building and operating multi-compartment vip...
TRANSCRIPT
Building and Operating Multi-compartment VIP latrines
by Peter W. 5. Lochery and Seth T. Adu-Asah
A joint contribution of the Government of Nigeria, The United Nations, · )pment Programme, and The World Bank to the International
Loc.; 2. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.
{~\t ~~ ~
UNITED NATIONS 1981 1990
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MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES i
FOREWORD
This manual provides administrators, building engineers, and
technicians with construction, operation, and maintenance procedures for
multi-compartment alternating VIP latrines. It was developed by the Federal
Ministry of Health through a UNDP project of assistance (NIR/85/070) executed
by the World Bank.
The design of the multi-compartment VIP latrine was introduced into
Nigeria in 1983 by the World Bank and promoted by UNICEF in Lagos, Cross
River, and Imo States. It has now been accepted by many government agencies
and non-governmental organizations as an institutional or public latrine for
locations where there is no dependable supply of piped water.
Any comments and suggestions on this manual and, in particular,
recommended improvements in design and information on costs of construction
and operation should be sent to the Chief Consultant, Environmental and
Occupational Health Division, Federal Ministry of Health, 8 Harvey Road, Yaba,
Lagos.
Professor Olikoye Ransome-Kuti
Minister, Federal Ministry of Health
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES ii
The authors wish to thank UNICEF for the use of their word processor
and David Beckleys for his production of the sketches and figures.
This manual was originally prepared by the authors as an aid to
trainers in latrine construction. Its wider distribution does not imply
endorsement by Federal and State Governments or by the international agencies
that have assisted in its production.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 1
The multi-compartment ventilated improved pit. latrine has been used
successfully in Nigeria as a public latrine at markets, motor parks, and in
urban areas and also in schools, colleges, and health clinics where there is
no dependable supply of piped water.
Part 1 of the manual explains how a multi-compartment alternating VIP
latrine works, where it is appropriate to build, its approximate cost, and its
operation and maintenance.
Part 2 gives detailed instructions on how to build the latrine,
followed by a set of working drawings. Construction of a multi-compartment
VIP latrine requires a sound knowledge of building techniques: decisionmakers
and administrators need to have people with this expertise available before
planning and starting construction.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 2
-\
Compttrfrn#nf (dl!lf«::fion room) -+--il......,._
Gf'OIInd ~I -----------
Five compartment alternating VIP latrine (rear view)
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 3
P.AltT 1
1.1 VBAT IS A VIP LATRDE!
Traditional pit latrines have two main disadvantages: they usually
smell bad, and they attract flies and other disease carrying insects
that breed in the pits. In addition, they are often poorly built and
dangerous to use.
A much improved type of latrine called the ventilated improved pit
latrine (or VIP latrine) has been developed, which has none of these
problems. The VIP latrine has three important features that
distinguish it from traditional types of pit latrines:
it has a tall vertical vent pipe or rent stack with a
flyscreen over its top
it is designed to be safe for the user
it has a superstructure that is slightly offset from the pit
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 4
------------------------·------------------------------------There are two main types of VIP latrines:
1. Single pit VIP latrines, designed for use in rural areas where
there is space to relocate the latrine when the pit is full.
2. Alternating pit VIP latrines, which are permanent structures
with two or more pits that are used alternately.
1 • 2 HOW DOES THE ALTDNATING VIP WORK?
I I I I I I
Each compartment of the superstructure is built over two pits, but
only one pit is used at a time. When this pit is full, its drop-hole
is closed and the second pit is put into service. When the second
pit is full, the contEmts of the first pit are removed to enable it
to be used again. ThE! following sketch shows the arrangement of the
compartments and pits in a five-compartment latrine.
0
(L_· __ Pit walls INlow ground level Multi- compartment alternating VIP latrine
with five compartments 8 six pits
(Pion view with drop- holes 8 pits in use morlr«f with cross)
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES
1.3 ~CHOOSE VIP LATRINES?
In public places and institutions such as schools~ colleges, and
health clinics VIP latrines are popular with users because:
they are convenient and afford privacy
they do not smell or attract flies
they are easy to keep clean
they are safe
They are popular with local governments and the managers of
institutions because:
they are relatively inexpensive to build
they require only a small quantity of water for cleaning and
hand washing
they cannot be blocked by anal cleansing materials
they are easy to maintain
they are permanent
5
VIP latrines do not smell because they have a low-cost but effective
system of ventilation. The wind blowing across the top of the vent
pipe causes a flow of air that carries the foul-smelling gases from
the pit up the vent pipe and away from the latrinee
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 6
1 • 5 HOW ABE FLIES CONTROLLEJD?
