and inappropriate assistance. This
is equally the case for infrastructure rehabilitation and
reconstruction. There are many examples of schools and health
centers rebuilt after natural disasters that could not afford
ongoing maintenance costs or the staff to run them.
2.3 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL FUNDS AND COMMUNITY
DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT OPERATION IN DISASTER
RISK MANAGEMENT
Social funds, together with community-driven
development (CDD) operations, are the main instruments by
which the World Bank engages with, and delivers assistance to,
communities in developing countries. Social fund/CDD
operations represent a large portfolio for the World Bank,
accounting for $14 billion in funding over 2000 – 2007 (De Silva
and Sum, 2008). They exist in nearly all low-income, IDA-
supported countries.
Social funds are government agencies or programs that
channel grants to communities for small-scale development
projects. They are typically used to finance a mixture of socio-
economic infrastructure (e.g., building or rehabilitating schools,
water supply systems, roads), productive investments (e.g.,
micro-finance and income-generating projects), social services
(e.g., supporting nutrition campaigns, literacy programs, youth
training, support to the elderly and disabled), and capacity-
building programs (e.g., training for community-based
organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and
Local Governments).
Social fund sub-projects use community-driven
development approaches to ensure the active participation of
local actors. Support is usually focused on the poorest and most
vulnerable communities (De Silva and Sum, 2008).
International experience has shown that:
The effects of a disaster are first felt at the level of the
community, and the community is the first to respond
to a disaster.
Disaster risk reduction measures are most successful
when they involve the direct participation of the people
most likely to be exposed to hazards.
Investments in community-based preparedness and
early warning systems have proved to save lives,
protect property, and reduce economic losses.
Failure to understand the risk behavior and culture of
communities can lead to badly designed early warning
systems and risk awareness-raising campaigns.
The involvement of local people promotes self-reliance
and ensures that emergency management plans meet
local needs and circumstances.
Local communities are essential sources of indigenous
knowledge regarding hazards and mitigation.
Disaster relief and recovery responses that do not
directly involve the affected communities in deciding
their own needs and priorities frequently provide
inappropriate and unsustainable forms of assistance.
Organized communities are better able to demand
downward accountability.
A community-level focus facilitates the identification of
vulnerable groups.
Social funds and community-driven development
operations possess a number of characteristics that
lend themselves well to both reducing the risks posed
by natural hazards and responding effectively to natural
disasters (de Silva, 2008)
They are already established and working in countries at
both the local and national levels, including having a presence
in poor and often difficult-to-reach communities across a
country.
Because social fund/community-driven development
projects operate at national and local levels, unlike
most other Bank-funded projects, they are well
positioned to facilitate coordination and cohesiveness in
DRR and response.
They also are able to coordinate with several partners,
including government agencies, donors, NGOs, and the
private sector.
Their emphasis on poverty and vulnerability targeting,
as well as social inclusiveness, means that social
fund/community-driven development community-driven
development projects may already include the
communities and groups most at risk of being affected
by a natural disaster.
Social fund/community-driven development operations
are primarily engaged in community-level construction
and civil works programs that can be used for
emergency rehabilitation and reconstruction of basic
infrastructure and facilities following a disaster.
They also have flexible procedures for procurement and
disbursement that can be useful to more quickly
mobilize resources after a disaster.
Social fund/community-driven development operations
have proven efficient management practices.
Social fund/community-driven development operations
generally have effective public awareness campaigns
already in place that also can be used for disaster risk
management.
They have sound and participatory monitoring and
evaluation systems, based on solid baseline data and
cost-benefit analyses, which can be used for planning
and assessing post-disaster recovery solutions.
Social fund/community-driven development operations
have a good track record for incorporating lessons
learned into longer-term development strategies.
The demonstrated capacities of social fund/Community-
driven development operations in disaster risk reduction,
response, and recovery are needed to deal with the rapidly
rising risk of natural disasters, particularly in poor and
vulnerable communities.
Natural disasters can have direct, indirect, and secondary
socio-economic costs:
Direct Costs — physical damage, including to
productive capital and stocks (industrial plants,
standing crops, inventories), economic infrastructure
(roads, electricity supplies), and social infrastructure
(homes, schools). The reported data on the costs of
disasters relate predominantly to direct costs.
Indirect Costs —downstream disruption to the flow of
goods and services, such as lower output from
damaged or destroyed assets and infrastructure and
the loss of earnings as income-generating opportunities
are disrupted. Disruption of the provision of basic
services, such as telecommunications or water supply,
for instance, can have far-reaching implications. This
category also includes the costs of both medical
expenses and lost productivity arising from the
increased incidence of disease, injury, and death.
However, gross indirect costs are also partly offset by
the positive downstream effects of rehabilitation and
reconstruction efforts, such as more activity in the
construction industry.
