building a master gardener “ipm master plan” for the lawn and garden tom a. royer department of...
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Oklahoma State University
Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn
and Garden
Tom A. Royer
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Oklahoma State University
IPM
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What is IPM? IPM is a sustainable approach that
combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring, and suppression strategies in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks
~USDA-CSREES 1998~
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What is IPM? Comprehensive: integration of pest control
tactics (preventative and remedial), applied when needed (monitoring) considers multiple pests, and is based on sound science
Economically sound
Environmentally responsible
Meets needs of society
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What is IPM?1. Before WWII multiple tactics to limit
pest damage2. After WWII chlorinated
hydrocarbons (DDT), organophosphates, etc.
3. Golden Age of Insecticides4. Silent Spring5. Integrated Pest Management
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IPM Master Plan Design: Keys to Success
• Commitment
• Thorough planning
• Adequate information
• Economically feasible
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The Opponent: What is a Pest?
A pest is any organism that interferes with the interests of humans, such as food, fiber, and health (a plant, fungus or animal that is out of place)
Arthropods• Insects, mites, ticks
Other invertebrates• Slugs, nematodes
Plant pathogens• Virus, fungi, bacteria
Plants• “Weeds,” volunteer
crop plants Vertebrates
• Deer, gophers, birds, people
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The Opponent: What is a Pest?
Abiotic “pests”
Nutrient imbalances Water imbalances Toxic chemicals Temperature extremes Mechanical injury
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
First Things first An ability to properly identify pest Needed: an understanding of the
pests requirements to live.
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Cultural Control
Vir
ule
nt
Pat
hog
en
Plant Disease Triangle
Susceptible Host
Favorable
Environm
ent
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Cultural Control
Insect Life Cycles
Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Defense: Plays that prevent pest outbreaks
Biological Control Cultural Control Regulatory Control Genetic Control Physical/Mechanical Control
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Biological
Biological control: Use of natural enemies to help manage pests below economic levels
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Biological ControlPredators: larger than the prey, eat many prey, fast moving, generalist eaters.
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Biological Control• Classical
• Most effective against imported pests. Natural enemies from native land are imported and released
• Augmentation (supplemental releases)• Inoculation – periodic releases, especially at key times, such as in a greenhouse• Inundation – release in large numbers
• Conservation• Manipulation of the environment or habitat
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Cultural Control
Selecting healthy plants to begin with
Good horticultural practices, placing plants in theproper growing conditions in the landscape
Sanitation: cleaning up debris (hiding places) and cleaning up dead plants to reduce overwinteringsurvival
Host-plant resistance: selecting plants that are tolerant or resistant to pests.
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Cultural Control
Plant selection
•Well adapted (OK Proven)•Healthy•Known pests that might occur regularly
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Cultural Control
Good horticultural practices
•Site selection•Adequate fertility•Adequate sunlight•Adequate water•Proper pruning
A stressed plant is:• more attractive to pests•less able to defend itself•more likely to suffer injury
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Cultural Control
Host-plant resistance
Antixenosis (non-preference)The inability of a plant to serve as a host; usually repellent to the pest
AntibiosisPlant has adverse effect on pest’s survival, longevity, or fecundity
ToleranceDespite pest damage, plant produces a greater yield than would a susceptible cultivar
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Regulatory Control
Keeping exotic/native pests from establishing or expanding through regulation:
• Quarantine – Pine shoot beetle, emerald ash borer •Area-wide eradication programs -
boll weevil• Noxious weed laws - musk thistle• Special treatment of imported goods: Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, Japanese beetle.
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Regulatory Control
Sprouts below larval galleries
Sudden Oak Death Disease discovered in Calif. oaks in 1995
Also infects nursery stock
On camellia
On vibernum
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Genetic Control
Control through manipulation of genetic material of pest.
Sterile male technique with screwworm
Mating disruption with pheromones works in much the same way, disrupting the reproductive process.
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Genetic Control
Use of transgenic technology could be classified as genetic control.
• Varieties that have been transformed to resist plant pathogens• Plants that have been transformed to
resist herbicides• Plants that have been transformed to
make their own insecticide.
