building enclosure in hong kong

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B U I L D I N G E N C L O S U R E

IN HONG KONG


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BUI LD I NG E NCLOS URE

IN HONG KONG

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H O N G K O N G U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S


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Hong Kong University Press

14/F Hing Wai Centre

7 Tin Wan Praya Road

Aberdeen, Hong Kong

Hong Kong University Press 1998

ISBN 962 209 449 X

All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including

photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without

permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in Hong Kong by United League Graphic & Printing Co., Ltd.


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CONTENTS

Fore wo rd by Professor Eric K.C . Lye vii

Preface viii

Acknowledgements ix

Part

I:

Introduction

1 .

Enclos ures for Buildings in Ho ng Kon g 1

Part II : Hong Kong Case Studies

Environmental Issues

2 . Verbena Heights 9

3 .

Ho ng Kon g Technical College (Tsing Yi) 25

4. Public Toilet at Ng on g Ping 35

5.

The New Peng Chau Ma rket 45

Small Building Design

6. Ma ple Gard en Phase 3 55

Cladding and Glass Wall

7.

The Peninsula Hotel Extension 65

8. The Adm inistration Building at Lantau Island Crossing 79

Curtain W all

9. The Lee Garde ns 91

1 0.

The Centre 105

1 1 . Titus Square 11 5

v


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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Hong Kong

Creative Expression

1 2.

The British Con sulate-G eneral 125

1 3 .

The Peak Tower 13 9

1 4.

St. Tho ma s the Apostle Church 153

Local Technology

1 5.

Bishop Lei Interna tional Ho use 163

Advanced Technology Expression

1 6. The New KCR C Stat ion 173

1 7.

The Ho ng Kong Stadium 187

1 8.

The Ho ng Kong Coliseum 201

Prefabrication and Standardization

1 9 .

H a u T a k E s tate 2 0 7

2 0 . Sheung Tak Estate 21 7

Sophistication of Design

2 1 .

Ho ng Kong Convention and Exhibit ion Centre Extension 225

Bibliography 245

VI


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F O R E W O R D

This publication is a significant f irst step in dealing with the problem of

building enclosure in Hong Kong. The hot, humid climate usually creates

many problems for enclosures, especially when air and water pollution affect

the outer surface of buildings. This is often compounded in Hong Kong by

condensation and poor exterior and interior maintenance.

I am happy to see that a publication of this kind has appeared. I hope i t

sets a trend so that more technical feedback can help architects and clients

become more aware of the technical as well as aesthetic issues relating to

enclosures.

I am less concerned with the outer appearance of the enclosure as this is

largely a matter of cost and personal preferences. The appropriate use of

m at er i a l s an d t he i r consequence s is ano t her f ac t or t ha t needs f ur t her

investigation.

For now, this book is an exceptionally good beginning.

Eric K.C. Lye

Chair Professor

Department of Architecture

The University of Hong Kong


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View of Hong Kong Central f rom

Victor ia Harbour.

PREFACE

This edition of Building Enclosure in Hong Kong is intended as an educational

tool for s tudents of architecture or construction as well as an academic

exchange of practice methodology for fellow professionals. The aim is to

contribute to the advancement of architecture through education and practice.

The importance of the building enclosure as an expression of the building

form and functions is equal to that of the plan. Materials form components.

C o m p o n e n ts f o r m th e b u i ld in g e n v e lo p e . P e r f o r m a n c e o f th e m a te r ia l s

influences various aspects of the enclosure including appearance, use and

maintenance. What also matters is the way to assemble these material parts

as details.

The case s tudies present 20 buildings from Hong Kong ranging from

small houses to large projects by local and foreign architects. In some cases,

technology is used to express symbolism or human advancement . In other

cases environmental concerns have been raised by architects and into the

design of the enclosure. Curtain wall and cladding continue to be used in

Hong Kong for commercial and institutional buildings to varied effect.

A splendid palette of examples can thus be seen in the enclosures for

buildings in Hong Kong. Continued development is expected in the search

for design excellence and sustainability.

VIM


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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

The author is grateful to the following architectural firms for their assistance

and permission to use their drawings in the case studies: All Arts Limited;

Anthony Ng Architects Ltd. ; Architectural Services Department; Dennis Lau

& Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers (HK) Ltd.; Foster Asia (Hong Kong)

Ltd.; The Hong Kong Housing Authority; HOK International (Asia/Pacific)

Ltd. , Hong Kong; P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd. ; Rocco Design Ltd. ;

Terry Farrell & Partners; and Wong & Ouyang (HK) Ltd. (with S.O.M.) .

In particular, the author would l ike to thank Mr W.H. Lam, Mr S.H. Ha

and Mr

K.B.

Fung of Wong & Ouyang ; Mr Rocco Yim and Mr Hector C heung

of Rocco Design Ltd.; Mr Donald Choi and Miss Holyoak of Foster Asia; Mr

Steven Smith of Terry Farrell ; Mr Ernest Cirangle and Mr Julian Kerrell-

Vaughan of HOK; Mr Dennis Lau of L & N; Mr Stephen Poon and Mr Choi

of the Housing Au thor i ty, Mr A nthony Ng and M r K.S. Wong of Anthony

Ng Architects; Mr S.H. Pau, Mr Macbeth and Mr Mau of ASD as well as Mr

Bernard Lim and Mr Martin Fung of P & T.

The author would also l ike to thank the Brit ish Trade Commision Hong

Kong for their permission to publish photographs of the Brit ish Consulate,

and The Hong Kong and Shanghai Hotels Limited, for their permission to

publish photographs of the Peak Tower.

A lot of people have contributed to the making of this book. Many thanks

are due to Mr Yu Ying Sang for proofreading the manuscript , Miss Daisy

Lau So Man for typing the manuscript , Mr Pang Yee Hang, Mr Curry Tse

Ching Kan, Mr Chr is Lam Po Wing, Mr Wong Kai Ming, Mr Wong Wan

Cheung, Miss Angela Lee Lap Chi, Mr Keith Kung Chi Ming, Mr Michael

Yen Koon Wai, Mr Albert Yiu Chi Wai and Mr Thomas Yuen Ka Yiu for

drafting the axonometrics.

F i gures 4 . 3 , 5 . 9 , 8 . 6, 8 . 7 , 9 . 1 , 9 . 2 , 1 0 . 2 , 1 2 . 2 , 1 2 . 3 , 1 3 . 3 , 1 3 . 4 , 1 3 . 5 ,

1 8.1 , and 18.2 were created by ArchiCAD.

Fi nal l y , t he au t h or gr a t ef u l ly a ckn ow l edg es a ll t he pr of ess i onal

consultants, cl ients and contractors involved in the case study projects for

their efforts and contribution to the advancement of architecture in Hong

Kong.


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The New KCRC Station is a glass pavil ion giv ing openness

to the interior space.

E N CL O S U R E S F O R BU IL D IN G S IN

H O N G K O N G

What is the enclosure of a building?

Le Corbusier wrote: 'A

mass is enveloped in its surface, a surface which is

divided up according to the directing and generating lines of the mass; and

this gives the mass its individuality'.

T he enclosure is the building skin or envelope covering the building mass

and forming the building elevation or facade. Creation and order are the

directing and generating l ines from the building mass which means the plan

in three-dimensional form and space. The enclosure gives the architectural

expression which is unique to the building mass.

T H E F U N C T IO N S O F T H E E N C L O SU R E

The building enclosure has the following functions:

1.

to act as a protective shelter for its inhabitants against wind and rain as

well as fire hazards.

2. to control the influence of the external environment like solar heat, light,

air and noise on the interior space, thus providing comfort .

3 .

to allow for the

installation of building services

and

integration of the

structure if necessary.

4. to give an external appearance to the building.

The basic function of the building enclosure is to provide shelter. InH ong

Kong, providing shelter against typhoon and rain is not an easy task. Water

leakage is a common problem in bui ldings in Hong Kong. When water i s

driven by wind, i t is pressed into the building from all possible directions.

The building has to stand against both water penetration and wind load. So

waterproofing has to be done cautiously and structure design has to take into

acount various forms of loading. The shelter also needs to take account of

various forms of

m o v em en t

due to wind expansion and contract ion, and

sett lement of ground. Earthquake is not a factor to be considered in Hong

Kong.