Flies are attracted by the faecal odours coming out of the vent :pipe
and not to the interior of the latrine compartment, which does n1:>t
smell if kept clean. They cannot get in through the vent becausil~ of
the flyscreen. As a result, fly infestation of the pit is kept to
very low levels.
The few flies that do f:ind their way in through the squat hole a1rtd
lay their eggs in the pit are prevented from leaving by the fly
screen. Flies are attracted toward the light, and, provided that the
inside of the latrine c1ompartment is kept shaded, they will fly illp
the vent pipe, which will be the brightest source of light enter:Lng
the pit. They cannot escape, however, because of the flyscreen, and
they eventually fall ba,ck and die in the pit.
1 • 6 IS REMOVAL OF THE PIT CONTENTS A SMELLY Mm DANGEROUS TASK?
The latrines are design1ed so that the pits are emptied when the
contents are at least t 1wo years old. Fresh excreta is transform1ed in
two years to harmless humus, which does not smell and presents no
health risks. The humu:s can be removed manually or by specially
designed vacuum tankers and spread safely on agricultural land o:r
gardens or tipped with refuse.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT,VIP LATRINES 7
1.7 HOV MANY PEOPLE CAN USE A VIP?
Most people think that a pit latrine fills very quickly when used by
a large family or a group of people. In fact, excreta only
accumulates in the pit at the rate of about 1.1 cu.ft. (0.03 cu.m.)
per person per year, which is less than four bucket-fulls per person
per year. If each pit takes at least two years to fill, the maximum
number of people who can use a latrine is:
number of pits in use x capacity of each pit
1.1 cu.ft x 2 years
The maximum number* of people has been calculated for two-, three-,
and five-compartment latrines below:
Number of Number of Capacitl of Maximum number compartments Pits pits in use of people
(cu.ft.)
2 3 88 40
3 4 165 75
5 6 254 115
*For schools and out-patient health clinics, etc., where people return home each day, it can be assumed that only 75 percent use the latrine. For example, a day school with 100 pupils would require a latrine for (100 x 0.75) = 75 people. A further reduction can be made for school holidayse For example, if the pupils attend for 42 weeks per year, the effective number of people using the latrine = 42 X 75 = 61
E
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES
Do construct a latrine ~,rhere it is convenient for the use1rs e
VIP latrines do not smell or attract flies so they can be built
close to houses and roads.
Do site a latrine at least 50 ft. and preferably downhill from
shallow well::h (This rule applies where there is at least 6 ft.
of sand or silt between the base of the pits and the groundwater
table. If not, seek specialist advice.)
Do check that the site is clear of underground cables and pipes.
Do ensure that there is adequate access for removing material
from the pits.
Don w t site the latrine where the tops of the vent pipes a~re
sheltered. The wind blowing across the tops of the pipes. draws
foul air out of the pits.
Don't build a latrine where the pits cannot be constructE!d above
the groundwater table. If necessary the pits can be built
partly above ground level and the ground around the latrtne
raised by filling.
Don 9 t build a latrine where it will be engulfed by flood,!fater
during a storm~
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES
Three typical arrangements for public latrines are shown on the
following page. The dimensions given are the minimum recommended for
one five~compartment block for men and one five-compartment block for
women: the dimensions allow for each block to have two utility
rooms.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES
, I
Typical arrangements
of public VIP latrines
10
•'- o" 1., .__.:____ ___ -,-ArranQement
I _j
53'- o"
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 11
1. 9 HOW MUCH WILL CONSTRUCTION COST?
This will vary from place to place as material and labour costs and
site conditions vary. Where in-house supervision and daily paid
labour are used together with direct purchase of materials, a rule of
thumb is Naira 1200 per compartment plus Naira 600 per utility room
at 1986 prices. This does not include the cost of land. (Utility
rooms are provided for attendants and/or the storage of cleaning
materials.)
This rule is designed to give you an idea of cost, but wherever
possible check material and labour costs in your area and use the
quantities given in Part 2 and the labour required to estimate the
cost of the proposed latrines.
If construction is let to a contractor, its cost will be higher and
supervision will still be required.
1 .10 HOW LONG WILL CONSTRUCTION TAKE?
