budai fehérfekete 2009 - karácsony

8/3/2019 Budai FehérFekete 2009 - Karácsony

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knb gnznzz qåsåmfnk andnkknh bnm$ l dnmz÷ffq÷v l `ìzzåv nb ezìddÿ+Kìdl l _qôdnzå ìfvìqidìl knbolh l dådnh ÷v÷bn$ `lknb l g÷dje qås"åm bnmandnkâzån e+ Nqz hâwìkzl l Bnjeoenh Gevnkqåan$ l aÿdåzfnk åd wìvi+ Desseknh knb ndåm oijìdlzi zn`nzåmn$ zlkâzlke e lhlv1 l håsnkijlgnkk lq Lzul$ ldlzzl l _qnkzdådnh å l Geñ+ Kekonknh sìqzivih$ lqlkul ebìjal l Hejnjnz$ lheknh nd`âvk÷hn$ qnkz Aìki$ bìv izz ìdd$fìai$ jn `lzìviqizz hegeñ+ L håne ejhnz lq ebìjìmìflk ndbnvôdz vn"bnzn qnkz Sìd andhåsnqe+

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@eìfl ådzôkh bnm lkkue bekjnkz$ qâwôkhfnk izz ådknh l bnmblvljzìvzlzdlk seddlklzih1 ×vôdaôkh$ ebåz nda÷zz l hlvìoiku+

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EK BNBIVELB KLMU KÌKJIV

‛‧nq l knmunjqìqlj knb widz

bì$ bekz o~sl ÷kqnzdnkåm$ èwl"zì"qnvnznz$ `åm$ knbn ÷kgndìd"jiqì$ giduzik difimÿ$ ìdjiqlzi zl"kìve b~khl‧‒

Fveez emlqmlzÿ ñv qlwle nqnh$ lbehiv <5::"fnk 6> åwn zlkìve

a~fedn~bìk h÷q÷kz÷zzn Klmu Kìkjiv zlkìv ~vlz+Ehidìkhflk widz lq$ lhe l dnmìqlff ejnem zlvzizzl gnkk l oeq"znvoe dndheåmnz$ lq ìddlbiâzì ~zìk håne ku~mjâalqììem ~mìviqzl bl"mìfÿd lqz l qnddnbeåmnz$ lbndunz l qnvqnzne ehidl oewed zlkìvlez and"dnbnqzn+

Jn bìv l be ejkhfnk e bì$ z÷ff widz bekz nmu vlaqzlkìv lqnvqnznnh h÷q÷zz$ dnmnkjìh hndznh qìvkuvl ìdzldl i`l knb nbdnmnznzznqôz wezåqåme åvbåvd$ z÷ff nfnôdååvd$ lvvÿd$ ìmu qnvzìvìflk lkåse `lqkìdlze zìvmulh bedunk klmu fnofnk ivlhiqklh sidolek+ H÷"qôdôkh olh hnwnnk naznzzåh$ ìmu l bwåqnzh~dz~q onkjn qlwñsvåjehìzivl wldÿaìflk bekjnkz bnmqåsâznke å gndåhnâznke wìmuÿ eqqÿbwåqdådnh$ lhe zn`nzåmåz l zlkâzì blmlqzi mu÷ku÷våwnd wìdzizzlgnd+

Dnmnkjìal ziwìff f~vaìkqizz l Aÿqng Lzzedl mebkìqe~b jeìhaleh÷q÷zz e$ bekjnkhe z~jzl$ ìmu lq <5:> ÿzl k÷wnqznzz qlhìddìz olh lq

iviqih hewik~dìl ~zìk gimal dnfnvnzwìdke+ Aÿddn`nz l zlkìoìq e fnoe"zìdzìh$ ìmu edunk bådzlzdlk blmlzlvzìz kn zlkñâzik‧Nbdåhåz nmu widz oeqznvoe zlkâzwìku å bìv lq ìddlbe mebkìqe~b"

flk nmuôzz zlkâzÿ zlkìvzìv fñoñqlwlewld ejåqqôh bnm+Hlvìoiku hôq÷fåk wlmu~kh$ blml e bnmqÿdld nmu glbnz"

qnzåwnd$ l gnadåonk l snoåzznvw e lq b~khìal+(g%

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L ‛Klmukìoe‒

Emnk$ âmu$ nmufnâvwl, Lqz èqnb$ bìijehi hiv~khzÿd (lkki

Jibekee <5?<% âmu bikjz~h+ Kuedwìk lqåvz$ bnvz l z÷ffezd$ l g÷d÷z"zôkh aìvÿhzÿd âmu `lddizz~h+ Knb widz nffnk nbbedunk fvlzueqÿ zeq"zndnzdnkåm$ Klmu Kìoe dn`nznzz fìvhe$ jn klmukìoe olh $ l vlaqzl"kìv~kh+ Ndzd knmunjehem (<565‟<5??% fnqìvÿdlm$ ldÿ hiv~khflkzlkâzizz vlaqvl bekhnz+ widz l bìeh oewed zlkìv~kh+

Ñmu våbdeh$ ìmu widz iqzìdu$ lbnduehfnk zivkìz e ihzlzizz$lìd knb Jôsikm widz l zivkl zlkìv+

Hnvnhnk => åwwnd nqndzzvn hndd weqlnbdåhnqkôkh$ jn lq zåku$ìmu hnjwn biiduñ$ seoez hloìqwl aìvÿ ldlhal$ lìmulk biz endåb a÷k$ andqe$ `lzizz vìkh, Nmuqnv Vlanoqhu ‟ l bìeh bwåq dnd"hôdnz zlkìv~kh ‟ bnmnbdâznzzn$ ìmu klmukìoe zlkìv ñv båm biz el znzåfnk ìvjal lq nd wedìm`ìfivñflk hlsizz nfnôdån miduÿaìz+

Weqlmikjidwl ÿvìevl$ bndunh qìbibvl ~mulk knb andnkznz"

znh dndhnnjåz$ hez÷v÷d`nznzdnk ådbåku mlqjlm nbdåhnz$ bnvz nmun"kn wikldlz wikldqÿwld e kn`nqnk `ñqih$ nddnkzåzfnk qìbi zlkâz"wìkuìwld$ lheh ‛ñmu‒ z~jzìh dìzke l wedìmiz$ lìmu + Aÿ sådjl nvvn l_qldlzkulu (Hdl~nv% _qnse (å+<5??%$ lhe l Hijìdu"åw sdlhìzaìk bnm" andnkz Hijìdu ådnz ̀ sivzvåaìz gnznzzn å lhe ÿvìhem ÿjìhlz qnkmnzz lZlkìv ñvvÿd+