1


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Protection of inhabitants against fire is a function of building enclosure.

Spread of fire can be a horror, even in modern times. The building enclosure

should be able to stop or slow down the spread of fire whether from within

or outside. Materials for construction are tested and classified according to

various fire resisting periods to form con struction com pone nts so that sufficient

time is given to the inhabitants to escape from a building on fire before the

components fail and collapse. In this respect, the internal planning and details

of individual space will matter, in addition to the various provisions/details

required by the building enclosure.

An oth er function of the building enclosure is to separate the ext erna l

environment and to contain an internal controlled environment suitable for

various human activities. We expect the external environment to vary but the

internal environment to be constant or varied within a certain range. Comfort

is attained when a stable internal environment is attained. What we ask for is

a control led condit ion with moderate temperature , adequate l ight , p leasant

humidity, smooth air circulation and a certain degree of quietness. All are

simple demands but not easy to achieve. Therefore, the building enclosure

can contribute positively to provide a comfortable interior, designed together

w i th b u i ld in g s e r v ic e s w h ic h m e a n s a r t i f ic ia l l ig h t in g a n d m e c h a n ic a l

ventilation.

Structure and/or building services are sometimes incorporated into the

design of the building enclosure. This means a total integration of the different

building systems in the external wall.

In the relationship between structure and external wall, there are three

options:

1. Structu re totally inside the building in this case, the externa l wall is a

simple skin and can be very light and elegant.

2 .

Structure forming p art of the external wall in this case, the structur e is

expressed as an in tegral part of building appearance and the external

wall consists of infill panels.

3 .

Struc ture distinct from the outsi de of the building this case is similar

to the first one in having tw o separate systems for the structure an d external

wall . The external wall is se lf-support ing and appears l ight beneath a

layer of the building structure.

Different appearances and spatial experiences are created in these three

options. Building services can also be classified similarly. When mechanical

services are put outside the building, they can produce a striking impact.

Plate 1.2

The uniqu e form of the Peak Tower e nc losure ident i f ies

the bui ld ing as a landmark in Hong Kong.

2


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Enc losures f o r Bu i ld ings in Hong Kong

Building services are usually connected to the external wall. These services

include the air intake and discharge of mechanical ventilation system, the fire

service inlets and other services' inlets, the observation lifts, lighting protection

systems, external l ight ing, and f i re alarms as wel l as forms of service

mechanisms for environmental control .

The function of the enclosure to give the building a certain appearance is

mostly attended to by the designers, the building owner as well as plain

observers. Here the designer's ideas are consolidated and conveyed to people.

Whether the building expresses culture, technology, environment or sheer

engineering, it is the result of the efforts of many people acting both directly

and indirectly. Some clients may like to have a building of prestige and they

dictate styles for the designer to conform to. Only a good match of designer

and client can produce good buildings.

M A T E R I A L S A N D C O M PO N E N T S

Materials for enclosures include glass, metal , paint, natural stones, t i les,

concrete and t imber. The choice of material depends on the appropriateness

of t he i r per f or m ance char ac t er i s t i cs i n t he par t i cu l ar s i t ua t i on . Such

performance criteria are considered in the light structural serviceability, safety,

habitability, durability, compatibility and aesthetics. Materials also combine

to form bui lding components making up the const ruct ion of the external

wall .

When components meet each other, joints are formed between different

components. Special at tention to these areas can produce good detail ing in

respect to function and aesthetics. Points to be considered as regards detailing

are:

1 . Ho w com ponen ts are constructed and put into other parts of the building

2.

Join ts to be adeq uate for structure (self-supporting or supp orted by other

systems)

3 . Joints to be watertigh t and drainage to be provided

4. Actual ope ration procedu re

5.

Maintenanc e problems and method

6. App earance of the com pone nt in relation to other building parts

7.

En viron me ntal benefits such as reducing heat gain to interior, enha ncing

ventilation, using low embodied energy and recycling of materials or

component par ts

Components of the enclosure include glazing, windows, roofing, parapets,

skylights, walls, doo rs, balconies, canopies, shop fronts and other projecting

features.

Plate 1.3

Maple G arden has a simp le shelter of reinforced con crete.

3


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DESIGNING THE ENCLOSURE

The enclosure is designed to meet the functional requirement based on the

performance criteria of the materials and components.

To act as a basic shelter, reinforced concrete wall is commonly used in

H o n g K o n g . A t h i c k n e s s o f 1 0 0 m m g i v es a m i n i m u m g u a r a n t e e o f

waterproofing. This 100 mm thickness will not function if workmanship is

poor with voids and 'honeycomb' defects. Increased thickness gives better

sheltering effect but decreases the valuable net usable floor area of the interior.

Cement sand rendering on the external surface enhances the shelter ing

function. The concrete surface is applied with a coat of spatterdash before

cement sand rendering . When t i les are added on the rendering or using

adhesive, movement joints have to be introduced to allow for various types

of building movement.

Glass walls in the form of curtain wall or window wall can provide shelter.

Joints between the glass and metal frames are filled up with elastic sealants to

provide adhesion as well as certain degree of movement. Frames in the curtain

in wall have to allow for drainage of any water seeping in. Openable windows

are provided with neoprene gaskets . Gaps between the s tructural opening

and window frames are grouted to provide a water seal . Large glazing is

suspended by hangers. Tests can be carried out on glazing or window mock-

ups to ascertain strength.

Metal c ladding is a lso completed with sealants for waterproofing and

movement . Joints are designed by calculat ion of the thermal expansion

coefficient with the temperature range as well as possible deflection of the

building. Stone cladding is dry mounted and similarly sealed but waterproofing

usually relies on a protective layer that is applied to the concrete surface.

Plate 1.4

Metal c ladding for the roof deck ing of the Lantau Tol l

Plaza.

Checklist for specifying curtain wall and cladding:

1. Scope of wo rks to include design, supply, delivery, stora ge, ere ction ,

connection, testing and maintenance

2.

Prepa ration of shop drawings and dimensional co-ordina tion

3 . Design wa rran ty for performance period

4. Structural requirements for deadload s, live loads and wind loads as well

as differential m ovem ents

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Enclosures for Bu i ld ings in Hong Kong

Plate 1.5

Sunshades for solar con trol at Verbena Heights.

5. Performance requirements for overall thermal transfer values, thermal

expansion, moisture resistance, water penetrat ion, safety, acoust ics,

condensation, f ire resistance, distortion free and low maintenance

6. Tolerances for manufacture and installation

7.

General materials and wo rkm ans hip including glass, coatings, metal panels,

doors ,

fixing, joints, gaskets, sealants, lighting protection and earth bond ing

8. Durable finishes

9. Samples and testing

1 0.

Maintenance and repair

To allow for environmental control , an insulated air gap will be effective

for thermal and noise purposes when used on the curtain wall or claddings.

Increased thickness of the concrete wall does help to achieve better insulation

values. But sunshading devices or screens can be added on the external wall

for ef fect ive solar control . Louvres are useful for vent i lat ion purposes.

Acoustical louvres can cut off machine room noise and help ventilation.

Designing the building enclosure has to follow the Building Regulations

and the Fire Services Requirements. These cover:

1 .

Structural adequa cy

2 . Objects to be preve nted from falling

3 . Fire safety with adeq uate fire resisting period and co m pa rtm ent atio n

4. Lim itation of open ings near adjoining sites

5.

Overall Therm al Transfer Value requirement

6. Me ans of Escape Code

The external appearance of the building can be a result of the above

considerations. A pattern of repeated components can give discipline and order

to an elevation. An irrational approach can produce very artistic impressions.

Elevat ions that can wi thstand the test of t ime usual ly blend in wi th the

surround ings or become inseparable from the site context. This becomes culture

in physical form. Environmentally fr iendly buildings can be of sustainable

designs passing on to future generations. Good detailing for the enclosure will

give buildings life and interaction with people.