Secondary Costs—short- and long-term impacts of a
disaster on the overall economy and socio-economic
conditions, such as fiscal and monetary performance,
levels of household and national indebtedness, the
distribution of income and the scale and incidence of
poverty, and the effects of relocating or restructuring
the economy (Benson, 2002 in UNDP, 2004).
Natural disasters also can adversely affect social
relationships and networks, some of which are associated with
the resilience of communities to hazards. These “social capital”
costs are important but can be difficult to measure.
DISASTERS AND POVERTY
Vulnerability to risk and income shocks emanating from
natural disasters is one of the fundamental dimensions of
poverty. For this reason, disasters have been increasingly
recognized as a threat to sustainable development, poverty
reduction, and the achievement of a number of the Millennium
Development Goals.
Although the largest absolute economic losses from
disasters occur in higher-income countries, lower-income
countries suffer far more in relative terms. Losses can be up to
20 times greater as a percentage of gross domestic products in
developing countries than in industrial ones, while over 95
percent of all disaster-related deaths occur in developing
countries (World Bank/Disaster Risk Management Web site,
2008). While empirical studies demonstrate that most disaster-
affected households are partially able to smooth consumption
following a natural disaster, the evidence suggests that poor
households are less able to cope than the non-poor (Vakis et al,
2004). The poor are particularly exposed to natural disasters
and have limited access to the means to reduce their impacts.
First, the poor are more likely to reside in hazardous
locations and in substandard housing, which makes them more
susceptible to natural disasters. Institutional weaknesses in
governance, such as poor urban planning, may increase the
exposure and susceptibility of the poor (as well as the non-
poor) to hazards. The poor also tend to own fewer productive
assets and to have a greater dependence on their own labor to
meet their livelihood needs. This gives them fewer options to
cope with the impacts of the loss of assets or the death or
disability of household members. Many households will use sub-
optimal or even harmful coping options, such as reducing
consumption expenditures on food, health, and education or
trying to increase incomes by sending children to work. In
addition, exposure to natural hazards affects the income-
generating decisions of households. This can have long-term
implications in the form of lower future income streams, longer
recovery, and poverty traps.
Further to this, the poor have an important stake in public
infrastructure, which, when destroyed by a disaster, becomes
difficult to replace. Replacements are often delayed, and
reconstruction resources are diverted from other poverty-
reducing development projects (DFID, 2004).
Finally, informal arrangements constitute the main source
of risk management for the majority of the world’s poor. As
most lack access to comprehensive market and public
supported arrangements, largely due to socio-economic
barriers, poor households and communities use informal and
personal arrangements to protect themselves from risk.
Informal arrangements may be supplemented with semi-formal
arrangements, such as microcredit and micro insurance
(Mechler & Linnerooth-Bayer with Peppiatt, 2007; Bhattamishra
and Barrett, 2008). Both are key components of coping
strategies when a disaster strikes. At the same time, such
arrangements can become overwhelmed or eroded by natural
disasters. A massive earthquake affecting millions of people
over a wide area will stretch most indigenous coping systems,
just as repeated years of drought will exhaust communities’
food and cash reserves. The exposure of many households in
the same locality to the same or similar shock(s) is referred to
as “covariate shock.”5 These coping mechanisms also may be
inadequate for events that were not anticipated and for which
there is no prior experience, such as exposure to new or
increased risks through climate change. Disasters may lead to
or exacerbate the “poverty cycle,” as survivors, for instance,
take out high-interest loans or default on existing loans, sell
assets, or engage in low-risk, low-yield farming to lessen their
exposure to extreme events (Twigg, 2004).
Thus disasters can induce poverty. People who are living
on the margins of poverty can become poor and the poor can
become destitute due to their vulnerability and inability to
mitigate disaster impacts. The vulnerability of the poor also is
increased in countries that are both disaster-prone and in or
emerging from violent conflict, due to exposure to multiple
shocks and weak or non-existent governance structures. In
turn, conflict and insecurity have also arisen from the slow
buildup of disasters that result from a lack of resources, and
sometimes from increased vulnerability following a disaster
(World Bank/IEG, 2007c).
Rising Disaster Risk
Disasters triggered by natural hazards put development
gains at risk. At the same time, development decisions can
unwittingly contribute to perpetuating or increasing risk, as well
as increasing or creating new forms of vulnerability (UNDP,
2004). Increasing vulnerabilities stemming from population
growth, unplanned urbanization, globalization, environmental
degradation, and technological and socio-economic conditions
have combined with geological, hydro-meteorological, and
human-made hazards to increase disaster frequency and
impact. For instance, damage assessments from the bombing
and attacks of church & mosque gathering in Borno State by
the insurgents (Boko Harram) and in Niger-Delta region,
concluded that there was significantly more damage to human
lives and livelihoods.