Lwlmu l Dno`knv Hlbqe (å+<5?<%$ lhe ndbikjzl$ ìmu

klmukìoe zlkìv ñv idulkz e z~jizz$ lbez klmuik hnwnnk$ knwnqnznnkqâkslje jâqdnzgnzåz, Bekjnk åwfnk å g dnm l wåmq iqzìdujeìhaleklh h÷qvnbh÷jååwnd$ qâkjlvlfiz ljz~kh nd$ å nkknh jâq"dnzne lq klmuik lhzâw fnnmâzååwnd$ å lq ìdzldl nvvn ldhldblklhbekâznzz zlkâzwìkule b~khìaìwld knb nmuqnv ñmu ehnvôdznh$ nb"dåhqnb$ g÷dbnkz l gômm÷ku å lq ôvn qâkslj jâqdnzne dìzzìk zls"we`lv z÷vz he+



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Klmukìoe Zlkìv ñvklh oijìdlzi nvjådue$ bì$ gld~e `lkm~dlzñgnzbåkune$ gl" å dekÿdn~b bnzqnzne widzlh+ Bìv våmnk åvnzzåmekh~zìk z÷vzåkz$ ìmu bnmdìzimlzzlb widz iqzìduzìvlblz$ _~mìv Vnq z (Hi~z` jâal qnknqnvqz% å lhhiv dìzzlb$ ìmu l dlhìl$ qekzn lq

ndqifìzÿd l fnd qifìhem l gldlh Klmukìoe bwnewnd widzlh zndn"lmmlzwl+ Lhìv nmu q~mmnqzâw nvna heìddâzì dnzz widkl+ Bwåqdndhnh$ ebede ebedn ml~jnz,

Ehidle nbdåhnekh h÷qå zlvziqklh lqih l sikzìk bnmkuedlzhi"qìle l Zlkìv ñvklh$ lbehiv l vlaqznvnbfnk bnmìddz wldlbndueh$ knbåssnk Vlgglnddi"e håsnåmmnd bnmìdjizz iqzìduzìv~kh vlaqqåhn

b÷m÷zz+ Edunkhiv ndgivj~dz$ ìmu ndff kåqzn lkklh ‛ldhizììz‒$lq~zìk qekzn ebìvl h~doidz håqqnd å bekz`l lq åmvn seddlkzizz widklndff `ldhlk bnmqÿdldz$ åjn$ aÿ gelb (dådnmqnzwåznd$ blaj nbndz`lkmik% zn blv`l$ (blaj lq ndff båm ebìvl h~doidz håq håz `lzld"bl zldez dnqlwlvz% hewnzzn l vìo hnqåfd l onv~qìz$ hnqjzn l ‛b"wnz‒ alwâzmlzke+

Zlkìve klmuìmìz zldìk lq l bnmmuqjån nbndzn he$ beqnvekzvlaqidke bekjnkhez bnm dn`nz$ hndd zlkâzlke$ lhhiv e `l knb dnq fn"

ddn B~khìou+Fñoñqÿ~d nmunz l qnbådun ådbåkuneb h÷qôd1 mikjidib$ ñmu

<5?6+ qås$ hå ihzÿfnve vnmmndnk$ behiv bekz hejeìh bnkznk l~defl$ zìhl l hnqnbfnk$ vlaqzìfdl l `ÿkib ldlzz$ l kìdlb klmuif"flh dås Zlkìv ñv dnndq+ Åk `lkmi Dl~jnz~vvld h÷q÷kz÷b+

Nmu seddlklzvl bnmìdd$ dn`laid l g÷djvn$ g÷dwnq nmu ihqâk dnwndnz$ l hnqnbfn kuibal nqnhhnd l qlwlhhld1 nqz gnj dn, Lqz knb

z~jzlb bnmznkke$ nqz bnm båm =7 åw zìwdlzìfÿd ndgndnaznke+

(jv+ F+N+ å -?=%

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7

G L V H L _ V Å Z $ <5=5+ ihzÿfnv <3+

Fñoñqlwlh K l m u K ì k j i v zlkìv ñv hisivÿal gndnzz

@l lq lkzeh nbfnv håsqndnzåwnd znhekznh h÷vôd ezz$ nqnk l zìaik ‚lìd l fñoñqÿ kuìv nqnvkue qâkåz å eddlzìz `lmuzl vìkh wemlq~d ‚1 ljnv `lkm~dlzl ÷dnd blmììq+ L klmu qâkslje vnkjnq$ lq ndfioìzÿZnvbåqnz$ båm nmuqnv ÷qnmu aze bekjnk hnddåhåz$ ìmu ådznz lvl"kuìwld nbdåhnqznnk lq ådnz zndanåmåvn+

Ejnhekz ndh÷q÷k l kuìv+ Zndn wlk âmåvnzznd nq l fñoñqì+ Andhå"snknh åvnqqôh+ Knb vnbåkuzndnk lq ådnzejkh ìdklsal+ @l l `nddåkdådnh `lkmaìwld qÿd`lzih1 qnvnzknh Zåmnj lq eznknh, Gndnzzn kl"

muik‧ Nq l jâqdnz å ìqqì l Zn ådnzejj, Lqñvl åvnzz ådnznj kulvlijlfnkz$ å hekz g÷dje åjnlkuìkh$ l znvbåqnz qn+

Knb z~jih gìake$ knb z~jih muìqidke+ Nmuåfhåkz e1 wndôkh bl"vljzìd$ qnvnz èznj qnvekz e1 zldìdhiq~kh+

Bnmh÷q÷k÷b lq ådnzknh$ ìmu ljizz Zåmnj knhôkh$ ìmu zldìd"hiq`lzz~kh nmuìdzldìk wndnj$ ìmu bnmqivâz`lzz~h hnqnjnz$ ìmu `ldd"`lzz~h lahlj emåez$ ‚ qnkwnjådunj ìvljììz ‚$ dìz`lzz~h ekj~dlzij å aÿìmij qâknwìdziqììz+ Gåku å ìvkuåh$ vnbfvlkze gåku å ìvkuåh aìz"qizz l qnbnej båduåk$ l bnmqnkwnjnzz emlqìm fåhåan bndnmâznzz zn"hekznznjfnk++ Widz$ ìmu l qibivñìm nd~vldhijizz fnkkn l jnv gndnzz+Hnnv qnbsìv widz+

Hnvn nbfnv widzìd Zn blmlj e$ l dndhnj qnvekz+ Bnmìdd~khìèzlzzld$ bnmidja~h lv~ekhlz lq nbdåhnqå nqnk ôkknse ÿvìaìflk$ åzldìdmlza~h l dådnh fnd wnzôdnzneknh l zezhìz+

Be widz nkknh l i`l"knb"widz å bìv i`l z÷ffå"knb"dnq qnd"

dnbknh l dnmwikqÿff hlvlhznvwikìl9 ‚ L vnkjâz`nznzdnkåm$ l blvl"jåhzldlk gndljlzwìddldì$ l `åm$ lq ÷kgndìdjiqì$ l qidmìdlzvl evìku~dÿblmlzlvzì sådjìqlzl9,

Hiv~kh mu÷zv$ ÷kblvjiÿ håzåmne$ l i`l"bnm"knb"ndåmnjåHâkqÿ ku~mzldlkìml bekjem fnkknj b~khìdz$ båme l h÷zndn"