5


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Bui ld ing Enclosure in Hong Kong

T a b l e 1 .1 P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s ti c s o f M a t e r i a l s a n d C o m p o n e n t s f o r E x t e rn a l W a l l i n H o n g K o n g

M a t e r i a l f o r

E n c l o s u r e

Glass

Meta l (a lumin ium, coppe r ,

steel , stainless steel)

Natura l stones (gran i te ,

marb le , sandstone ,

l imestone, s la te ,

t raver t ine)

Tiles

Concrete

T imber

Paint

C o m p o n e n t s f o r m e d

b y t h e M a t e r i a l

win do ws , g laz ing sky l i gh t

w i n d o w f r a me , c l a d d i n g ,

f rame fo r g laz ing , roo f i ng

c ladd ing

wa l l f in ish

wa l l f in ish

insitu or precast as ' fa ir

f a c e d ' concrete

decora t ive wa l l f in ish as

facing boards

spray pa in t or ro l led

on pa in t as wa l l f in ishes

S t r u c t u r a l

Ser vi cea b i l i t y

f ramed suppor t o r

st ructura l sea lant wi th

g lass but t resses

specia l g lazing system

avai lable for large glass

area, usua l ly wi th

suspens ion sys tem

mo vem en t j o in t a l l owed

around g lass

tem pere d g lass for

bet ter st rength

genera l ly goo d

st ructura l st rength

ancho red to st ructura l

system of bu i ld ing

avo id com mo n s i tua t i on

weaken ing s t ruc tu ra l

st rength

hung on concrete wal l

by steel anchors

norm al ly heavy but can

comb ine w i th expanded

metal base to give l ight

weight pane ls

stuck on wa l l by cement

sand render ing or

chemica l adhes i ve wh ich

g ives st ronger but more

f lexib le f ix ing

a l l ow fo r mo vem en t

jo in ts

insitu concrete is intact

wi th st ructure

precast conc rete is

mechanica l ly f ixed and

sealed wi th grout ing or

insitu concre t i ng

nai led or glue d on

concrete wal l

not al l t im be r can be

used externa l ly

adhere to back ground

such as render ing

concrete f in ishes

S a f e t y

broken g lass can be

dangerous

lam inated g lass and

tempered g lass for

safe ty

hired glass for f i re rat ing

f ire rated glass avai lable

secured insta l la t ion is

safe

stee l wi th cer ta in

th ickness can a f ford f i re

ra t ing

insecure f ix in g causes

fa l l ing hazards

insecure f ix in g a lso

causes fa l l ing hazards

g o o d w o r km a n sh i p f or

insitu concrete

especia l ly on

cant i levered st ructure

for safety

t reatm ent to avo id f i re

hazards

som e lead-based pa in t

is po isonous

som e pa in t can provide

f i re resistance


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Enc losures f o r Bu i ld ings in Hong Kong

T a b l e 1 .2 P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f M a t e r ia l s a n d C o m p o n e n t s f o r E x t e rn a l W a l l i n H o n g K o n g


En cl o su r e

Glass

M e t a l ( a l u m in i u m ,

copper , s teel ,

stainless steel)

Natura l s tones

(g ran i t e , marb le ,

sands tone ,

l imes ton e , s la te ,

t raver t ine)

Tiles

H a b i t a b i l i t y

t rans m i t hea t and

l ight when c lear ,

a b s o r p t i v e wh e n

t in ted, ref lect ive

wh e n c o a t e d w i t h

var ious chemica ls

ref lect sou nd

stops cer ta in

amount o f no ise ,

doub le g laz ing o r

d o u b le w in d o w i s

insu la t ive

wa t e r p r o o f i n g a t

jo ints is achieved by

sealants

insu la t ive mate r ia ls

can be added for

cont ro l heat or

s o u n d

low cond uc t iv i t y ,

comb ines w i t h a i r

gap to g ive

insu la t ion

jo i n t s c o m p le t e d

wi th sea lan t and

b a c k g r o u n d

app l ied w i t h

wa t e r p r o o f i n g

no t con t r ibu te much

fo r insu la t ion

meta l l ic t i les can

ref lect solar

rad ia t ion

D u r a b i l i t y

durab le in norm a l

use

coa t ing and t in t can

be w orn o f f

espec ia l l y du r ing

cons t ruc t ion

durab le in mos t

cases

ox ida t ion f o r meta ls

is poss ib le and may

resent to form a

protect ive layer or

co r rode

fa in t ing o f co lo ur ing

for cer ta in coat ing

durab le f o r mos t

stones

sands tone and

l imes tone more

suscep t ib le t o wear

and tear

durab le

me tal l ic sur face

more eas i l y worn

d o w n

C o m p a t i b i l i t y

g lass can w i t h s tan d

con tac t w i t h m os t

mate r ia l

coa t ing on g lass can

b e d e g r a d e d t h r o u g h

con tac t w i t h some

chemica ls

d i f f e ren t meta ls

cannot be p laced

toge ther due to

ga lvan ic ac t ion

som e s tones t end

to reta in water and

shou ld be ins ta l led

to a l low wate r t o

d ry up and avo id

pro longed con tac t

w i t h wa t e r

n o p r o b le m

except for specia l

coa t ing su r face

A e s t h e t i c s

ref lect ive,

t ransparen t

o r co lour t in ted

anod iz ing g ives

co lour t o

a l u m i n i u m

paint ,

f l u o r o c a r b o n

coa t ing , power

coa t ing and

enamel coa t ing

can be app l ied

to p roduce

co lours and

pat tern

textu re can be

made by

e n g r a v in g ,

e m b o s s i n g ,

e t c h in g ,

g r i n d i n g

o r h a m m e r i n g

sur face t rea tm ent

can be po l ished ,

honed o r f lamed

range of natura l

co lours ava i lab le

wid e range o f

co lours ava i lab le ,

g lazed or

ung lazed

corne r t i les and

spec ia l shaped

t i les avai lab le

Cont inued on p . 8


19/257


T a b l e 1 .2 co n t i n u ed


E n c l o s u r e

Concre te

T im b e r

Paint

H a b i t a b i l i t y

g e n e r a l l y g o o d

insu la to r

inc rease in t h ickness

to improve insu la t ion

t rea tm ent t o s top

te rm i te and inser t

g r o w t h

som e p rodu c ts can

be hea t / l igh t

ref lect ive

D u r a b i l i t y

durab le

sur face can be

protected by paint

render ing can be

app l ied f o r

protect ion but i t

changes t he na tu ra l

appearance

co lour f ad in g under

use

depen ds on

produc t

re -app l ica t ion o f

paints may be

required af ter

ce r ta in per iod

C o m p a t i b i l i t y

ingred ien t s and

water have to be

' c lean '

to avoid

c o n t a m in a t i o n ,

wh ich may cause

nest ing to s teel

re in fo rcement

n o p r o b le m

pa in t p ro tec t ion

s ome p roduc ts

speci fy the

prepara t ion o f t he

base before

app l ica t ion

A e s t h e t i c s

fair face con crete

can take up

texture of

f o r m w o r k

co lour pa in t s can

be app l ied

mo re na tu ra l

wid e range o f

t ex tu re and co lour

stone - l ike ef fects

ava i lab le

degre e of

g loss iness

ava i lab le

8


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Plate 2.1

Verbena H eights as viewed fro m Po Hong Road.

V E R BE NA HE IGHTS

Architectural Firm: Anthony Ng Architects Ltd.

GENERAL

This i s a case study of a high-r ise housing design

demonstrating different design strategies for dealing with

environmental problems. The basic technique is not

using sophisticated high-tech expensive products but

com m on l oca l cons t r uc t i on t echnol ogy t o achi eve

e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s by c a r e fu l p l a n n i n g a n d

detail ing. However, not all the design strategies have

been implemented in the final construction due to other

considerat ions. This design has al ready indicated an

env i r onm ent a l conc er n . I t is envi saged t ha t m or e

promotion and education on environmental protection

i ssues w i l l be necessar y t o sus t a i n t he m an- m ade

environment in Hong Kong.

LOCATION

This project is in the new town of Tseung Kwan O. The

site is within an area of residential buildings newly

developed or under development by private developers

or the government. A highway lies on one side, causing

noise problems for the high-rise flats. This project will

house 1894 saleable apartments and 971 rental units.