Disaster mortality is already very low in industrial
countries and has been rapidly reducing in many developing
countries through a combination of better development
conditions and improvements in early warning, preparedness,
and response. However, as the frequency and impact of
disasters have increased, economic and social assets, along
with the livelihoods of affected populations, have become
increasingly at risk.
The uncertainties brought by climate change may also
erode and reverse the progress made in mortality reduction.
Impact of Climate Change
Climate change also is contributing to increasing disaster
frequency and impact.
Disaster types can be classified as geological (e.g., volcanic
eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, earthquakes), hydro-
meteorological (e.g., floods, droughts, typhoons, severe
storms), and biological (e.g., epidemics and pest infestations).
Climate variation is changing rainfall patterns,
temperatures, and typhoon paths (IPCC,
2007). In 2007 alone, Mexico suffered from its worst flooding in
five decades. Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, and Sudan were
affected by the most severe flooding in years. China
experienced its heaviest snowfall in 56 years, while Buenos
Aires had its first major snowfall since 1918. The South Indian
cyclone season also saw more activity than usual, with 10
storms and eight cyclones; two Category 5 hurricanes made
landfall in the same season in the Atlantic for the first time
since 1886. These events reflect the overall trend in recent
years of rising risks due to climate change (UNEP, 2008).
The poor are particularly sensitive and susceptible to the
impacts of climate change, as even small changes can have
devastating consequences on their livelihoods and stretch
coping capacities to the limit. “Those who depend on nature for
their living are increasingly unable to figure out what to expect
and what decisions to make (e.g., what or when to plant, given
changes in rainfall timing and intensity)”.
Overall, the changing patterns of natural disasters will
require better coordination and organization of local, national,
and international development and humanitarian actors to
support communities to reduce their risks and impacts. New
and innovative partnerships may also need to be forged at all
levels to find creative solutions to newly emerging challenges
and problems, such as the loss of traditional livelihoods or
living spaces.
2.4 INTEGRATING COMMUNITY BASKED DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT INTO THE PROJECT CYCLE
Communities often have different perceptions of relative
risk and priorities for action than external agencies. These need
to be understood and incorporated into calculations of project
risk and socio-economic cost-benefit analyses. They also need
to form part of a dialogue to combine community and
government priorities, interests, and capacities if sustainable
and relevant disaster risk reduction outcomes are to be
achieved.
Also, some communities or members of communities may
be unaware of certain hazards (e.g., if they have not yet
experienced the effects of climate change or not yet had an
earthquake or not had one for many years). There is evidence
of VCAs leading to better community hazard awareness and
identification (Benson and Twigg, 2007).
To achieve such outcomes requires comprehensive
engagement with communities, including robust dialogue and
information-sharing with them at each stage of the VCA
process.
Once national and/or local hazard, vulnerability, and
capacity assessments have been completed—either through an
(H)VCA, a modified RVA, or some combination of methods that
is most practical for the social fund/CDD operation concerned—
CBDRM sub-projects and activities can also be identified and
designed. This can be done with only modest adaptation of the
usual processes of geographic targeting, menu and eligibility
criteria, and an inclusive and participatory sub-project
identification and implementation process, as follows:
1. Target geographic areas that have been identified as
being both hazard prone and having high levels of
vulnerability through the project’s risk assessment
processes. Hazard and vulnerability mapping, linked to
existing poverty maps, would be an important element of
this work.
2. Include CBDRM activities in sub-project menus and
eligibility criteria.
3. Design socially inclusive disaster management sub-
projects that target the most vulnerable, including, but not
limited to, persons with disabilities, children, women, and
the elderly. Designs should be based on the needs and
priorities identified through community VCAs, in full
consultation with the government authorities.
4. Incorporate CBDRM into the information, education, and
communication activities undertaken by social fund/CDD
operations.
2.5 DEVELOPING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
(PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND MITIGATION)
Disaster preparedness and emergency response systems
are typically designed for people without disabilities, for whom
escape or rescue involves walking, running, driving, seeing,
hearing, and quickly responding to instructions, alerts, and
evacuation announcements. The following are the steps to be
taken:
PREVENTION: Government should ensure that
activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse
impact of hazards and means to minimize related
environmental, technological, and biological disasters.
PREPAREDNESS: During these phases, activities and
measures taken in advance to ensure effective
response to the impact of hazards, including the
issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the
temporary evacuation of people and property from
threatened locations. Government, NGO, and
individuals need to develop plans to save lives,
minimize disaster damage and enhance disaster
response operations.
MITIGATION: Structural and non-structural measures
undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural
hazards, environmental degradation, and technological
hazards.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the method used in adopting
data collection.
Research Methodology involves the basic techniques
of Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities. It is to define the
method to follow in gathering the relevant information of
the study.
We have considered at this stage the validity and the
relationship of the required information.