A typical latrine construction team is made up of:
1 leading artisan
2 masons
1 carpenter
4 labourers
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 12
With this team the following schedules for construcing two- 9 three-,
or five-compartment latrines are normal:
Schedule 1
Number of compartments 2 3 5
Set out and excavate pits, pour slabs 3 days 4 days 6 days
Construct foundations 1 day 1 day 2 days
Build pit linings and compartment footings 3 days 4 days 6 days
Build compartments 5 days 6 days 10 days
Total 12 days 15 days 24 days
loll 'WHAT BOUT OPERATION MID MAII!fTI:NAMCK'l
VIP latrines are very easy to maintain and, apart from daily clE!aning
and occasional painting and repairs, need little attention until the
pits are nearly full.
Bleach, disinfectant, or other chemicals should not be put directly
into the pits because they interfere with the important biologic:al
digestion of the excreta; they also cause the pits to fill up mc~re
quickly.
The doors have bolts on the inside and outside: it is important to
check regularly that the doors can be closed and the bolts oper~ated.
The flyscreen at the top of the vent should be examined periodic:ally
and replaced quickly if it has any holes in it.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 13
When the waste in the pits in use reaches 1.5 ft. below the cover
slab~, the squat slabs in the compartments should be interchanged
with the seal slabs so that the full pits are closed and the empty
set of pits is opened. When the second set of pits becomes full, the
first set should be emptied and returned to use. When the first set
becomes full again, the second set should be emptied and returned to
use. This way the two pits are used alternately and indefinitely.
The full pits must be rested for two years for the waste to be
stabilized and free from health risks. It can then be safely removed
by hand and spread on agricultural land or gardens as a soil
conditioner or tipped with refuse.
Public latrines should have a fulltime attendant to keep the latrines
clean and to ensure that they are not vandalised. In Lagos a charge
of 10 kobo per use has been accepted by the users and is sufficient
to recover the costs of the attendant, toilet paper, soap and water
for hand washing, and cleaning materials. Operation and maintenance
of latrines by contractors has been tried but has not proved to be
very successful.
MULTI-COr~ARTMENT VIP LATRINES 14
PART 2
2 • 1 WHAT l'..ATERIALS ARE REQUIRED?
The following materials are required for two-, three-, and fiv'e-
compartment alternating VIP latrines:
Schedule II
Materials Unit Quantity
2 comp. 3 comp. 5 comp.
9 in. X 9.1n, X 18 in. blocks no. 270 320 520
6 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 140 170 260
4 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 190 240 350
Cement bags 35 50 85
Sand - sharp and smooth cu. yd. 10 15 20
Aggregate (3/8 x 3/4 in.) cu. yd. 2 3 5
Steel reinforcing bars (30 ft. x 3/8 in. dia.) no. 12 17 25
Formwork
3 in. x 2 in. X 12 ft, softwood for precast slabs no. 15 20 23
6 in. x l in. X 1'2 ft, softwood for foundation and
in-situ slab no. 7 8 12
Roof timbers
4 in. x 2. in. X 12 ft, softwood for rafters no. 2 2 3
3 in. x 2 in. X 12 ft • softwood for purlins no. 3 3 6
6 in. x I in. x 12 ft. planed softwood for fascia board no. 2
Nails (assorted, including roofing) lb. wt, 10 13 20
Aluminum or stainless steel mosquito-proof netting sq • ft. 3 4 6
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 15
(Schedule II cont.)
Materials Unit Quantity
2 comp. 3 comp. 5 comp.
Corrugated iron, asbestos, or aluminum sheets (6 ft. X 2 ft. 3 in.) no. 5 7
Hinges with screws pairs 2 3
Padlock staples with screws no. 2 3
Barrel bolts with screws no. 4 6
Doors complete with frames no. 2 3
Emulsion paint gal. 3 4
Gloss paint gal. 1 1 .5
So lignum-type wood preservative gal. 0.5 1
Turpentine gal. 0.25 0.5
Allow 10 percent additional costs for water, binding wire, steel strips for securing rafters, and timber for pegs, profiles, scaffolding, etc.
12
5
5
10
5
6
2
1
1
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 16
(Schedule II cont.)
If a utility room is required for housing an attendant Gf storing
cleaning equipment and materials, the following additional materials will be
needed for each utility room:
Materials Unit Quantity
6 in. X 9 in. x 18 in. blocks no. 24
4 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 61
Cement bags 7
Sand-sharp and smooth cu. yd. 1
Roof timbers
4 in. X 2 in. X 12 ft. softwood for rafters no. o.s
3 in. X 2 in. X 12 ft. softwood for purl ins no. 1
6 in. x 1 in. X 12. ft planed softwood for fascia board no. 1
Nails (assorted, including roofing nails) lb. wt. 3
Corregated roofing sheets no. 3
Hinges with screws pair 1
Padlock staple with screws no. 1
Door complete with frame no. 1
Emulsion paint gal. 1
Gloss paint gal. o.s
MULTI~COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 17
A. The building team
Successful results have been obtained using labour employed on a
daily basis, supervised by a higher technical officer or leading
artisan. It is best to agree on a price for the excavation with the
labourers so that there is an incentive to complete this stage as
quickly as possible.