ENCLOSURE

The enclosure design alone will not be sufficient to deal

with environmental issues. This project consists of a

group of building blocks orientated to capture prevailing

wind for cooling in summer. To make this possible, wind

tunnel studies are made on the building model to obtain

the best disposition of the building blocks for optimum

natural ventilation. Some big openings are left in the

blocks to affect the wind flow. In addition, the floor

design on a linear layout gives better opportunities for

cross ven tilation.

With such an environmentally posit ive layout, the

bui lding enclosure is considered to fur ther enha nce

environmental protection. Basically the building wall

is a convent ional reinforced concrete wal l wi th bay

windows. An external shading device in the form of a

concrete grid is installed as inter-block shading will not

be sufficient . These sunshading screens also serve to

block off part of the traffic noise. Solar effects and noise

effects have been studied through computer modelling.

In order to effectively use energy as well as to save the

valuable internal space in this high density developm ent,

solar heat is also used for external clothes drying. So

nat ur a l anodi zed a l um i ni um per f or a t ed panel s a r e

added in front of the drying racks as screens.

C O M M E N T S

Design strategies showing concern for the environment

i s a m a t t e r o f d e s i g n a t t i t u d e . T h e i n c r e a s e i n

construction costs usually is only a few percent but this

will save much on future costs. The devices to save and

use energy as demonstrated in this case study are not

new inventions. Wh at is imp ortant are the affectionate

thoughts and caring att i tude in working out a scheme

t hat show s t he poss i b i l i t i es beyond an o t her w i se

conventional design.

9


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Figure 2.1

Layout at the third f loor show ing saleable blocks at the north

and rental blocks at the south. Venti lat ion 'holes' are left to

create aesthetical interest.

Archi tect:

Anthony Ng Architects Ltd.

Project Locat ion:

Po Hong Road, Mau Tai Road, Area 19B,

Tseung Kwan 0, T.K.O.T.L. No. 35

Materia ls for Enclosure:

Reinforced concrete st ructure , ceramic

t i l e s ,

a l u m i n i u m fr a m e d w i n d o w s ,

reinforced concrete screen wal ls

C o mp l et i o n :

Scheduled at 1997

10


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Verbena Heights

Plate 2.2

The completed central block from Po Hong Road -

heights of the block.

- scale of the high-rise blocks is broken down by varying

11


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E N E R G Y

A L T E R N A T I V E

N A T U R A L

V E N T I L A T I O N

Building layout

designed to

harness ambient

wind for space

cooling

--

Wind tunnel

studies to optimize

wind-driven

ventilation for

apartment units

S O L A R S H A D IN G *External shading device and roof shading/ C om puter mode ling analysis to optimize

/

IN S U L A T I O N

insulation to control heat gain shading/day lighting design

HARNESSING OF

SOLAR ENERGY

ACTIVE)

Provision

designed for

apartment units

to incorporate

solar water

heating system

^4 H %v

% " f i f e -

Building integrated solar collector for water

heating and photovoltaics for lighting, etc.

HARNESSING OF

SOLAR ENERGY

PASSIVE)

Clothes drying space

with good solar/wind

exposure to encourage

use

d-

I

i

5

Ventilation stack

designed to

utilize solar

heating to drive

air movement

M I N I M I Z A T I O N

O F E L E C T R I C

L I G H T I N G

^Strategies executed or

partially executed in

Verbena eights

Light-shelves to

optimize daylighting

to depth of room;

daylighting to

lobbies and other

communal areas

Daylighting design integrated with intelligent

control systems and photo/occupancy sensors

Figure 2.2

Matr ix of strategies towards sustainable housing design energy aspects.


24/257

M A T E R I A L S

A L T E R N A T I V E A D V A N C E

T R O P I C A L

W O O D S

C O N S E R V A T I O N

W O O D S

C O N S E R V A T I O N

Alternative form-

work materials

(e.g., steel, plastic,

softwoods) to be

used instead of

unlabelled tropical

woods

f\

V vj j i i

Xf3r

* k %

M*^

sffl

E N D f tL L i L O C K D O A . I L

W "

Standardization of

design & efficient

construction system

(e.g., components

prefabrication) to

optimize use of

form work materials

Alternative

wood products to

be specified (e.g.,

MDF board for

cabinets;

engineered wood

for structure)

Cert i f ied wood materials /prod ucts from

managed plantation source to be specified

SUSTAINABLY

ACQUIRED.OR

RENEWABLE

RESOURCE

M A T E R I A L S

R E D U C T I O N

Materials of durability matching expected

service life to be selected (e.g., terrazzo floor

tiling, C hinese granite paving)

L O W E M B O D IE D

E N E R G Y

Materials with

low embodied

energy (e.g., some

local products) to

be specified where

appropriate

Space designed to have increased flexibility

for the ease of future adaptations (e.g.,

convertible housing units)

* m

. - * . }

(

I

1

1

r

I

" %

r a ]

i I

p

m

t * f m , * . - ,

^ 1 t :r - - r f *

1

.

.~|i

r::s;:|,

N

*"

Life-cycle energy use ( in i t ial / recurring

embodied energy and operating energy) in

building to be assessed

RECYCLED

CONTENT/

RECYCLABILITY

Products with recycled content to be used

where appropriate (e.g., play equipment using

recycled aluminum/plastics)

^Strategies executedor

partiallyexecuted

in

Verbena eights

,f%,

< > < ? >

iv>

V

O

R E C Y C L E D

C O N T E N T

R E - U S E A B I E ,

S A L V A G E A B L E

R E C Y C L A B L E

Building design to

be targeted with

increasing % of

recycled materials

and recyclable or

re-usable materials/

components

Figure 2.3

Matrix of strategies towards sustainable housing design materials aspects.


25/257


LIVABILITY

A L T E R N A T I V E

A D V A N C E D

N O I S E

M I T I G A T I O N

Blo ck layout and

noise barrier walls

designed to reduce

flats exposed to

excessive traffic/

mechanical noise

P E D E S T R I A N

L E V E L W IN D

C O N T R O L

H igh - and low-rise blocks juxtaposed to

reduce adverse wind impactonpedestrian area

w

1-

A co us t i c m o del

tests to develop

f a ca de- m o un t ed

noise mitigation

devices

W ind tunnel

modeling studies to

optimize building

design to safeguard

pedestrian comfort

& safety

IND O O R A IR T ypical f loor lobbies/corridors and car

QU A L ITY parking space designed to promote natural

ventilation

P a i n t s o f VO C s

and o ther materials

containing "toxic"

s ubs t a n ces ( e . g . ,

adhesives) to be

avoided for indoor

application

URBAN

GREENERY

Communal planting space extended to upper

levels for increasing amount of urban

greenery

Integrated facade design (an "environmental

filter") adapted for planting, solar shading,

no ise mitigation, etc.

^Strategies executed or

partially executed in

Verbena eights

Figure 2.4

Matrix of strategies towards sustainable housing design l ivabi l i ty aspects.


26/257

Verbena Heights

1.

cruciform plan (conventional)

2. 'linear' plan (saleable flats, Verbena Heights)

3. 'linear' plan (rental flats, Verbena Heights)

0 10M

Typical f loor plans: cruci form vs. ' l inear' forms adopted in Verbena Heights

Figure 2.5

Light ing and cross venti lat ion is created by openings along the corr idor.

15


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Plate 2.3

View of Verbena Heights sunscreens and roof screens create environmental and aesthetic values.

16


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Verbena Heights

Plate 2.4

View of Verbena Heights an assembly of archi tectonics from environmental features.


29/257


50 x 100 ceramic tiles

8 wide groove w/sealant pointing

external plaster w/finishes

A

Part elevation of rental block

unit type 3P2

50 x 100 ceramic tiles

50 x 50 x 100 corner ceramic tiles

Part plan of rental block

Figure 2.6

Part elevation of a rental block.

18


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Verbena He igh ts

A

TTHT

-^-

&

N ^

o

^

%

S.F.L

i

is

4

1. 175 x 650

RC

beam in spray paint finish on

fairface concrete as wall colour

2.RC screen wall in colour B (rough dotto)

wall paint finish for rental block and colour

A (rough dotto) for saleable block

Figure 2.7

Detail section of R.C. screen

wal l .