The implication is that this particular result would
likely be arrived at, should incase or way another
researcher or interested person volunteer to carry out
research on this topic.
Research Methodology includes the following:
- Research instrument;
- Population of the study;
- Method of data analysis;
- Data analysis and;
- Research design.
3.1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The research instrument of this study is the questionnaire
contains twenty-six (26) questions, which were designed to
elicit information on both demographic characteristics of the
respondents and on major problem of study.
Question 1 – 7 were on demographic attributes of the
respondent. This is because of the need to measure the
attitude of the respondents to the Humanitarian Supply Chain
Activities (such as Provision of Shelter, Water, Food, Health
Care/Medications, Money, Education and Securities) as tools for
Building Strong Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities Through
Resilience In Disaster Relief In Problematic Country.
Question 8 – 27 (sought) were designed to get information
from respondents (Borno State) to know whether they have
used Humanitarian Supply Chain how often they do so and
whether or not they have experienced positive change through
the Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities they adopted.
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population of this study can be considered to include
all the people or citizen or inhabitants of Borno State, but due
to the fact that the inhabitants were numerous and the current
situation in the State, the scope of this study were limited to
few inhabitants of Borno State, Nigeria.
3.3 SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size for this study was 40 respondents out of
the entire population of Borno State. Though this sample is
small compared to the entire inhabitants, it was due to the
inability of the researcher to possibly study the whole
population of Borno State inhabitants.
3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Data were collected through the research instrument
(questionnaire) administered to the people (travelers from the
State) of Borno State. This was adopted because it was realized
that the people (Stalites/travelers from/in the State) were in
best position to determine whether or not the (supply chain
activities) adopted by the Humanitarians or Philanthropists
have great impact in improving their performance.
3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The method of data analysis adopted in this study involves
the use of tables, with percentages and chi-square method as
well as other relevant statistics.
3.6 RESEARCH DESIGN
Data can be defined as the raw facts about society or an
organization. Data is the term going to all the facts and figures
that are generated by records of an event, and activity or a
situation.
TYPES OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA: this is a kind of data which have been
collected fresh; it is used by the respondent for a specific
purpose.
ADVANTAGES
1. It is suitable for problem under study.
2. It makes study of past event possible.
3. It is a way of setting sources of information.
DISADVANTAGES
1. The respondent gives bias answer.
2. The respondent may give inaccurate information.
METHOD OF COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
PERSONAL INTERVIEW: This involves asking questions from
respondent face-to-face.
ADVANTAGES
1. More information can be obtained.
2. It saves time; that is the answer is received immediately.
3. It is very terrible.
SECONDARY DATA
This is the type of data obtained from data that have
already been collected for other purpose. Data collected from
this method must be used with great care because data may
not be exact kind of information needed.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION
This chapter deals with the analysis, presentation and
interpretation of the data collected during the field survey.
There is also greater need to analyzed the data collected since
all data issued in this research study were collected with the
use of questionnaire. The data collected shall be critically
analyzed by using appropriate statistical formula, such as
percentage and chi-square method. Forty (40) questionnaires
were returned out of seventy (70) that were administered. This
however presents seventy-one percent (71%) response rate.
The questions were meant for inhabitants of Borno State,
Nigeria.
4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTION
Respondents (Qualificatio
n)
Questionnaire Administered
Questionnaire
Returned
Percentage
O’Level 50 23 73
Diploma 16 4 20
Degree 4 3 7
Total 70 30 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
From the data and table above, 23 out of 50 distributed
were administered to O’Level Holder (which also covers those
who are not educated) with the total returned of 73% while the
Diploma holder and Degree holder are 4 out of 16 and 4
questionnaire distributed respectively were administered with
20% and 7% from 30 returned.
TABLE 2
QUESTION 1: Demography
QUALIFICATIO
N
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
O’Level 27 67.5
Diploma 12 30
Degree 4 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
From the table above, out of the 40 respondents, 27 and 12
were chosen from O’Level, Diploma holders respectively while 4
were Degree holders. This grouping was done because they are
the major decision area in knowing fully well about the current
occurrence in the State.
TABLE 3: SEX DISTRIBUTION
QUALIFICATIO
N
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Male 16 40
Female 24 60
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
From the table above, it shows that 40% of the respondents
were Male while the remaining 60% were Female.
TABLE 4: AGE DISTRIBUTION
AGE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
10 – 20 15 37.5
21 – 30 22 55
31 – Above 3 7.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above, shows that out of 40 respondents, 15 were
chosen from 10 – 20, 22 were chosen from 21 – 30 while 3 from
31 - Above.
TABLE 5: MARITAL STATUS
MARITAL STATUS RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Married 32 80
Single 8 20
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above shows that out of 100% of the respondents,
80% were married while 20% were single.