åmz~jlz znvnbnzz vnkjnz l qnddnb svÿfìe gndnzz+ Bekjnkknh z~jzlj lqåvzåhåz ‚ l oldìjklh$ èwlzìklh$ ejknh$ knbqnze dåzknh$ l dådnh fnd ku~mldbìklh ‚$ nmu idulk nbfnve qìqljflk$ lìd l z÷ffåm bìv olh

lq ìvlh evìkz åvjnhdjeh+



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Fidjimklh wldda~h blm~khlz$ be$ gelzldlff hiddnmìh$ ìmu nmuejnem nmuôzz jidmiq`lzz~kh wndnj$ ìmu zlk~d`lzz~kh zdnj$ ìmu zlk~d"`lzz~kh Zdnj1 bekjnknhndzz lq nbfnvzeqzndnz å l qidmìdlz qnddnbåz+

Gndnaz`nznzdnk blvlj qìbibvl lq lq ÿvl$ behiv l epz~e hìsidkl

gvnhÿez åvzndbnqznj$ Ìjìb å lq Lzul nmuôzznåz+ L Znvnbz znhekznzå"fnk lq ÷v÷h nbfnv gìaÿ"vnbnm"feqzlzÿ dådnh~mìvqììz$ lq ådnz ñduìz åhibiduìmìz dìzzlj emlqidÿjke+ Ì`âzlz widz l qlwlejflk$ zezhi fnd vnbnmå$ lq ldhizÿ Ldhizÿ evìkze @ÿjidlz+ L knwnd mikjal å wlddibì"l widz nq ‚ bl bìv z~jib+

_qnvnzkåkh sådjìjlz ziwìff ~mìviqke$ l a÷w knbqnjåhnh ih~dì"ìvl$ l bnqe ejfn+ Zldìk wldlbe ehnvôd blaj knhôkh e‧Âmu ådnznj

våqåwå$ qnvwn ldhizÿndnbåwå wìdeh lq nbfnve z÷vzåkåknh$ l _qås ålq Emlq å l Aÿ ådnzfnde jeljldìklh+ Bnvz l Zn g÷dje sìduìj e nqqnd ekzn"mnz gndåkh‧

Biz ‚ wåm fñoñz ekzwn å båmnb, ‚ bekz`l `lddlkìkh lh÷dz fôqhn qlwìz$ å bekz`l nmueh dnmandnnff zlkâzwìkuij$Dlzekiweo Qidzìk åsâzåq"qâkåq `lkmaìk qìvkuldkl bìbivi wlddi"bìl$ l fidjim zndanåmå$ l bnmåvhnqå ÷v÷båå$ l blvljåhzldlk mlq"jlmìmå1

Nwiå$ Kls$ kekonk fla åmnk"g÷dj÷k‧Ådnz$ bl `lddib onkmk l qlwlj1Knb beddeÿkue edunk"idulk nbfnv$Jn Nbfnv lq Eznk âmåvnzn‧_ l dnmhôd÷kfnh qnkz wìmu"qìqdlaìzZiwìffweqeh l dnmhôd÷kf blvljzlh‧

Ñmu dnmunk, L weqikzdìzìvl Kìkje fìoe,

Wlfìkule Gnvnko

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Klmu Kìkjiv glbnzsqnzn

ÌDJIZZ DNMUNK LQ NBDÅHN



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Nd q qìb~khflk mebkìqe~b~kh nd åwnev d qìbidz~kh fn$ z÷ffnh h÷q÷zz lq lhhive Vnkjzlvzìvÿd+ Nqz idwlwl vlmljizz ziddlz

w+ @iwìkue Dlais jeìhzìv~kh+

Zeqzndz _qnvhnqzåm,Jeìhzìv~kh mebkìqe~b~kh bñdzaìvÿd âvz ih åvjnhnåmnz$ z÷ffnh h÷"q÷zz lq <5<="n gnmundbe qlfìduqlzvÿd+ Nq a~zzlzzl nqnbfn våme$ oldìjeihevlzlekhlz+ Nqnh h÷q÷zz bnmzldìdzlb nmu <530"fÿd wldÿ ndnbe ehidleVNKJZLVZÌ_Z+ Nffnk idwlib lq ‛Ehidle vnkjqlfìduih‒ WEEE+sikzaìz1

‛Lhe lq ndljì ldlzz gnmundbnqnzdnk l vnkjnz å onkjnz qlwlval$ vnkj"vn~zlâzzlzeh+ Klmuiff vnkjnzdnkåmnh å he`ìmìih qemivñff gnkuâzåhldì nknh+L gnmundbe ndaìvì gihle1

<+ Bnmekzå blmìkuilk+6+ Bnmekzå kuedwìkilk+?+ Bnmsevikmlzì blmìkilk+

:+ Bnmsevikmlzì kuedwìkilk+>+ _qåhfd heìddâzì+7+ Zlkâzì ~zìk wldÿ fnkkblvlqzì å`nqznzå kådhôd+=+ Zlkâzìe ÿvl ~zìk wldÿ fnkkblvlqzì å`nqznzånd+0+ L qôdhknh qÿ" wlmu âvìfnde åvznâzån+5+ Fnandnkzå lq ehidlqåhkåd wåmekzåqhnjå wåmnzz+

Znbsivl b~zlkz~v,L gnkzenh nkmnb ndmikjidhiqzlzzlh å jnv snvonhnz qnvnqznh+ @l l z+_qnvhnqzåm ñmu mikjidal$ våqnâzn jeìhzìvlekhlz bekjnqnhfnk+

Jeìhzìve ôjw÷qdnzznd )wezåq @iwìkue Dlai)

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L WEVÌMQÌ_ N_QZNKJNEGiduzlza~h l _qnkz Ebvn Mebkìqe~b fnb~zlzììz$ lq nd q qìb~khflk lq ekj~dìåwzeqnjåv d fnqådzôkh+ (Givvì~kh ziwìffvl e jv+ _qåhndu Izzihìv håqevlzl+%

L `ñql åwnhfnk bìv ~mvìvl håqnk ìddz lq ehidl1 fngnanqånndzz l bijnvk åsôdnz$ l zlkznzôdnz ña$ svimvnqâw zlmihhld fwôdz$bekjnk håqnk ìddz$ ìmu lq ña hnvôdnz g mebkìqe~bl F~jlsnz nd zlkekzåqnzne h÷qå hnvôd`nnk+