Plate 2.5

Roof feature and vert ical f in at a rental

block.

Plate 2.6

I n t e r i o r v i e w o f t h e b a y w in d o w a n d

screen

wal l .

. ;>

-

>

1

*,

iffltii

Plate 2.7

R.C. screen wall in paint f inish on facade

of the bay window.


31/257


Plate 2.8

R . C . s c r e e n wa l l o n t h e b a y w in d o w

facade.

-

i

1

i

I

P i ' f

P" I

a

j .

i

* i a

* *

I'M

is

-

1

:::

1

ft

I J

ft 5 I

111 I ; I

Figure 2.8

Elevation of R.C. screen wa l l .

1. RC beam behind

2.RC screen wall in colour B (rough dotto)

wall paintfinishfor rental blockandcolour

A (rough dotto) for saleable block

3. setting out point for openings (vertical)

4 5 | J[ 4 5 J, Q Q

- H h

D

D

gsiiDD

Elevation of R.C. screen wai

20


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Verbena Heights

H

Plate 2

-

9

Drying racks of aluminium panel screen

supported by stainless steel pipe.

=LM

Typical screen side elevation for d rying rack (for rental block only)

Typical fixing detail of screen 1:4

Figure 2.9

The drying rack detail of a rental block.

1. 3 mm thick aluminium perforated panel

w/natural colour anodized finish drying

rack

2.

drying rack

3. 380 S/S pipe hairline finish

4.

140 x 100 x 4.5 thick M/S plate cast-in to

RC

wall by fastener

5. 320 M/S pipe welded to M/S plate

6. 3 mm thick aluminium perforated panel

w/natural colour anodized finish

21


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Plate 2.10

View of Verbena Heights the monotony of typical f lats is of fset by the var ied use of sunscreens.

22


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Verbena Heights

175x650 R.C.

beam

aluminium

window

aluminium bay

window

Figure 2.10

Isometric of wall section with sunscreens.

23


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36/257

Plate 3.1

Aluminium sunscreens are used for so lar cont ro l . Meta l l ic g lazed

tiles reflect excessive heat.

HONG KONG TECHNICAL COLLEGE (TSING YI)

Architectural Firm: P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd.

GENERAL

This case study presents another project that exploits

e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s t o c o n s t r u c t a n e n e r g y

efficient building. Site planning and massing are the

initial steps to consider for saving energy. Thus, the

buildings are planned with the short sides facing east

and west . Ma chinery room s are placed on posi t ions

w i t h s t r o n g s u n . T h i s r e f l e c t s t h e p l a n n i n g f o r

environmental control. The roof is an area with much

solar exposure. In this project, landscape planting, water

features and covered walkways are placed on the roof

top forming usable amenities as well as an insulating

layer.

L O C A T I O N

The site is a six-hectare site on Tsing Yi Island. It is a

rather rural site with a hill as its backdrop. A highway

lies on one side and a high-rise residential estate is

nearby. The project takes advantage of natural resources

and aims to capture the summer sea breeze by elevating

the south side of the main building to facilitate natural

ventilation.

ENCLOSURE

To limit the effect of the absorbed solar heat on the

interior, deep recessed facades and sunshading fins are

techniques used in the elevations' window design. Some

window s are openable to allow natural ventilation wh en

possible . The re inforced concrete external walls are

covered with reflective metallic tiles to reduce solar heat

gain. Windows are constructed of a grey tinted glass

which absorbs some heat, thus reducing solar heat gain

to the interior.

C O M M E N T S

This project uses simple means but careful planning and

design to achieve an energy eff ic ient building . The

o v e r a l l t h e r m a l t r a n s f e r v a l u e is o f 1 0 . 2 7 w / m

2

p e r f o r m a n c e , c o m p a r e d w i th g e n e r a l c u r ta in w a l l

buildings of 80 w/m

2

. Site plann ing, functional plann ing,

circulation, wall design and selection of materials all

contribute to the success of this project.

25


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Figure 3.1

The diagrams here i l lustrate environmental concepts the planning of the site, design of elevat ion and select ion of mater ials all

contr ibute to energy ef f iciency.

Main Sjta ircore

2 h -

S K Y ^ D B

E V E L

Sea Breeze fk>m the j

Sou th Eas t d i rec t ion

^C' ' " - B IOCK

if T

i S i i i

w* ^ CONCOURSE LEV,EL

Bas ic Teach ing

Wing

Natural Ventilated Courtyard Orientation of Basic Teaching Wing

South Elevation Sunshading Fins

Archi tect:

P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd.

P r o j ect L o ca t i o n :

Tsing Yi Road and Sai Shan R oad,

Tsing Yi Island


R e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e f r a m e ,

a l u m i n i u m w i n d o w s w i t h g r e y

t i n t e d g l a s s , m e t a l l i c l u s t r e

ref lective ceramic t iles, alum inium

sunshading f ins

C o m p l e t i o n :

1993

Use of Waste A/C Air Room Depth and Cross Ventilation

26


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H o n g K o n g T ech n i ca l Col lege (Tsing Yi)

Photo by courtesy of

P

& T Architects & Engineers Ltd.

\

*^*u

*

i-

.

^ t i i i sL ' r

f y

a

f e s s

" H E R 5 S S S

IBS jS |9 3(

Plate 3.2

View of the Technical C ollege the rationa l character of the elevation is a reflection of mo dular plann ing.

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Plate 3.3

View of the bridge connection and deep overhang.

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Hong Kong Technical Col lege (Tsing Yi)

Plate 3.4

An overal l view of the Technical College shows jux tapos it ion of blocks perpen dicular to the l inear si te.


P

& T

Architects Engineers Ltd.

Plate 3.5

The metall ic industrial look of the entrance canopy reflects the technical character of the institution.

29


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Plate 3.6

Interior view of the sports hal l natural venti lat ion is made possible by instal l ing remote-control led

louvres on the wal ls.


P

& T

Architects Engineers Ltd.

Plate 3.7

Interior view of the workshop.

30


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-aluminium window

-planter

335x75 mm

-aluminium box

section sun fin

6

x

6

mm R.C.

sun fin

Figure 3.2

Isometr ic showing the wal l sect ion wi th

the sunshading device.

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Figure 3.3

Elevation of the main entrance.

Plate 3.8

Roof garden with covered walkway.

Plate 3.9

Variat ion of sunshades on elev ation.

**

l i i l i

p i t

Plate 3.10

The main entrance.

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- * f e *

Plate 3.11

Alumin ium sunshading device.

^ -

I

*

Plate 3.12

Openable windows for venti lat ion.

Plate 3.13

Natural venti lated courtyard.

33


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46/257

Plate 4.1

View of the publ ic toi let showing i ts rural sett ing.

PUBLIC TO ILE T A T N G O N G PING

Architectural Firm: P & T Architects & Enginee rs Ltd.

GENERAL

This i s a smal l project using simple environmental

st rategies to enclose the bui lding, al lowing natural

lighting and cross ventilation. The two blocks of public

toilet demonstrate simplicity of the design and illustrate

the possibil i t ies for environmental control .

LOCATION

This is a rural si te next to the Po Lin Monastery and

the Buddha Statue on Lantau Island on Ngong Ping

Road. In this location, vernacular principles are used

to derive the building enclosure as well as to monitor

the interior environment.

an opening at high level allowing diffused lighting and

natural cross vent i lat ion. Air intake at low level i s

possible through gril led openings in the cubicles and

on the external wall. Such devices create a simple stack

effect for air movement.

For construction materials, steel I-beams are used

to support the elevated roof instead of traditional timber

brackets. But clay tiles form the roof finish to provide

the rural character . The external wall is f inished with

simple spray paint on rendering. Reinforced concrete

columns are chiselled fairface concrete. Slate tiles form

the finish for the dado. A natural look is achieved using

simple materials.