TABLE 6: RELIGION
RELIGION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Christian 12 30
Muslim 28 70
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above shows that out of 100% of the respondents,
70% were Muslims while 30% were Christians.
TABLE 7: EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION
RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
O’Level 35 87.5
Diploma 4 10
Degree 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
From the table above, out of 40 respondents, 35 and 4 were
chosen from O’Level, Diploma holders respectively while only 1
was Degree holder.
TABLE 8: LENGTH OF SERVICE
LENGTH OF SERVICE RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Below 5 Years 30 75
5 – 9 Years 6 15
10 – 14 Years 4 10
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above table shows the length of service of the respondents
which shows the below 5 years were 75%, 5 – 9 years are, out
of 40 respondents, 35 and 4 were while 10 – 14 years were
10% of the percentage of the respondents.
TABLE 9: RANKS/POSITIONRANKS/POSITION RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Top Level 8 20
Middle Level 13 32.5
Low Level 19 47.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above shows that out of 40 respondents, 8 were in
Top level, 13 were in Middle Level while 19 were in Low Level.
TABLE 10: Who are the main actors involved and their
responsibilities within humanitarian relief supply chain?
Question 8: Do you think language incoherent
contributes to disaster in the State?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 10 25
Agreed 20 50
Disagreed 7 17.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
From the analysis above, it shows that, 25% Strongly Agreed,
50% Agreed, 17.5% Disagreed, 5% Strongly Disagreed while
2.5% are undecided by the respondents to the response about
language incoherent in the state.
TABLE 11: Who are the main actors involved and their
responsibilities within humanitarian relief supply chain?
Question 9: Has Government been responding positively
to the disaster occurrences?
RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
S
Strongly Agreed 6 15
Agreed 11 27.5
Disagreed 16 40
Strongly Disagreed 5 12.5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The analysis indicates the proportion of Government response
to disaster occurrences, 15% Strongly Agreed, 27.5% Agreed,
40% Disagreed, 12.5% Strongly Disagreed while 5% are
undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 12: What are the phases in the general process of
disaster management?
Question 10: The education and training programmes
reduce disaster?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 5 12.5
Agreed 20 50
Disagreed 6 15
Strongly Disagreed 4 10
Undecided 5 12.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The analysis above indicates that, 5 respondents Strongly
Agreed, 20 Agreed, 6 Disagreed, 4 Strongly Disagreed while 5
are undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 13
Question 11: The losses are so much that the
Government cannot help all the victims
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 15 37.5
Agreed 18 45
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 3 7.5
Undecided 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The analysis above indicates that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 15 Strongly Agreed, 18 Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 3 Strongly
Disagreed while 1 was undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 14
Question 12: Does the occurrence in the State cause the
downfall of the State’s economy?
RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
S
Strongly Agreed 15 37.5
Agreed 16 40
Disagreed 4 10
Strongly Disagreed 3 7.5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The analysis above indicates that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 15 Strongly Agreed, 16 Agreed, 4 Disagreed, 3 Strongly
Disagreed while 2 was undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 15: What are the supply chain strategies for
Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain?
Question 13: Awareness rising are cross-cutting
elements that strengths all aspects risk management?
RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
S
Strongly Agreed 9 22.5
Agreed 15 37.5
Disagreed 9 22.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 5 12.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The analysis above indicates that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 9 Strongly Agreed, 15 Agreed, 2 Disagreed, 9 Strongly
Disagreed while 5 were undecided.
TABLE 16
Question 14: If the countries act firmly and immediately
to reduce their vulnerability and strengthen their
resilience, they will be able to protect lives?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 15 37.5
Agreed 19 47.5
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above analysis indicates that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 15 Strongly Agreed, 19 Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 2 Strongly
Disagreed while 1 was undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 17
Question 15: Risk cannot be completely eliminated?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 16 40
Agreed 15 37.5
Disagreed 5 12.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above table analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 16 Strongly Agreed, 15 Agreed, 5 Disagreed, 2 Strongly
Disagreed while 2 were undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 19: What are the critical success factors of
Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain?
Question 17: The use of supply chain is one of the major
tools in resilience disaster preparedness?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 9 22.5
Agreed 16 40
Disagreed - -
Strongly Disagreed 13 32.5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above table analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 9 Strongly Agreed, 16 Agreed, 13 Strongly Disagreed
while 2 were undecided by the respondents in knowing the
critical success factors of Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain.
TABLE 18
Question 16: Government organization and individuals
needs to develop plans to save lives and minimize
disaster damage?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 16 40
Agreed 18 45
Disagreed 2 5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above table analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 16 Strongly Agreed, 18 Agreed, 2 Disagreed, 2 Strongly
Disagreed while 2 were undecided by the respondents.