<5651 lq ehidlåsôdnz ndhåqôdz+ Jn ìmulk9 Åvjnbn nmu"håznnbåkuz gndnbdâznkôkh+

Lq nd`ndunqå h÷vôdbåkunevd bìv fnqådzôkh1 l Weddìkue ñze zn"dnhhibsdnp~b bekjnk ndhåsqndå bnmwldÿâzììvl dn`nzåmnz kuñazizz+Ådz e nqqnd l znvwnq åsâzåq$ ]êdjnv Mu~dl bnmunznbe zlkìv$ lq BZLdnwndnq zlmal$ lhe bekjaìvz `ìvib åsôdnznz znvwnqnzz1 l mebkìqe~biz$h÷qåsôzz l håzzivkuñ sdåfìkelznbsdibiz$ blaj l vnkj`ìqlz$ fnkkn lsdåfìkeìwld+ Svÿfìdzl ÷qnnmunqznzke l flvihh zâd~ qñgidzìmìz l h÷"qåshive oeqznvoe åsâzåqnz `lmuibìkulewld$ jn dìz`lzÿlk kn`nqnk fevhÿ"qizz bnm nqqnd+ Ndhåsqndånefd hnwå blvljz bnm$ bnvz l vnkje zlkìo lqebbìv èwlzldi hdnfnvfnvme kniflvihh å lq idlqìke ña zâd~ `lzììvl

knb gimljzl nd lq nvnjnze znvwnhnz$ l znvwnq andnkz wìdziqzlzìihvlhåkuqnvôdz+ Lq åsôdnznhnk lq nvnjnze wåvf flvihhfÿd âmu bìv olh iv"klbnknh blvljzlh bnm z÷ffkuevn nmuâhñ jâqâzbåkunhhåkz+

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66:?+ L sidezehle `lzldib ndkuibììwld qnbfnke nddnkìddìz÷vwåkunnk knb givj~d l gnmuwnvnh`nq$ hewåwn$ `l lq ldìffe gndzåzndnhnmuôzznnk givj~dklh nd1 < ‟ lq nbfnve aimih feqikui$ ñdui å ìq"ql bnmåvzån nnzåk$ 6 ‟ bekjnk nmuåf nqh÷q hebnvâzån ~zìk$ ? ‟ñduilff qlwlvmìih sviwihìdìl kådhôd$ : ‟ lbehiv ldlsi vnbåkuwlk l ehnvvn$ > ‟ `l aiff bnmidjìih bnmqôdnzååz åqnvnk knbdn`nz ndwìvke+ (bekz 6?35%

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fnve aimih ñduilk å ìqñ ej ÿzl bnm wlkklh åvzwn$ jn `l l z kznzåknb ìq nvnjbåkuz$ lhhiv båm zldìk qzvìahidke e dn`nz+ _ñdui qlwlvmìz knb bnvkåh hnqjnke l qiwanz gnmuwnvnh gnkunmnznzzåmn ldlzz$ jn ezz nqnh

qnbåfnk bìv nmu kåbl zôkznzå e ñdui qlwlvmìklh bek ôd+ Gnmuwn"vnh`nq givj~dke ‟ hôd÷kfnk e ìkklk ‟ l `lzldib zñdnvnaåwnd qnbfnknbbe vnbåkuz knb kuñaz l ehnvvn+ Ndwìv`lzÿ$ ìmu l `lzldbik dåw h bnmzìvmuldaìh l sikzihflk bnmgimldblqizz h÷wnzndånekhnz+

Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1_ñduilk åvznknh nkmnb$ å l h÷vkunqnznbfnk bekjnkhez+ @l gnmu"

wnv`nq a~zih$ lhhiv bnmb~zlzib knheh$ ìmu knb `lmuib blmlb z dôh bnmgådnbdâznke, Dnq$ lbe dnq$ bnmznqnb$ lbez olh fâvih$ dnmldìff biz bnmzlk~daìh$ ìmu kn fìkzj l blmulvz, Dnmldìff aÿd bÿvnvn zlkâzib

hnz$ knhnb bìv viqlff ñmu nb dn`nz+ Hôd÷kfnk e l gnmuwnvz nd q÷v h givjâzizzìh nddnkôkh$ qìb~khvl keko bì wìdlqzì$ olh gnmuwnvvnd we"qikiqke$ `l knb lhlv~kh qåmunkqnbvn qåzqldljke$ lbe lq qìb~hvlwidkl l aÿ bnmidjì+

(L sidmìvih h÷zndnåmne+%Sìd lzul1L qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~ nvnjnze ìddìsikzal l `lvoih bnmhnqjå"

n ndzz hndz+ Knb mikjidz gnmuwnvnhvn$ bnvz keko bnm l gnmuwnvn



<0

nddnkìddì bekjnk gndzåzndn+ Nq l gndgimì åqnv e+ Nqnk fndôd lqik"flk wezlz`lzÿ$ ìmu l kåbl zôkznzå wldÿflk ñdui qlwlvmì"n$ lìmul `lzldib bekâze+ Knb lq$ zn`ìz knb znqe aimi~dzzì l `lzldib nd"dnkdåsånez+

L gnmuwnvn gndhnd bikjlkewldÿal qnkwnjådunhzd g z÷zz$ nd"`lblvhijizz heandnkzåknh zkeh+ Knb ejnmnk zdn feqikui fôqhnåmnb$ lbe klmuik h÷qnd ìdd mm`÷q+ Klmuik håvjån lq l bnmìddlsâzì"l$ ìmu knhnb bìv viqlff ñmu nb dn`nz+

Gemundbnz lq l bikjlzl åvjnbnd$ ìmu l gnmuwnvz ndq÷v hgivjâzizzìh nddnkôkh+ Zn`ìz1 wåjnhnqåvn håkuqnvôdôkh$ lbe h÷ku"kunffnk ndgimlj`lzÿ blmlzlvzì$ bekz l gnkunmnz nddnkåm bnmzì"

bljìl+ Bnmgikzidlkjÿ lqikflk$ ìmu knb åk ejåqznb"n nd

lq

gnmuwnvn fnlwlzhiqììz9 Lq ÷qngômmånhfd lq dìzqeh$ ìmu knb$bewnd l `lzldib bnmldlsiqlzdlk~d znhekz ñdui qlwlvmìklh å nqåvznvqlhhld e ndz÷vdnkjknh bekjnk zndannk qlfìdui zedzlhiqìz÷khåkun nddnk+ Weqikz håvjån$ ìmu l wåjnhnqåknh bì bÿjalkeko"n$ bekz l gnmuwnvn `lvo+ Nq l håvjå ndhnvôd l aimi ÷kwåjn"dnb oâbqlwl ldlzz+ L qåzqldljì ezz nbdnmnznzz qåmunkåknh ndhn"vôdån knb feqzi$ ìmu ndåmmå ñdui ekjih nbfnvnh bnm÷dååvn+

Hlznheqb~+ L aimi ÷kwåjndnb

667?+ L qnbådunh å zìvljldblh aimi ÷kwåjndbn knb hewå"znd lq ìvzlzdlkih muedhiìmìklh zedldbl ldÿd$ lbndu l qìkjåhi nbfnv"÷dåz andnkze+ ‛Lq ÷kwåjndnbknh hnzz `lzìl dn`nz1 lq nmueh l laìz ådnzbnmvqån$ l bìeh l zìbljÿ `ldìdl+ (+++% Olh lq nmueh qìkjåhi$ lbìeh knb lq+‒

_qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~1 @l ìvzlzdlkihlz muedhidklh ‟ lhìv aimi ÷kwåjndnbf d$ lhìv knb ‟ lqz lhhiv qnbådunh h÷wnzeh nd1 åk$ wlmu zn$ wlmu $ knb gim`lzÿ vì lzìvljldibvl+

Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1 Lq l dåkunm$ ìmu aimi lq ÷kwåjndnb$ å åk olh lhhiv dnqnh

feqzikìmflk$ `l `lblvlff zldìdib nd lqz$ lhe vìb d + Z~jib$ ìmulhlj`lzklh h÷qzôh iviqizz hehlzikìh e$ jn bekjnkvn knb dn`nznh znhekznzznd+

667: ×kblm~kh qnvnznzn lq nvh÷doeåm ldlsndwn blvlj+Aimi zn`ìz$ ìmu lq nbfnv laìz ådnzå`nq wldÿ aimìz zeqzndnzfnk zlv"



<5

zll+ Lhe lq ådnzåz wåje$ knb h÷wnze nd lq nbfnv÷då wåzhåz$ båm `lhåkuzndnk e `ldìdi olsìz båvke zìbljÿaìvl1

Knb nkmnj`nz$ `l wåjnhnqåfd klmuiff nvqlhiz ldhldblqlq nbfnv$ bekz hnddnkn+ Jn bnmnkmnj`nz$ `l båvåhdnzn bÿjikzividal bnm lq nvqlhiz+ (+++% Å knb qôhåmn lq ôjw÷åm`nq$ìmu lq nbfnv nd`lmual l wåjnhnqåknh nqz l båvåhndz bnmkuedwì"k~dììz$ bnvz ekhìff hndd wemuìqkel l laìz ådnzåvn$ bekz l bìåvl+

_qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~1 Knb olh l laìz ådnznb`nq wldÿ aimiblz lhlvib zeqzndnzfnk zlv"

zlzke$ `lknb lkklh wldlbedunk qekz lkulme å qnddnbe bek åmå`nqwldÿ aimiblz e nd lhlvib ebnvznzke+ Å `l nbelzz l `lzldbik dåw h lqådnznbvn z÷vkåknh$ lhhiv gnd`ìfivijìibflk bekjnk z÷vwåkue mìzikìzdåskåh+

Knb z~jib$ ìmu l dìkozldsl zlkhihvl ìmuñwld weqld ke l wå"jnhnqå båvåhndz bnmkuedwìk~dììz zñddåse"n$ wlmu nb9 Å lqz nbz~jib$ ìmu nmuìdzldìk wemuìqkib hndd"n l `lvohioeflk ôd bìeh hlzikl ådnzåvn$ wlmu nb9

Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1Håkuzndnk wlmuih `ldìdi olsìz båvke l vìb zìbljÿ `lzldib

gnmuwnvn håswend aåvn$ bnvz muìwl wlmuih l`ìq$ ìmu muìwìklh dìz"qÿjalb$ å ådke lhlvih$ jn knb fìvbedunk ìvik+ @nduzìddih$ ìmu ~zÿ"jleb å knbqnznb nd zz kn qåmunddanb blmlblz+

667>+ L aimi ÷kwåjndnb knbolh aim dn`nz$ `lknb qemivñh÷zndnåm e lqihklh$ lheh bìih ådnzååvz$ l oldìj wlmu l wìvi h÷q÷ alwìåvz gndndnh+

_qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~1 Knbqnznb h÷q÷ alwìåvz gndnd knh åvqnb blmlb$ å fìv kekonk

vì blkjìz~bib$ båm lqih `ndunzz e wìddldib$ lhehknh nq qemivñ h÷zn"dnåmôh dnkkn+

Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1 Knb h÷zndnåmnb$ jn ÷khåkz wìddldz wnqnjndbnb l blmulvz bnmwåjnke lq ejnmnk hìvznw z d+

6677+ L zìvljldib h÷qalwìklh bnmvqån bnmhâwìkal$ ìmuìvzldblzdlkkì znmuåh l zìbljÿz+ N zåvnk lq Nmu`ìq `lmuibìkui zlkâ"zìl ndebnvzn l z÷vwåkun h÷q`lzldib aimìklh å h÷zndnåmåknh aimi"ìmìz$ ìmu qemivñ fôkznzåz qlfaik he lq ndh÷wnznzz fkzåku ñdui"ìmìklh lvìkuìflk$ knb qìvwl he vnkjhâwôd ñdui nnznhfnk l `ldìd"

fôkznzåz nb+ @likdÿ ihihfÿd l `lzldib fevzihileklh aiml wlk



63

gnmuwnvvnd weqlwnvke l zìbljÿz lffÿd l wìvifÿd$ lbndu evìkuâzì~hldlzz ìdd+

_qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~1 Lq Nmu`ìq ndebnvån l z÷vwåkun h÷q`lzldibvl wiklzhiqeh+ L

gnkkìddÿ h÷q`lzldib z÷vwåkunåmn håzåmn$ wezlz`lzÿ$ zn`ìz lq ìdzldlheqlfizz z÷bnmn qemivñ fôkznzånh e aimnddnknnh+ ^mulklhhiv lqikflk1

Lq Nmu`ìq olh l `lzldib fevzihileklh ebnve nd lqz l aimìz$ìmu gnmuwnvvnd weqlwnvan l zìbljÿz,(9% Lq ~zole gnmuwnvn givvljld"bìvih zn`ìz aimzldlk~d wnveh weql l wìvivl zìbljÿ `lvohioehlz,(9%

Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1 Jn aÿ$ ìmu knb z~jzlb nvv d$ bnvz emlqìk knb znhekz`nznb bl"

mlblz nb l `lzldib fevzihiìklh$ nb l wìvi evìkuâzÿaìklh, Zn`ìz

knb widz aimib gnmuwnvvnd weqlwnvke l qiwanz sìkoådiihlz,

(L aimi ÷kwåjndnb+%Sìd lzul1

667?+ ‚ Nbfnvnh bnm÷dån wldÿflk qnbådun ondnhnjnz$ knbgim`lzÿ vì l zìvljldibvl$ jn lq ÷kwåjndbnz mulhivid`lzal l zìvljldibe$ zlmaleklh ådnzåz wåjndbnqwn l aimzldlk zìbljÿwld$ l aimzldlk~d zìbl"

jÿ zìvljldibbld (lkklh `ljnvnmåwnd% qnbfnk+ Svifdåbìz andnkz lqwldÿflk$ ìmu dn`nz lq nddnkåmn nvnmfnk e fniviqizz hehlzikl$ jn e zlmal lq nddnkåmn `ljnvnmknh å qnbådunnk wnq våqz lq åk zìv"ljldblb aimzldlk nds~qzâzììflk+ Slvlkovl znqe9 Nq knb nmuåvzndb bnkzåm$ bnvz viqlz slvlkovl nb qlflj znkke+ L bìijeh wedìm`ì"fivñ ejnaåk widzlh$ lheh ådnzôh ìvìk e bnmzlmljzìh l kåbnz `ljnvnmfnwldÿ fnwik~dìz‧ Z~jlzdlkìmfÿd znqe9 Nkknh olh l dn`nzåmåwndqìbid`lzih$ å nqåvz ‚ l gnmuwnvn gndhnd wådnbåkuåwnd qnbfnk ‚

emnke$ znhekznzznd hndd dnkknb bekjnkvn$ zn`ìz lbnkkuevn dn`nz$ hâbåd"knb hndd lq nddnkåmn hlzikìh ådnzåz e+ Jn dnbikjlkib knb hndd l aimi ÷kwåjndnbvd+ Bekjnq fnkkn wlk blmìflk l aimi ÷kwåjndnbgimldbìflk+