C O M M E N T S

ENCLOSURE

This is a one-storey building; the design of the roof is

t her ef or e a m aj or co ns i d er a t i o n f or t he bui l d i ng

encl osur e . T o a l l ow l i ght penet r a t i on and na t ur a l

ventilation, an elevated pitched roof is used. This creates

A small project can exploit grand concepts. This simple

building i l lustrates that the concept of environmental

design can be incorporated into the building enclosure.

The building is integrated with the natural process to

create harmony between humankind and nature.

35


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Bu i ld ing Enc losure in Ho n g K o n g

^ ABMJ.w

M.

V >VAV W

1

-

i\

Plate4.2

Exter ior viewofthe roof and wall co nstruc t ion.

36


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Publ ic Toi let at Ngong Ping

Plate 4.3

A view from Ngong Ping Road i l lustrat ing i ts vernacular character.

Plate 4.4

Interior view of the toilet a pleasant and neat appearance is created.

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Plate 4.5

Exter ior view showing its vernacular character.

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"

1

r

_

stack ventilation

cross ventilation

ventilation concept

T ^ "

diffused light

lighting concept

Figure 4.1

D i a g r a m s i l l u s t r a t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l

s t r a t e g i e s n a t u r a l l i g h t i n g a n d

ven t i l a t i on a re i nco rpo ra ted th rough a

single design method.

Archi tect:


P r o j ect L o ca t i o n :

Ngong Ping Road, Lantau Island

Bui ld ing Enclosure:

Steel structure, chisel led f in ished fairface

concrete for the colum ns, slate and spray

paint for wal ls

C o mp l et i o n :

1995

39


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Figure 4.2

Layou t p lan showing the to i l e t b locks

staggered to achieve good venti lat ion.

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Figure 4.3

Isometric of wal l sect ion showing simple construct ion for environmental concern.

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1. powder coated alum, fins

2.

stucco finish in-fill panel

3. fairface concrete chiselled finish

4. S.S. grille gate

5. G.M.S. roof bracket system

6. roofing tiles

7. powder coated alum, lattice

8. 12 mm thick tempered stained glass panel

9. 12 mm thick tinted temp ered glass panel

10.12 mm thick tempered glass panel with etched pattern laid

in S.S. frame

11. G.M.S. bracket system painted

12.

100 mm S.Q. C.I. rainwater spout

13.

fairface concrete chiselled finish

14.powder coated alum, lattice

15.

25 mm 0 S.S. rod fixed to G.M.S. bracket system

16.

10 mm thick tinted tempered glass panel laid in S.S. frame

17.G.M.S. planter box framed with timber lattice structure

18.roofing tiles

19.

louvre detail

20.fairface concrete chiselled finished

Figure 4.4

Elevations.

42


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1. G.M.S. bracket system painted

2.

100 mm S.Q. C.I. rainwater spout


4.

G.M.S. roof bracket system painted

5. roofing tiles as specified

6. powder coated alum , fins


8. S.S. grille gate

9. roof tile

10.powder coated alum, fins

11. powder coated alum, louvre

12.

G.M.S. planter box framed with timber lattice structure

13.

finish expansion joint

14. louvre detail

Figure 4.5

Elevations.


55/257


56/257

Figure 5.1

Elevation of the main entrance.

T H E N E W PE N G CH A U M A R K E T

Architectural Firm: P & T Architects & Enginee rs Ltd.

GENERAL

This is another case study of a building enclosure which

focuses on env ironme ntal co ntrol. The project is a three-

storey building housing the market stalls in the lower

two levels. The machinery rooms are on the top floor.

This offers a thermal insulation buffer against the solar

heat gain on the

roof.

LOCATION

The site is located on the outlying island of Peng Chau.

With the last natural environment around the si te, the

project is designed to be environmental friendly.

ENCLOSURE

The building is mechanically ventilated but can also be

naturally ventilated. This is facilitated by a mechanically

operable louvre system within the external wall which

can be used at night when the market is closed. The

external wall is f inished with spray paint and ceramic

wall tiles. Fixing is by means of bonding agent to ensure

a good contact for the concrete base. The columns are

of fairfaced concrete structure finished with waterproof

coating.

The roof is designed with deep overhangs to shield

off solar heat. A fibre glass cladding system is designed

for the roof overhangs.

The cover part of the building is designed to be

finished w ith timber panels to give a natu ral appe aranc e.

Special varnish coats the t imber to stop deterioration

and insect growth.

C O M M E N T S

Again, careful planning make s a building different. With

t h e b u d g e t a n d f u n c t i o n s a l m o s t u n c h a n g e d ,

envi r onm ent a l cons i der a t i on i m pr oves t he ener gy

efficiency of a building, makin g it more sus tainable and

c r e a t i n g h a r m o n y b e t w e e n i ts u s e r s a n d t h e

environment .

45


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Figure 5.2

First f loor plan at 8.65 m.p.d.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

meat stall

wet goods

dry goods

switch room

male toilet

female toilet

lift

vegetable sorting area

refuge collection

office

A.H.U.

room

store room

escalator

deck

/ ^ J ^Kyj PROMENADE

r

Figure 5.3

Ground f loor plan at 4.00 p.m.d.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

11

12

fish

poultry

lift

disabled's toilet

plant room

transformer room

newspaper

LP.G.

store

void

refuge collection

scalding room

loading & unloading

Archi tect:


Project Locat ion:

Wing On Street, Peng Chau


Spray paint and ceramic t i les on reinforced

concre te

w a l l ,

f a i r f aced concre te non-

waterproof sealer on columns. Fibre glass

c l a d d in g s y s t e m a n d m in e r a l c o a t i n g

system for the roof

C o mp l et i o n :

Scheduled for 1998.

46


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The New Peng Chau Marke t

Figure 5.4

Roof plan at 16.30 m.p.d.

Figure 5.5

Mezzanine f loor plan at 12.45 m.p.d.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