TABLE 20:
Question 18: Government of the State collaborate with
the foreign experts in stopping the disaster and putting
an end to the occurrence?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 10 25
Agreed 17 42.5
Disagreed 7 17.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 4 10
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above table analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 10 Strongly Agreed, 17 Agreed, 7 Disagreed, 2 Strongly
Disagreed while 4 were undecided.
TABLE 21
Question 19: Providing security for protection of lives
and properties are the main thing that will reduce the
risk?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 11 27.5
Agreed 26 65
Disagreed 1 2.5
Strongly Disagreed 1 2.5
Undecided 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The above table analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 10 Strongly Agreed, 17 Agreed, 1 Disagreed, 1 Strongly
Disagreed while 1 was undecided.
TABLE 22: What are performance metrics in
Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain?
Question 20: Providing of daily needs and health
medications will go a long way in helping the situation?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 14 35
Agreed 18 45
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 1 2.5
Undecided 4 10
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 14 Strongly Agreed, 18 Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 1 Strongly
Disagreed while 4 were undecided.
TABLE 23
Question 21: Disaster can be avoided through
preparedness?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 12 30
Agreed 17 42.5
Disagreed 4 10
Strongly Disagreed 3 7.5
Undecided 4 10
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze that, out of 40 respondents
chosen 12 Strongly Agreed, 17 Agreed, 4 Disagreed, 3 Strongly
Disagreed while 4 were undecided about whether disaster can
be avoided through preparedness.
TABLE 24
Question 22: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities
react very fast to the occurrences?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 9 22.5
Agreed 14 35
Disagreed 8 20
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Undecided 7 17.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze that, 9 Strongly Agreed, 14
Agreed, 8 Disagreed, 2 Strongly Disagreed while 7 were
undecided out of 40 respondents.
TABLE 25
Question 23: Through prevention and mitigation, the
risk can be eliminated?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 13 32.5
Agreed 21 52.5
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 1 2.5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze that, 13 Strongly Agreed, 21
Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 1 Strongly Disagreed while 2 were
undecided out of 40 respondents.
TABLE 26
Question 24: Logistic is one of the most important tools
now in disaster relief operation?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 12 30
Agreed 19 47.5
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 4 10
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze that, 12 Strongly Agreed, 19
Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 4 Strongly Disagreed while 2 were
undecided out of 40 respondents.
TABLE 27
Question 25: The use of supply chain is one of the major
tools in relevance disaster preparedness?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 12 30
Agreed 17 42.5
Disagreed 4 10
Strongly Disagreed 3 7.5
Undecided 4 10
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze indicates that, out of 40
respondents 12 Strongly Agreed, 17 Agreed, 4 Disagreed, 3
Strongly Disagreed while 4 were undecided.
TABLE 27
Question 25: The use of supply chain is one of the major
tools in relevance disaster preparedness?
RESPONDENT
S
PERCENTAGE
Strongly Agreed 13 32.5
Agreed 21 52.5
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 1 2.5
Undecided 2 5
Total 40 100
Source: Field Survey (2014)
The table above analyze indicates that, out of 40
respondents 13 Strongly Agreed, 21 Agreed, 3 Disagreed, 1
Strongly Disagreed while 2 were undecided.
4.3 TESTING OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
To further comprehend the building of strong
humanitarian supply chain activities through resilience in
disaster relief in problematic Country. The formulated
hypothesis shall be tested using chi-square test statistics. The
statistic hypotheses are the null hypothesis (H I) all of which are
tested as 5% level of significance, chi-square test statistic is
used to compare the expected value with the observed value.
Where x2C = Test Statistic
Oi = The observed frequency
Ei = The expected frequency
X2t = Critical Value
N1 = Degree of Freedom
Hypotheses that are formulated in order to reject the
alternative hypothesis is called null hypothesis and it is
denoted by 110. The rejection of 110 lead to the acceptance of
alternative hypothesis which denoted by 111.
Chi-square analysis procedure
i. Formulated the null hypothesis and alternative the
null hypothesis (Ho) specific parameter value to be
rejected or to be accepted (H1)
ii. Specify the significance level to be used.
iii. Computation of the statistic x2c. This is the value
based on the same used to determine whether the
null hypothesis should be rejected or accepted.
iv. Established the critical value (x2t) from a statistic.
v. Make the decision the computed value and the
degree of freedom is also determined.
Decision rule – If the calculated value is greater than the table
value reject Ho and accept H1.
Hypothesis 1
Ho: Government has not been responding positively to the
disaster occurrences.H1: Government has been responding positively to the disaster occurrences.
OI EI OI – EI (OI – EI) E(OI – EI)EIA 6 8 -2 4 0.5
B 11 8 3 9 1.13C 16 8 8 64 8D 5 8 -3 9 1.13E 2 8 -6 36 4.5Tota
l40 x2c =
15.26Source: Field Survey
Degree of Freedom = (R – 1) (C – 1)
= (4 – 1) (2 – 1)
= (3) (1)
From chi-square talk at 95% level of significance 0.05 at 3
degree of freedom x2t at 0.05 = 7.8
Decision Rule: If x2c < x2t reject Ho and accept H1 i.e. 15.26 >
7.8, reject Ho and reject H1.