667:+ ‚ L qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~ ìddìgimdldììfÿd `nduzndnklq$ ìmu ‛lhhiv bekjnk z÷vwåkue mìzik ìzdåskåh‒+ @l lq ådnznbvn z÷v l`lzldib$ bnvz hôqjnke lhlvih ådnznb bekåmå`nq wldÿ aimlebåvz$ nq

ådnznb nddnk evìku~dÿ aimzldlk zìbljì lq

våqåvd$ zn`ìz wåjnhnq`n"



6<

znb nddnkn$ jn lhhiv e l aimi ÷kwåjndnb hnvnzne h÷qz$ zn`ìz lq nvh÷doez÷vwåkunh hnvnzne h÷qz blvljwl+

Lqz mikjidib$ ìmu l (qekzåk ìmuñwld gndqnvndz% zlkh zôqåvå"me d÷wnjåhhnd wldÿ dnhôqjån nmuqnvnk l zìbljìvl ljizz wìdlqz an"

dnkze+ Wemuìqkib l `lvohioeqÿ hlzikl ådnzåvn9 Ñmu hndd$ ìmu `l wlkbì dn`nzåmnb l zlkh ìvzldblzdlkkì znwååvn$ bekz lbe l fnkkn ôdhbnm÷dååwnd aìv$ lqz hndd wìdlqzlkib+ @l wlk edunk dn`nzåmnb+

L muìwìklh dìzqÿjì qåmunkåknh ndhnvôdååz (l gnmuwnvn gnd"hnd våqåvd `lkmqizz nd% knb dìzib j÷kz åvwknh+ Aÿ `âvknwnb bnm"wåjån aÿ jidim ‚ jn aÿ dn`nz l `lql zñdådåååvz wldÿ b~khl$ `lvo bìbÿjik (slqâw vnqeqznkoel9% e+ Ñmu mikjidib$ ìmu l aimi ÷kwåjn"

dnb ådnznb (å nkuåeb% ådnzåknh wåjndbåz andnkze$ aÿ `âvknwnb wåjndbnknb zlvziqeh lffl l h÷vfn$ lbnduåvz nbfnvwåvz hnddnkn ikzlke‧667>+ ‚ H÷zndnqnzzåmnz knb v~`ìq`lz blmìvl ÷khåkunnk nk"

he+ Lq$ ìmu gnkunmnznzz ìkgezìvleb `ndunzz e wìddldib l wåjnhnqåkn`åqåmnez å wnqnjndbnez$ dn`nz qnvnznzfd wìddldz ìdjiqlz$ å z~dla"jikhåssnk nvvd fnqåd l gnmuwnvn gndhnd+

6677+ ‚ L gnmuwnvn gndhnd ~zidÿ h÷wnzhnqznzån$ ìmu knb

widz aimib gnmuwnvvnd weqlwnvke l qiwanz sìkoådiihlz$ l gimldblhèfì åvzndbnqååfd nvnj+ Bnvz knb bekjnk `lzldib$ bekz edunk$ fev"zihiìz eddnze bnm lq l aim$ ìmu gnmuwnvvnd ekzåqqn nd l wìviìvl zìbl"jÿhlz$ `lknb l z÷vwåkun$ emlqìmi `lzldibåz+ @l lq ~zole gnmuwnvngivvljldbìvih knb l z÷vwåkun `lzldib nddnk zìbljklh$ lhhiv h lqih$lheh aimzldlk zìbljÿ (l z÷vwåkuzndnk `lzldib ejnmnk q÷wnzåmnne%nddnk ÷kwåjndbnz giduzlzklh$ å l knb dn`nz lqz bikjlke$ ìmu nvh÷doeqnbsikzfÿd ndblvlqzldlkjÿh+

Hlznheqb~+ L `ìfivñ ndhnvôdån

6?30+ Bekjnk ìddlbsidmìv å hivbìku h÷zndn lqik b~khìd"hijke$ ìmu ndhnvôdan l `ìfivñz+ Nqqnd qnbfnk bekjljjem$ lbâm ‛l`ìfivñ hiohìqlzl gnkkìdd$ lbâm keko z÷vwåkun `lzìh÷vvnd å ndnmnkj

`ljnvwnd vnkjndhnq knbqnzh÷qe znhekzådu$ knb dn`nz bnmzlmljke l



66

hivbìkuihzÿd l aimi ÷kwåjndnb aimìz$ be~zìk bìv bekjnk fåhå vnk"jnqåe dn`nzåm hebnvôdz+‒

_qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~1

Lvvÿd$ ìmu hebnvôdz"n bekjnk fåhå vnkjnqå dn`nz åmn$ knb åkbikjzlb he l wåmqÿz$ `lknb h+Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1Åk$ lhevn nmuvn olh d knh l zìbljÿh$ åk lqzìk emlqìk ndhnvôd"

kåb nqz l `ìfivñz, Lvvÿd snjem$ ìmu l fåhå vnkjnqå dn`nz åmn he"bnvôdz widkl$ lvvÿd bez nb z~jih$ èqnk nkhe nb håvjnqnzz bnm nk"mnb+

6?35+ Klmu h÷vôdznhekzånd hndd bnmìddlsâzlke l hlzikle nv h

ìdzld `lqkìdz aimi ÷kwåjndnb qemivñ gndzåzndnez+ Nmu edunk j÷kzå ñ"duiìml bnmhâwìkal$ ìmu lq nvh÷doe z÷vwåkunåm qemivñ gndzåzndne"knh dnmunk ldìwnzwn+ _qôhåmn$ ìmu

‟ l zìbljÿ gåd ìdzld l knbqnz wlmu l knbqnznh h÷q÷åmn gndåndh÷wnznzz hìv zlvzÿ$ ñdui å håzåmnz heqìvÿ dnmunk8

‟ lq lkklh bnmìddâzììvl fnwnznzz bekjnk nqh÷q `lqkìd`lzlz"dlkklh wlmu `lzìzldlkklh feqiku~daik8

‟ ìmu l ehnv`nq qôhåmn hibidu gndzåzndnh nmuôzz dnmunknh8‟ ìmu l gnmuwnvnh ldhldblqìl kn ihiqqik ñduilff hìvz åqlwlvz$ bekz blml l bnmqôkznznkj viq+ L bijnvk s~qzâzÿ nqh÷"q÷h `lzåhikuìml klmuik ñduilk neh dlzfl n gndzåznd bnmâzådååfnk+Nqnh lqih l `lmuibìkui ndnbnh$ lbndunh lq ñmuknwnqnzz ‛emlqìmi`ìfivñ‒ jihzvâkìaìflk gndividwl bnmzldìd`lzÿh+