11

12

13

generator room

lift machine room

FH/HR

sprinkler tank

F.S. pump room

void

scrubber area

pump room

pau unit

condenser room

translucent canopy

escalator cover

roof


59/257


* ffi~~

r

~~~.'

i ' - ^ r A i r *r ' r ^ ~- , - \ %^ , . ., , , . * -,'/

*-

Figure 5.6

Elevat ion f ibre glass cladding and mineral coat ing are specif ied for the roof, t imber panels for the walls.

48


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The New Peng Chau Marke t

J.*y--r^-\-'::^

49


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Plate 5.1

Model s tudy for the bui ld ing form and enclosure.

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The New Peng Chau Market

Figure 5.7

Sections showing deep overhangs for sunshading.

\A

M 1 *

iff

PROMENADE


63/257


channel

metal decking on surface and suspended

fibre on bottom side

planter box

external spray paint to circular colum n

planter box

Drawn bv ArchiCAD

s

Figure 5.9

Isometr ic sect ion of the roof and wall

52


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The New Peng Chau Market

G.M.S. pole

mineral coating

fibre glass cladding

openable window

external spray paint to external wall

fairface concrete finish

Drawn by ArchiCAD

s

Figure 5.10

Isometric section of the roof and wai

53


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66/257

Plate 6.1

Frameless bay windows for Maple Gardens Phase 3.

M A PL E G A R D E N PH A SE

3

Design Architectural Firm: Wo ng Wah Sang Architect as Con sultant with All Arts Limited

Project Architectural Firm: Hsin Yieh Architects & Associates Ltd.

GENERAL

This case study is an example of a small house design

using local const ruct ion techniques. The two-storey

h o u s e i s i n t e n d e d f o r s i n g l e f a m i l y l i v i n g .

A ccom m odat i on i nc l udes t hr ee bedr oom s, a l i v i ng/

dining area and a kitchen. The total f loor area of the

two storeys is only about 70 m

2

. A small garden with

carpark is also provided.

LOCATION

The site is amidst a group of houses in a residential

area in Yuen Long. Ten houses are located on this site

which is elevated on a level platform to give a better

view and exposure.

ENCLOSURE

The enclosure for the house expresses a wish to extend

the spatial feeling beyond the physical boundaries of

the ex ternal w all. The cylindrical solid form is a circular

stai rcase which is expressed by the staggered glass

blocks. The glass cylindrical block is an enclosure for

the l iving room on the ground floor and the master

bedroom on the first floor. On top of this cylinder is an

elliptical skylight to continue the space upwards.

Bay windows are designed as an al l -glass but t -

jointed construction to provide intimate contact with

the surroundings. Concrete sunshades give some solar

protection. Concrete air-conditioning hoods give both

functional protection and aesthetical effect.

C O M M E N T S

This enclosure i s a simple design wi th ar t iculat ion

generated by the plan without any excessive elaboration.

The geometrical details are used to break through the

otherwise r igid rectangular block.

55


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Figure 6.1

The g round f l oo r p lan and the w indow

design.

Plate 6.2

Frameless bay windows for the extension

of the interior into the exterior.

Archi tect:

Wong W ah Sang Architect Al l Arts Lim ited

Project Archi tect:

Hsin Yieh Architects & Associates Ltd.

Project Locat ion:

San Tin, Yuen Long


Reinforced concrete load , bear ing wa l l ,

clear glass window and aluminium frame.


1997

R.C. WINDOW HOOD

R.C. F IN PROJECTION ABO VE -

1

n

i

n

10S0

200

|

I L

750

0 B/W

FR AMELESS VER TI C ES

56


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Maple Garden Phase 3

f - AS A/C

I 3 8 0 X 3 8 0

W A L L O P E N I N G

FOR GAS

B A L A N C E F L U E

L ,

s s

e*

Figure 6.2

The first floor plan and the skylight de sign.

Plate 6.3

Interior view of the skyl ight and windo ws .

57


69/257


Plate 6.4

'

f

m m * i >

w m V M r

Plate 6.5

Views of the bay window elevation showing i ts simpl ici ty of design.

58


70/257


11

IS

Plate 6.6

Another view of the bay window elevation showing i ts simpl ici ty of design.

59


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Plate 6.7

View of the curved surface elevat ion.

Plate 6.8

View of the curved wall with glass blocks enclosing the staircase.


72/257

li

818

ft:

K

*

K

Plate 6.9

Another view of the curved wal l with glass blocks end


73/257


TOP OF PARAPET

2 1 . 7 3 ( S . F . L )

ROOF LEVEL

-2 5 20.45 (S.F.L.)

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

7.80 (S.F .L. )

GRpUND FLOOR LEVEL

15.10 (S.F .L. )

FORMATION LEVEL

Figure 6.3

Wal l sect ions through the roof to ground s lab showing the window const ruct ion.

62


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Figure 6.4

Isometr ic showing the e l l ip t ica l skyl ight

and the curve wal l .

1.metal railing

2.

roof tile on waterproofing layer

3. inverted beam

4.

elliptical skylight

5. curve wall

6. window wall

7. aluminium cladding

63


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76/257

Figure 7.1

Elevation of the new exterior on the exist ing hotel bui ld ing.

T H E PE N IN S UL A H O T E L E X T E N S IO N

Arch itectural Firm : Rocco Design Ltd.

GENERAL

This is a project using modern materials to match with

the details of an existing old landmark. The scale of the

much larger extension is broken down by dividing the

elevation into smaller parts. This is made possible by

using vertical str ipes of dark colour curtain wall . The

result is an integrated composition of old and new.

L O C A T I O N

The site is at Salisbury Road in Tsimshatsui near the

harbour front . The height of the building allows i t to

stand out from its neighours and become visible from

across the harbour . Due to such prominence, even

lighting for the elevation is carefully considered at night.

ENCLOSURE

The existing finish to the hotel is a light grey rendering

in stretcher bond pattern. In order to match this outlook,

a light grey embossed aluminium cladding with recessed

hor i zont a l l i nes i s used . Ful l - he i ght w i ndow s ar e

incorporated with this cladding.

A tinted glass curtain wall is used for the corner

and central vertical stripes. Projecting eaves on the roof

ar e des i g ned w i t h a go nd ol a t r a ck t o f ac i l i t a t e

maintenance of the building enclosure.

On the top floor is a harbour-view restaurant. Here

the enclosure is changed to a 6-metre, high-glass wall

which is supported by glass fins so as not to interfere

with the sea view.

C O M M E N T S

Modern materials and old building techniques can be

placed together either in harmony or subtle contrast by

means of careful proportioning, detail ing and material

selection. Appropriate design can prolong the life of an

old building which is also an environmental benefit and

energy efficient consideration.

65


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Figure 7.2

Regulat ing l ines to relate the new extension with the exist ing hotel.

A r c h i t e c t :

Rocco Design Ltd.

P r oje c t L oc a t ion:

Salisbury Road & Nathan R oad, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon

Mater ia ls for Enclosure:

Embossed a lumin ium c ladding and cur ta inwa l l ,glass wall for

top f loor restaurant


1995

66


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The Peninsu la Hote l Extension

i p


79/257


Plate 7.1

View of the hotel f rom Nathan Road.


80/257


P i

i

:l

- r ; f

i if

" - * '^jf l>aa Bi

S 5 a. |

Plate 7.2

View of the extension as an outstanding bui ld ing from Victoria Harbour.

69


81/257


-

nr

~ -

M ifflin

m

HI JR H jlMW

-

mmm

? m m m

Plate 7.3

View of the roof showing the glass wa l l , cladding and curtain wall.

,.

\

\

I

II H i' IK

- *

| | [,] li I S i *

Plate 7.4

Close-up of the curtain wal l and cladding.


82/257


ii 11 if i I I

f I

M m W '

Plate 7.5

Another view of the hotel from Nathan Road.

71


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isiiii iniiie iui i in

= r -^ -^ ir

SECTION A - A

1

=T1

Figure 7.4

Compressed sect ion of the bui ld ing.

72


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1.

general line of external curtain wall/cladding

2.external centre curtain wall

3. inclined props both sides

4.external cladding wall

5. glass canopy

6. retractable doors in closed position

7. fixed glass balustrade

8. stair glass balustrade

Figure 7.5

Bui lding sect ion through the new swimming pool deck and the exist ing bui ld ing.


85/257


Figure 7.6

Bui ld ing sect ion throug h the restaurant on the twenty-seven th f loor and the hel ipad sta i rway

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

11

gondola t racks

cast a lum, fascia be yond

4 mm alum, corn ice beyond

4 mm alum, sof f i t

m i n .

4 mm th ick a lum, ornamenta l

bracket

m i n .

gap for gondola arm support

cast a lum, ornamenta l louvre gri l le

embossed a lum, c ladded co lumn

beyond

a l u m ,

louvre

150 R.C. wall

s l id ing g lass door enclosure

12

13

14.

15

16

17.

18.

grani te ba lustrade s imi lar proport ion to

exist ing ones

structural sealant glazing

glass f in

gran i te paving

600 x 600 x 50 mm P.C. cone, paving pea

gravel dra inage course

fi l ter fabric

50 mm rig id insu l . type 1

W.P.mem brane type 2

screed to dra in m in. 1 % slope

gondola t racks