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Biological Cultural
Genetic
Physical &Mechanical
Regulatory
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Mechanical Control
Use of physical barriers, machinesor objects to prevent an infestation (preventative), or kill the pest (remedial)
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Mechanical/Physical Control
Examples:
•Horticultural fabrics to cover plants (preventative)•Sticky bands around a tree for elm leaf beetle (remedial)• Use of cold or heat to kill (remedial)• Flyswatter (remedial)
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Offense: (Remedial) Options that correct a pest
outbreak once it has occurred. Mechanical Control (Some) Chemical Control
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Chemical
BiologicalCultural
Genetic
Physical &Mechanical
Regulatory
Scouting
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Pheromone traps Light traps Sticky tape
Tools for Scouting
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Designing an IPM Master Plan
Chemical
Biological Cultural
Genetic
Physical &Mechanical
Regulatory
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Chemical Control
Pesticides:New ones are more specific, less toxic, and
have new modes of action. Often exploiting biologically active chemicals within the pests’ physiology
Other chemical controls:Pheromones: mating disruptionAttractants: baits laced with toxinsPlants that produce their own pesticide
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Mode of Action
Must be aware of how the insecticide works for proper evaluation of effectiveness and health hazards for applicators
Specific, slow acting modes of action (MOA) may be useful for preserving beneficial insects
Very important for resistance management considerations; i.e.. rotation of MOA’s
Sometimes can get synergistic interaction with mixes of insecticides with different MOA’s
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Chemical Nature
Residual activity, route of entry, effectiveness under different temperatures, potential for off-target movement.
Some compounds last much longer. Some work better in “hot” weather, others work best
in cool conditions, some are “systemic”. Some compounds volatize, bind with soil, etc... Water pH in tank can affect some compounds.
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Spectrum of Activity
Preservation of beneficials, potential to cause secondary pest outbreaks, usefulness for multiple pest control.
OP’s, pyrethroids, carbamates have wide spectrum of activity (however some compounds within each class may be more selective).
Gaucho, Confirm, Dipel have more narrow spectrum of activity.
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Resistance Management
What Is Pesticide Resistance?A heritable characteristic that permits a pest to survive exposure to a full field rate of a properly applied pesticide. It may lead to field failure. It is most likely to arise as a result of poor application technique or failure to follow resistant management guidelines.
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How Does Resistance Develop
Many acres of crop are treated with the same chemical control, exposing nearly all of the pest population to the toxin.
Susceptible individuals are killed, and those rare individuals that have some genetic ResistancE, survive. They REPRODUCE, and pass along those “resistance genes” to the general PEST population.
The selection cycle continues, and before long, the RESISTANCE GENE IS PREVALENT IN THE POPULATION
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Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Types of Pesticide ResistancePests may become resistant through the development of a number of mechanisms. These include:
Metabolic Resistance – enhanced ability to detoxifyTarget Site Modification – genetic control of target siteDelayed Penetration – pesticide penetration is slowedBehavioral Resistance – pest detects and avoids
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Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
What is IRAC?The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. Our aim is to keep all classes of insecticides & acaricides as viable control options. By maintaining efficacy, IRAC is dedicated to the support of sustainable agriculture and vector control.
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Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Mode of Action ClassesIRAC has developed a mode of action classification based upon the known ways in which different products act. Effective resistance management (IRM) is dependent on reducing selection pressure and IRAC has developed and recommends strategies that involve using different modes of action. IRAC promotes product labeling to help growers practice effective IRM through the use of alternations or sequences of modes of action. IRAC is investigating the value of rotational programs in managing resistance in malaria transmitting mosquitoes.
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Resources for Master Gardener IPM
Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers
– http://www.anbp.org/ (Info on Biological Control) Bio-Integral Resource Center
– http://www.birc.org/ (Info on Urban IPM) IPM Institute of North America
– http://www.ipminstitute.org/ (info on School IPM National Sustainable Agricultural Information Service
– http://attra.ncat.org/ (Info on organic gardening)