The performance of contractors in latrine construction has been
poor. If it is necessary to use contractors, ensure that:
the contract includes a brief but adequate specification of
materials and workmanship
the contractor does not underestimate the job
the work is supervised by an engineer or technician, who will
understand the drawings.
B. Getting started
Setting out should be as simple as possible. Begin by using ordinary
wooden pegs set back from the sides of the excavation and then string
lines to demarcate the excavation. Excavated material should be
thrown as far as possible from the pit to create a good working space
around the pit.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 18
When the excavation is complete, the setting out can be transfE!rred
to the base of the excavation. Six-inch deep trenches are then cut
in the base of the excavation for the concrete foundations, and pegs
are set in the trenches using a spirit or water level to ensure that
the tops of the foundations are level.
The foundations are constructed using concrete with l : 3 : 6 ntix
(one part by volume of cement : three parts sand : six parts
aggregate) and just enough water to make the concrete workablee The
aggregate (stones, gravel) should be clean and free from stones
larger than 1.5 in. diameter. Do not throw the concrete from ground
level into the pit. Labourers should be in the pit to receive and
pour the concrete, which should be well rammed into position.
c. Precasting the slabs
The slabs should be cast while the excavation is in progress, or
earlier, so that they have at least seven days to gain strength
before they are built into the latrine structure. The area used for
casting should be level and preferably screeded with 2 to 3 in. of
concrete. Never cast slabs on bare earth or concrete and alway:; lay
the formwork on plastic sheeting or used cement bags.
The formwork should be carefully fabricated so that it can be easily
dismantled to release the slabs and be reused.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 19
Good precast concrete slabs require clean aggregates and a 1
mix. The following procedure should be used for casting:
(a) Clear the casting area of all debris.
(b) Spread plastic or paper sheeting on the area.
2
(c) Place the formwork on the sheeted area and oil or grease the
inside faces of the formwork.
4
(d) Fix the reinforcing steel in position ensuring that there is at
least 1/2 in. between the base of the slab and the steel.
(e) Mix the concrete to the correct proportions, place in the
formwork, and compact and level with a wooden float. Ensure
that the steel reinforcement is not dislodged from its correct
position.
(f) When the concrete begins to set, use a steel float to achieve a
smooth finish.
(g) For squatting, sitting, and vent slabs make sure that the
formwork around the holes is carefully finished before the
concrete sets.
(h) Leave the concrete covered and preferably kept damp for twenty
four hours before carefully removing the formwork.
(i) Keep the slabs covered and damp for six more days before
installing them.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 20
D. The pit lining
Two sizes of blocks are used for the pit lining, 9 in. and 6 in0
thick, and their arrangement should conform to the drawings at the
back of this manual. All partition walls in the pit are solidly
built with all joints sealed. In the outside walls some of the
joints in the second, third, fourth, and fifth courses should be left
open to allow for seepage of liquid waste into the surrounding soilg
The top of the pit lining should have a fall of about 2 in. from the
front to the rear wall of the pits. This slope should be formed with
a 1 4 cement sand mortar. This allows for rainwater to run off the
pit cover slabs.
Before the last two courses of the pit lining are complete, the
foundation to the latrine compartments is excavated and the concrete
foundation placed to the top level of the fifth course of the pit
lining. This facilitates a good joint between the top two courses of
the pit lining and the first two courses of the footings to the
latrine compartments§
E. Install in~ the vent slabs
The vent slabs are fixed using 1 : 4 cement sand mortar, taking care
that the slope on the top of the pit lining is maintained. The vent
slabs become permanent features of the structure because they support
the rear wall of the latrine compartments.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 21
F0 The floor slab
After the vent slabs are installed, the footings to the latrine
compartments are completed by laying one further course and back
filling with selected excavated material (that is, material which is
readily compacted) to the underside of the floor slab. Formwork for
the 3 in. thick floor slab is then fixed and the slab poured, using
l ~ 3 : 6 mix concrete.