safety net beyond

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

cast alum, fascial beyond

4 mm alum, corn ice

4 mm alum, sof f i t

4 mm alum, corn ice beyond

louvre

150 R.C. wall

provide 'tel l-tale' drain to void space

glass f in

structural sealant glazing

granite sil l

planter

embossed a lum, co lumn beyond

74


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The Pen insu la Ho te l Ex tens ion

Figure 7.7

Wall sect ion through the twenty-seventh f loor restaurant glazing.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

65 mm granite sill

19 mm vision glass

anchor fixing

sealant

alum, transom

opacified spandrel glass

mullion anchor

64 rigid insulation metal air/V.B.

9. 6 mm DIA 'tell tale' weep holes at next

to each glass fin

10.30 mm deflection gap

11.19 mm vision glass

12.sealant

13.

6 mm stainless steel

14.

granite sill

15. sealant joint

16.epoxy base wearing course

17.

planter drain with screed and filter

18.

19 or 25 mm glass fin beyond

19. pack solid with grout

20.50 insulation

plastic corrugated drain

waterproof membrane screed

slope to drain, min 1%


87/257


Figure 7.8

Isometr ic of the wall sect ion aluminium

e m b o s s e d c l a d d i n g w i t h r e c e s s e d

hor izonta l l ines ref lects the scale of the

bond pattern on the exist ing hotel.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

embossed aluminium panel

ceiling on suspended frame

aluminium head

vision glass

embossed aluminium cladding

vertical movement joint

aluminium sill

13 mm thick wall board

metal stud

internal floor finish

concrete screeding

fire stop insulation

76


88/257


Figure 7.9

Isometric of wal l sect ion curtain wal l is

used to rel ieve the sol id massing of the

new extension.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

11

12


aluminium transom

vision glass

aluminium transom cap splice

metal stud

13 mm thick wall board

internal floor finish

concrete screeding


aluminium transom


fire stop insulation

77


89/257


90/257

Plate 8.1

Alum in ium cladd ing for enclosing the Admin ist ra t ion B u i ld ing.

T H E A D M I N I S T R A T I O N B U I L D I N G A T L A N T A U

ISLAND CROSSING

Architectural Firm: Architectural Services Department

GENERAL

This is a special building alongside the highways for

controll ing vehicular passage from the new Tsing Ma

Bridge to Lantau Island. The building is a simple four-

storey rectangular block. A cantilevered glass enclosure

forms the control room. A steel structure with metal

decking forms a workshop and fuel depot. Pollution

from traffic is the key problem for the enclosure so

aluminium cladding is selected in consideration of the

ease of maintenance.

ENCLOSURE

T he a l u m i n i um c l addi ng i s p l an ned i n t w o bas i c

modules of 2100 mm (height) x 2000 mm (width) and

1050 mm (height) x 2000 mm (width) in al ternate

h o r i z o n t a l p a t t e r n s . T h e 3 m m t h i c k c l a d d i n g is

supported by galvanized mild steel angles. Between the

concrete wall and cladding surface, a thickness of 200

mm is allowed for installation. Windows and louvres

are incorporated with the modules of the cladding.

The control room for observing the t raf f ic i s

enclosed by 12 mm thick green t inted tempered glass.

This is slanted outwards at the top to reduce glare from

solar radiation. Glass fins are used as vertical buttresses

to allow an unobstructed view.

C O M M E N T S

The simplicity of the design and a good selection of

materials make this a good functional building which

needs only minimal maintenance. This i s a bui lding

designed to be simple wi thout elaborate detai l . The

practicali ty of the design will make the building last

longer functionally and aesthetically in this particular

environment .

7 9


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* * - *

91

f ^ ^ f c j . g

mr

Plate 8.2

View of the wh ole b ui ld ing on top of the ra i lway tunne l .

w

Plate 8.3

View of the administrat ion building on the Lantau Toll Plaza


92/257

The Admin is t ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lan tau I s land Cross ing

Plate 8.4

Roof c ladding of the workshop.

Plate 8.5

The anci l lary p av i l ion as the wo rkshop.

81


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v:

r

Plate 8.6

Const ruct ion of the c ladding on the bui ld ing facade.

82


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The Admin ist ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lantau Is land Crossing

-

-

i

s

0-

i

s

00 t


95/257


i

6000

1400 1480

d

1480 1400

X

F

5

J2?

f o o

r

i

S/S OOOR HANOtf ^

< .A

1500 1500 1500 1300

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

3 mm thick silver alum inium panel

3 mm thick silver alum inium panel

10 mm thick green tinted tempered spandrel

glass

10 mm thick green tinted tempered glass




8.

9.

10

11

12

3 mm thick silver aluminium panel

6 + 1 + 6 mm thick clear laminated tempered

glass

10 mm thick green tinted tempered spandrel

glass

6 + 1 + 6 mm thick clear laminated tempered

glass

3 mm thick silver aluminium panel

Figure 8.2

Part elevat ion and wall sect ion of the curtain wa l l .

8 4


96/257

The Admin ist ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lantau Is land Crossing

a . r 7 .

Outside

R.C PARAPET WALL

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

11

12

backer rod

silicone sealant

M6 x 15 mmL S/S tapped bolt

(0 25OmmC/C)

50 mm thick thermal insulation

material

10 mm thick tempered glass

3 mm thick alum inium panel

12 mm thick treated plywood

backing support

M6.0 S/S screw

G.M.S. angle support frame

60 x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium

angel (L-94 mm)

stainless steel clip

0 18x66 mmL slot hole

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

50 x 50 x 5 mm thick G.M.S. square

washer

4 mm fillet w eld (L=50 mm)

M16x 125 mmL bolt & nut

127 x 76 x 8 mm thick G.M.S. angle

bracket (L=100 mm)

G.M.S. angle bracket (L=50 mm)

M6 anchor bolt

to earthing point

4m-filletweld (L=100 mm)

caulking sealant

driven pin (0 300 mm C/C)

1.5 m m thick G.M.S. fixing lug

(0 300 mm C/C)

finish (by others)

Figure 8.3

Details of capping at the parapet for the

curtain wal l .

Archi tect:

Architectural Services Department

P r o j ect L o ca t io n :

Lantau Toll Plaza, Lantau


Natural anodized aluminium wal l panels

and l ouvre pane ls , l amina ted g lass

windows and par t cur ta in wal l fo r the

entrance


1997

85


97/257


Figure 8.4

Deta i ls of the cur ta in-wal l system 10

mm- th ick t empered g lass is used w i t h

a lum in ium f rame.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

3 mm thick aluminium panel

thermal insulation material


(0 250 mm C/C)

38 x 25 x 2 mm thick aluminium

channel

M4.5 x 20 mmL S/S screw (0 300 mm

C/C) (sealant to seal bolt head)

setting block

backer rod

silicone sealant

backer rod


(0 250 mm C/C)

3 mm thick aluminium

60 x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium angle

(L=94mm)

M6.0 S/S screw

extruded aluminium transom section



silicone sealant

gasket (continuous)

setting block

gasket (continuous)

extruded aluminium transom section

M6.0 S/S screw

60 x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium angle

100 mm thick 2 hours fire p rotection

material


internal finish

1.5 mm thick G.M.S. bracket


1.5 mm thick G.M.S. fixing lug

(0 300 mm C/C)


silicone sealant

false ceiling

silicone sealant

treated softwood backing


(0 300 mm C/C)


finish

86


98/257

The Admin is t ra t ion Bu i ld ing a t Lan tau I s land Cross ing

Figure 8.5

Deta i l s o f doub le g laz ing used a t t he

compu ter sof tware of f ice.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37


thermal insulation material


(025 mm C/C)

gasket (continuous)

silicone sealant

setting block

silicone sealant

gasket (continuous)

silicone sealant

backer rod


(025 mm C/C)


60x 60 x 5 mm thick alum inium

angle (L=94 mm)

M6.0 S/S screw

extruded aluminium transom

section

extruded aluminium mullion profile

6+ 12 + 6 mm thick air gap

tempered glass

6+ 12 + 6 mm thick air gap

tempered glass

extruded aluminium mullion profile


section

M6.0 S/S screw

60 + 60 + 5 mm thick aluminium

angle

(L=94mm)

100 mm THK. 2 hours fire p rotection

material


finish

1.5 mm thick G.M.S. bracket


1.5 mm thick G.M.S. fixing lug (0

300 mm C/C)


treated soft woo d backing


(0 300 mm C/C)


finish

silicone sealant

false ceiling


silicone sealant


99/257


Figure 8.6

Isometric of the aluminium cladding

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

11

12.

13.

14.

aluminium panel on 12 mm thick

plywood backing


section

G.M.S. section

silicone sealant

R.C. wa ll

127 x 76 x 8 mm thick G.M.S. angle

bracket welded to insert anchor

3 mm thick silver anodized

aluminium panel

extruded aluminium mullion

section

75 x 127 x 8 m m thick G.M.S. angle

bracket

angle bolt

400 x 125 x 8 mm thick G.M.S. base

plate


section

bonntile

external floor finish

88


100/257

The Ad min is t ra t io n B u i ld ing a t Lan tau Is land Cross ing

Figure 8.7

Isometr ic of the a lumin ium c ladding.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6

7

8

9

3 mm thick silver

panel

anodized aluminium

aluminium panel on plywood backing

10 mm thick green t inted

spandrel glass

false ceiling

10 mm thick gree

building enclosure in hong kong

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