Conclusion: since the table is less than computed value, we
reject the H0 and accept H1 which says that “Government has
been responding positively to the disaster occurrences”.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very
slowly to the occurrences.H1: Humanitarian relief supply chain activities react very fast to the occurrences.
OI EI OI – EI (OI – EI) E(OI – EI)EIA 9 8 1 1 0.125B 14 8 6 36 4.5C 8 8 0 0 0D 2 8 -6 36 4.5E 7 8 -1 1 0.125Tota
l40 x2c = 4.75
Source: Field Survey
Degree of Freedom = (R – 1) (C – 1)
= (4 – 1) (2 – 1)
= (3) (1)
From chi-square talk at 95% level of significance 0.05 at 3
degree of freedom x2t at 0.05 = 7.8
Decision Rule: If x2c < x2t reject Ho and accept H1 i.e. 4.75 >
7.8, reject Ho and reject H1.
Conclusion: Since the table is less than computed value, we
reject the H0 and accept H1 which says that “Humanitarian
relief supply chain activities react very fast to the occurrences”.
Hypothesis 3
Ho: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk cannot be
completely eliminated.H1: Through prevention and mitigation, the risk can be completely eliminated.
OI EI OI – EI (OI – EI) E(OI – EI)EIA 13 8 5 25 3.125B 21 8 13 169 21.125C 3 8 -5 25 3.125D 1 8 -7 49 6.125E 2 8 -6 36 4.5Tota
l40 x2c = 38
Source: Field Survey
Degree of Freedom = (R – 1) (C – 1)
= (4 – 1) (2 – 1)
= (3) (1)
From chi-square talk at 95% level of significance 0.05 at 3
degree of freedom x2t at 0.05 = 7.8
Decision Rule: If x2c < x2t reject Ho and accept H1 i.e. 38 > 7.8,
reject Ho and reject H1.
Conclusion: Since the table is less than computed value, we
reject the H0 and accept H1 which says that “Through
prevention and mitigation, the risk can be completely
eliminated”.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The purpose of this study is to establish a frame work
through which the concept of “Building Strong Humanitarian
Supply Chain Activities through Resilience in Disaster Relief in
Problematic Country”. The first chapter gave a general
introduction of the study. It talked about the history of Borno
State, Nigeria. Likely, statement of the problem of the study,
scope, significance of the study for better understanding of if
there be any need for furthering research work on this
particular topic. The limitation of the study as well as the
method used in collecting the data cannot be excluded.
The second chapter reviewed the contribution of various
scholars with regard to Building Strong Humanitarian Supply
Chain Activities through Resilience in Disaster Relief in
Problematic Country.
The chapter reveals meaning of humanitarian supply
chain, meaning of disaster risk management, The Role of social
funds and community driven development operation in disaster
risk management, integrating community basked disaster risk
management into the project cycle. It also explains further on
by giving out the strategies needed in developing disaster risk
reduction (Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation).
Chapter 3 and 4 deals with research methodology which
stated the method that was used in carrying out the research
work likewise the method of analyzing the data collected while
the analysis and presentation of data collected were discussed
critically in order to arrive to the finding and objective of the
study.
The chapter reveals the chi-square method and
percentage which were used in analyzing the research works
for better understanding and more appropriate to read.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Logistics is a very important tool in averting natural disaster
having Humanitarian Supply Chain activities as its branch which
specializes in organizing the delivery and warehousing of
suppliers during natural disasters. Type and quantity of the
resources, way of procure and storage of the suppliers, tools of
tracking and means of transportation, specialization of teams
into fields of operation and plan of cooperation are issues
related to it through resilient in disaster relief in affected area.
The use of supply chain is one of the major tool in resilient in
disaster preparedness among surveillance, rehearsal, warning
and “hazard analysis”. Precautions such as organizing
emergency response plans help in preparedness towards
disaster.
Technology serves as a key factor to the development of
supply chain through biometric for identifying person or
unauthorized substances, wireless communications e.t.c.
In conclusion, the enhancement of the speed humanitarian
aid, which depends on the ability of logistic to procure transport
and receive supplies at the site of humanitarian relief effort, is
the major rationale behind this context.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
This research was in depth of the effect of Building Strong
Humanitarian Supply Chain Activities through Resilience in
Disaster Relief in Problematic Country in view of result of the
tested hypothesis and response from questionnaire.