Lq nvh÷doe aimqnvåm gndzåzndneknh bnmfnoôdån lqih f÷doâzådnzåvn zlvziqeh$ lheh l h÷qaÿåvz gndndnh+ (bekz 66:?%

_qnbôwnmn ejnidÿm~1Hlzikle nv hv d knb vnkjndhnq`nzznb$ jn `l j÷kz`nzznb widkl$

lhhiv lq l wådnbåkunb$ ìmu l W÷v÷ @ljnvnm å l fìfhivbìku ìdzldihiqizz hìv zlvzÿ å ñdui$ å wndôh qnbfnk bekjnk `lzìzldlkklh feqiku~dz+ L ehnv`nq qôhåmn gndzåzndnh laki kekonknh bnm, Lq ìd"zld~h ihiqizz hìv bekjnkz gndôdbñd$ lqz knb dn`nz zñddåske+ L qnbfnkìd"dì nvh÷doe aimqnv åmåknh qemivñ gndzåzndnez lmmìduzldlk~d zndanôdkedìzib+



6?

Gnmuwnvn gndhnd 1 Lq nddnkôkh fnwnznzz hlzikle nv hv d h j÷kznknh$ åk snjem bek"

jnk ndhåsqnd`nz å ndhåsqnd`nznzdnk nqh÷qqnd qnbfnqnmôd÷h$ lhìv

wlk vnbåkunb$ lhìv keko+ L kn`åqgnmuwnvnehhnd hâbådnzdnkôd s~qzâzaìh l wìviiblz$ åk bnm olh lq kn`åqgnmuwnvqnzôhnz s~qzâzib+ L jihz"vâkìhlz snjem dlsiqmlìh olh l qnbôwnmnnh+

(L `ìfivñ ndhnvôdån+%Sìd lzul16?30+ ‚ Ezz l hivbìkuihlz$ zn`ìz l aimqnv$ z÷vwåkun `lzldib

håswendez bnmeddnz ÷kwåjndbe aimvÿd wlk qÿ+ Lq ndbikjizzlh nmuìd"zldìk knb wiklzhiqklh lq <5>7 åwe `nduqnzvn$ lìd l givvljldbìvih lknb z÷vwåkunnk gnkkìddÿ `lzldib aimzldlk fiqñaìzÿd wåjzåh ådnzôhnz(å zìvljldb~h$ `lqìa~h ådnzåz%+

6?35+ ‚ Hivbìkuqekz j÷kzåvd$ lqz ndhåqâz h÷vôdznhekz

båvdnmndåvd wlk qÿ l hlznheqb~ q÷wnmåfnk$ knb l aimzldlk~d bnm"zìbljizzlh wåjnhnqååvd+ L ehnv`nq qôhåmn hibidu gndzåzndnh wl"dÿflk knb widzlh nmuôzz$ jn l håzåmfnnaz `nduqnzfnk wåjnhnq givvl"jldbìvihlz knb dn`nz nvh÷dozndnk blmlzlvzìld wìjidke+ L oewedeqìdzwedìm våqåvd åvhnq nmâzåm vnbåkun nb widz ndwednm ldlszldlk+ Snv"qn$ l mulhivdlzflk olh klewezìklh feqiku~dz+

L gnmuwnvn gndhnd ìddìgimdldììfÿd olh lqz dìzib `nduzndnkknh$ìmu jihzvâkìhlz snjem dlsiqmlìh olh l qnbôwnmnnh+ Lq nvh÷doe

ndwnhnz knb dn`nz l qiflz~jÿihvl `lmuke+ Bekjnkheknh h÷wnzken hnddnqnhnz$ ldhldblekz knb z~jibìkuilk wlmu z~jìdåhilk ìqñ dåvnnvnqznzz zìvmuldìld$ `lknb lq ådnzfnk ìqqìa~h emlqijwl+ L he hlzn"heqb~z$ jn dnmg ffhåssnk dndheebnvnzn qlwìz h÷wnzwn+

‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟‟



6:

Lq egañ ÷vnmjeìhih h÷qôd nmuvn z÷ffnk z kknh gnd âvìlehhld+ Lq ldìffe"lhflk BEHß ÌVSÌJ (å+ <5== % b wåqnzz÷vzåkåq jeìhzìv~kh zlk~d"bìkuìz h÷q÷daôh

L _QNKZ EBVN H HLDLKJI_ ÑZAL L _QNBÅZ@NMUZDL BÑQN^BEM

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klz~vl alwâzwl+ Svÿfìdhiqzlh Jibikhi svåsiz bìgådn lqikiâzìì"wld e$ å widz$ ìmu lq nmåq gndevlziz l <:+ qìqljvl jlzìdzìh+

L zlwldue qåhngn`åvwìve klmuqlfìñ _qnkz Ebvn"heìddâzìik ‟

lbndunz lq Nmu`ìqbnmune Bñqn~b vnkjnqnzz ‟ znvbåqnznnk qnvnsndzl zìfdl gndevlzl$ bekz idulk$ gikzi zìvmuå$ lbndu ndwnqnzz+ Svlu Mu÷vmubwn lq ibekÿq~ `ndukåd hekuezwl hnvôdz l zìvdÿfl+ L hlzldÿm~ qnv"hnqze ‟ Hnvku Znvåqel å _bi`lu Lkjvì ‟ nkmnb håvznh gnd lvvl$ìmu l z÷vzåknznz âvalb bnm l hlzldÿm~ qìbìvl+ L hnvnmådå å lqâvì h÷qfnk ìql dnwndnqåfn fikuidÿjz~kh$ lbnduknh ivìk l qlh"evijldib bekjnk zåzndåz ivvl wnzzôh$ bnmwezlzz~h$ å wåmôd heldlhâziz"z~h lqz l wìddld`lzÿ bekeb~biz$ lbez lq ndwnqnzz hvd bikjlke dn`n"

znzz+H÷qfnk ndåvhnqznh l heìddâzì wåmklsale+ Lq ~zidÿ ldhldblh nmuehåk

‟ l gekeqìq gndå zlvzwl ‟ l vnkjnqh wnqnzåz zlvzizzlh l qlhbl qì"bìvl$ lbndunk emnk ihlk wnzznh våqz$ h÷qåshiviih å bijnvknnhnmulvìkz+ H÷qzôh widz nmueh hnjwn hiddåmìkh $ _qôo Mu÷vmu e$ lhefnklbekz bnmseddlkzizzl l Svlu"h÷znzfnk l gndevlziz$ biziqhìdke hnqjnzz lmulkñ1 nqz l q÷wnmnz bìv dìzzl wldlìd+ L wnqnzå wåmåk lq~zìk

ijlbnkz Hnvku Znvåqeììq$ å ÿwlzilk bnmhåvjnqzn1 ‛Dn`nzåmn$ìmu nq l h izzìk wlk kìdlb$ l sekoåfnk9‒ L `lzìz nd dn`nz håsqndke+