G. The latrine compartments
The compartments should be set out carefully on the floor slab to
ensure that they are uniform and the dimensions adequate to
accommodate the squatting and sealing slabs. The 4 in. or 4.5 in.
blockwork should be laid flush with the outside edge of the floor
slab to form the exterior walls and the 9 in. blocks forming the vent
pipes should be keyed into the rear wall. These 9 in. blocks should
be laid with the opening in each block tapering downwards and the
internal joints carefully pointed and clear of loose mortar.
Door frames should be made up from 2 in. x 4 in. planed softwood and
primed before they are fixed. Where possible the door frames should
be positioned first and the blockwork built up around them.
The compartments are built with eight courses of blockwork in the
front wall and nine in the rear. The roof falls to the front and
this prevents rainwater being discharged onto the pit covers.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 22
The doors are made from 1 ins thick planed softwood boards,
preferably tongued and grooved or rebated, and battened with 4 in. x
1 in. softwood. The battens should take account of which way the!
door is to be hung: an incorrectly battened door will distort and
sag. Hinges should be fixed using screws and not nails. Gaps of
6 in. above and 4 in. below the doors are provided for ventilation.
H. The roof
The materials normally used for roof construction are:
4 in. x 3 in. rafters
3 in. x 2 in. purlins
6 in. x 1 in. fascia boards
corrugated iron, asbestos, or aluminum sheets
The roof construction should be as simple as possible. The rafters
are partially built into the front and back walls and strapped to
each cross wall with steel strips nailed to the wall. The purlinu
are nailed to the rafters and the roof sheets to the rafters ensuring
that there is at least a 6 in. overlap between sheets. The fascia
board should be fixed tight against the side and rear walls but 3 in.
clear of the front wall to keep rainwater draining from the roof off
the front wall.
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 23
I. Fixing the squattins and seal slabs
Inside the compartments the concrete floor screed is laid first,
using 4 in. thick blocks to form a rebate to receive the squatting
and seal slabs. The gaps between the slabs and the walls, between
the two slabs and a gap of 2 in. width at the front of the slabs,
should be packed with sand and finished off with 1/2 in. depth of
1 : 4 cement sand mortar. This is to facilitate the interchange of
the squatting and seal slabs when a pit is full.
Some institutions may prefer a seat to a squatting slab. This can be
arranged by replacing the squatting and seal slabs by a single
sitting slab resting on a 15.5 in. high lockwork upstand. The
sitting slab has two holes in it: one is closed with a wooden cover
and the other is equipped with a wooden seat.
The pit cover slabs are laid on a bed of 1 : 10 cement sand mortar
and the joints between them carefully sealed with the same weak
mortar to facilitate removal of the slabs for emptying the pits. It
is important that these joints are sealed, otherwise flies will use
the joints to enter and leave the pits.
J. Ventilated pipes and screens
Vent pipes can be made from plastic or asbestos pipe or from 9 in. x
9 in. x 18 in. blocks. The blocks are preferred because they are
cheaper and less likely to be damaged after installation. If plastic
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 24
or asbestos pipes are used, the vent pipe at each end is 4 in$
diameter while the pipes in between are 6 in. diameter. The pipes
should be fixed with concrete at the base and strapped to either the
wall or fascia at the top.
Aluminum or stainless steel mesh is recommended for the flyscreens
since plastic screens deteriorate rapidly in strong sunlight and
galvanized mesh quickly loses its protective zinc coating and
corrodes. The holes in the mesh should not be larger than 1.5 ·m.
If the holes are too small ventilation will be obstructed.
On blockwork vent pipes the flyscreen is fixed in position using a
hardwood frame that simply fits over the top of the vent pipe. This
arrangement keeps the area of mesh to a minimum and facilitates
replacement of the mesh. On PVC or asbestos vent pipes the mesltl. is
held in position by a wire tied around the pipe.
K. Finishes
A well-finished latrine advertises the skill of the builders and may
encourage people to maintain it.
The internal and external walls of the latrine compartments and the
exposed tops of the pit walls and footings to the compartments l~re
normally rendered with a 1/2 in. thick coat of 1 : 4 cement sand
plaster, although at least one local government has tiled the
internal walls of its latrines. The rendering is. painted inside and
MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 25
1.2/04/87
outside with two coats of emulsion paint. The roof timbers are
simply treated with solignum wood preservative while the fascia
board, doors, and frames are primed and painted with two coats of
gloss paint. Colour schemes vary, but external and internal walls
are typically painted grey, the fascia board and the exposed tops of
the pit walls black, and the doors grey or cream. In one case light
pink paint was used to good effect on the external walls.
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