We recommend that
i. Government has been responding positively to the
disaster occurrences.
ii. Based on research, Humanitarian relief supply chain
activities react very fast to the occurrences.
iii. With the research made, risk can be completely eliminated
through prevention and mitigation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000)
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (2004) Building
Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia: A Way Forward, ADPC Looks
Ahead to 2015. Bangkok: ADPC.
de Silva, S. (2008) “Role of Social Funds and Community
Driven Programs in Natural Disaster Management,”
Presentation to Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially
Sustainable Development Meeting on Adaptation to Climate
Change, Helsinki, May. Washington, DC: World Bank
(unpublished).
de Silva, S., and J. Sum (2008) Social Funds as an
Instrument of Social Protection: An Analysis of Lending Trends,
FY 2000-2007. Washington, DC: World Bank/HDNSP.
Encyclo.co.uk © (2014)
Goldsby and Garcia – Dastugue, (2003): Supplier
Relationship Management – Journal of business logistics vol. 26
Kovacs and Spens (2007): “Logistics theory building” –
Journal of Supply Chain Management. Risk Management in
regional humanitarian relief operations.
Lambert and Knemeyer (2004): in their December 2004
article titled “We’re in this together – Harvard Business Review”
McLachlan et. al, (2009), Environmental Health Perspectives
Oxford dictionary (2003) – meaning of Humanitarian
Podolny and Page (1998): Network forms of organization
Seybolt (2009): Harmonizing Humanitarian Aid Network
Sheu (2007), Humanitarian Supply Chain (Logistics)
Slack and Lewis, (2002), Manufacturing Strategy Linked to
Project Life Cycle.
Thomas and Mizushima, (2005, p.60) A community-based
approach to supply chain design
Tomasini and van Wassenhove (2009): Article titled – “from
preparedness to partnership”. Humanitarian Logistics
van Wassenhove, L.(2006): Humanitarian aid logistics:
Supply chain management in high gear – Journal of the
operational research society (2006) 57, 475 – 489.
Benson and Twigg (2007): Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster
Risk Reduction: Guidance Notes for Development
Organisations. Geneva: ProVention Consortium.
http://www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/default/pdfs/tools
_for_mainstreaming_DRR.pdf
Twigg J (2007): Characteristics of a Disaster-resilient
Community: A Guidance Note. London: DFID.
http://www.sheltercentre.org/shelterlibrary/publications/578.ht
m
QUESTIONNAIRE
INSTRUCTION – Please tick the appropriate option for the
question below.
Section A
1. Demography
2. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )
3. Marital Status: Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorce ( )
4. Religion: Muslim ( ) Christian ( ) Others ( )
5. Educational Qualification: O’Level ( ) Diploma ( )
Degree ( )
6. Length of service: Below 5 years ( ) 5 – 9 years (
) 10 – 14 years ( )
7. Ranks/Position:Top Level ( ) Middle Level ( )
Low Level ( )
SECTION B
Respond Codes
Agree (A)
Strongly Agree (SA)
Disagreed (D)
Strongly Disagreed (SD)
Undecided (U)
S/N QUESTIONS A SA D S
D
U
8. Do you think language incoherent
contributes to disaster in the State?
9. Has Government been responding
positively to the disaster occurrences?
10. The education and training programmes
reduce disaster?
11. The losses are so much that the
Government cannot help all the victims
12. Does the occurrence in the State cause
the downfall of the State’s economy?
13. Awareness rising are cross-cutting
elements that strength all aspects in risk
management?
14. If the Countries act firmly and
immediately to reduce their vulnerability
and strengthen their resilience, they will
be able to protect lives.
15. Risk cannot be completely eliminated.
16. Government organization and individuals
needs to develop plans to save lives and
minimize damage.
17. The use of supply chain is one of the
major tools in resilience disaster
preparedness.
18. Government of the state collaborate with
the foreign experts in stopping the
disaster and putting an end to the
occurrence.19. Providing security for protection of lives
and properties are the main thing that
will reduce the risk.
20. Provision of daily needs and health
medications will go a long way in helping
the situation.
21. Disaster can be avoided through
preparedness.
22. Humanitarian relief supply chain
activities react fast to the occurrences.
23. Through prevention and mitigation the
risk can be eliminated.
24. Logistic is one of the most important
tools now in disaster relief operation.
25. The use of supply chain is one of the
major tools in relevance disaster
preparedness.
26. Technology is a key factor to which to
achieve better result in disaster supply
chain.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CBDM: Community-based disaster managementCBDRM: Community-based disaster risk managementCDD: Community-driven developmentDFID: Department for International Development (U.K.)DRM: Disaster Risk ManagementDRR: Disaster Risk ReductionIDA: International Development AssociationIEG: Independent Evaluation GroupIPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeNGO: Nongovernmental organizationVCA: vulnerability and capacity analysisUNDP: United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP: United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationUN-OCHA: United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian AssistanceUSAID: United States Agency for International Development