Hiddåmìkh _qåhngn`åvwìvvÿd qìvblqizz nd F~jlsnzvn+ Nd åwnnmunznbe `lddmlzÿ hivìflk z÷vzåk`nznzz$ ìmu nmueh nzn$ lbehiv `lqlgn"då zlvzizz l h÷kuwzìvfÿd$ lq nmuhive oeqznvoe znbsdib bnddnzze ~zoìohì"flk nmu `ldib åsâzåe z÷vbndåh znznaåk gndevlzi zìfdl jlvlfalevl dnzzgemundbn+

Ñmu mikjidzl$ bnmbnkze hnz$ bekjnmu$ behivelh+ Ljjem l seddlkl"zem$ lbâm bnm knb dìzzl Svlu bwåz l zìvdÿflk$ fnkkn l gndevlziz$ knbz~jzl$ bez vq÷zz bnm lq ndbñdz `~qik÷z nqznkj ldlzz+

_laki knb widzlb andnk nqnk l ‟ bådzìk `âvnå wìdz ‟ wnqnzånk+Wndnb$ lhe `ÿklsihem ôdj÷qznb l h glkzibaìz$ hâbådnznnk h÷q÷dzåh l aÿ `âvz+ Sikzilfflk ‟ bekjnk blmulvìqlz `ndunzz ‟ bnmb~zlzzìh blmìzl h÷wnz+ Be zlmljì$ emnkolh n<oijìdhiqzlb$ jn lq~zìk$ bnm e h÷ku"

kunffôdznb$ bnvz dìzqizz$ ìmu olh~mulk håh÷qåshive l glvlmwìku1



67

hejidmiqììklh bÿjal$ lkulml nqz nmuåvzndbwå znzzn+ Hnhnku ådåzgndôd ~mulkñmu glvlmzìh eddnqzåvn$ lbekz l hivlfnde bìvmlglvlmwìkui"hik dìz`lzÿ8 ìbdihdlsal nvnjnzednm ebl widz$ `ìzl `lljz+

Hìdbìkonè$ lheknh z÷ff slqlv~d hegnznzz jâqhÿjnpåz ebnvaôh ‟ ldnmqnffnz$ lq <:0< h÷vôd edd~bekìdz fvnweìve~biz l _qåo`åkue H÷kuw"zìv vqe ‟$ lkzehwl fnz zìfdìwld ìddâzizz nbdåhnz wldlbeknh$ lbe _qnkzEbvåwnd ìddz ÷qngômmåfnk+ _laki$ nmundvn knb z~ja~h$ ìmu ìdwidz$ wlmu sikzilk bevn wiklzhiqizz nq l gndevlz+ ^vek~ Wnde~$ l`~blkezl z÷vzåknzâvÿ <>6="fnk lqz anmunqzn gnd$ ìmu _qnkz Ebvn qôdn"zååknh `nduåz hìsidkl (lnjeo~dl% and÷dzn$ jn snvqn bì~zz e dn`nznzz ‟nmuåfhåkz l hìsidkìklh nb z~ja~h l `nduåz+ L gndevlziz ekjâzÿ nd

(oikhl% andnz nb ehnvôdz gndidjlk~kh8 ñmu zkeh$ Svlu nb hâåvdnzn"qnzz wndn+ Wlkklh zn`ìz båm bnmidjlkjÿ svifdåbìh+

Å nmundvn keko bnm l zìfdl bìeh jlvlfal nb$ lbndunz l z÷vzå"kåq l <0+ qìqlj bìijeh gndåfnk båm dìzizz+ Lq åsôdnznz ìzweqmìdzìh$nbbe kuib+ Dn`nz$ ìmu nmu bìeh z÷vbndåh"qìddâzbìkkuld zkz nd$jn lq e dn`nz$ ìmu bìv ihhld hivìfflk ndhlddÿjizz+ Nmuqnv zldìk båm‟ wlkklh oijìh ‟ gndf~hhlk`lz wldlìd+



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Klmuvlfnosôdåssnd gimlja~h l F~jle Gn`åvGnhnzåfn hôdj÷zz idulk âvìsi"hlz$ lbndunhfnk l sqnvq ÷kìddÿ h~zlzìslewld andnkzhnqeh$ zñd l ku~mjâals

hivik es mlqjlmâzwl l z~jibìku nmuns znvôdnznez+ Lq ldìffe zlk~dbìku"flk l mikjidlz hl h÷qikze sqnvnnz$ l sqnvq l h~dzñvl ndbådnzåwnd ås gediqÿgeìaìwld gimdldhiqeh l hlzideh~s èzzåzndnh fevzihìflk+

Jv+ Blvÿze Lkjiv (å+ <5:>%

Hlzideh~ h~dzñvlgndgimìMikjidlzbnknznb`nq ndhåkz Kuâve Zlbì ‛Lq nbfnv l wedìm"

flk‒ o+ h÷kuwåz `lqkìdzlb gnd+ (_qz+ Ezwìk Zìv~dlz$ <50<% L qnvq ìzwnzzn nmu kåbnz lkzvisidÿm~$ Lvkidj Mn`dnk bnmìddlsâzììz lqnbfnv ‛wedìmvl kuezizzìmìvÿd‒+ (L+ Mn`dnk1 Lq nbfnv+ Znvbåqnznå `ndun l wedìmflk+ Mikjidlz Heljÿ$ <5=7% Nq lqz andnkze$ ìmu lqnbfnv keko fnqìvwl l zåv"ej hivdìzle h÷qå$ bnvz bekjnkôzz håsn

bnmznvnbznke l dåzgndzåzndnez+ Znwåhnkuåmåknh nvnjbåkunez zìvmuel"âzal$ `lmuibìkuiqql$ âmu l bñdz nvnjbåkunez fnåsâze andnkåfn å l a÷w an ldlhâzììfl+ Mn`dnkknd lfflk e nmunzåvz$ ìmu nq l bnznvå"mn h÷vkunqnz håsnqe lq nbfnv laìzi h÷vkunqnzåz$ l h~dzñvìz$ lbndunmufnk wiklzhiqìe å zìaåhiqÿjìe vnkjqnvn e+ Kuâve lqikflk`lkmñduiqql$ lq nbfnv knbolh l z~jlzìzÿd gômmnzdnkôd dåznq wldÿ"ìmiz h~zlzal+ ‛×kblmìvl weql`ladÿ$ gôvhåq znhekznzåwnd ndiv"

flk laìz dåzåz weqmìdal‒+ (Ejåqnzz b

$ <=+ i+% N vngdnhzìdÿ håsnå"måfnk l wedìm å ÷kblml bnmebnvååknh å bnmåvzååknh dn`nzå"måk zñd ‛zvlkqonkjnkzìde zlslqzldlzl‒ e wlk+ Nq knb bì$ bekzìmu zñd z~j b~zlzke ÷kblmìk wldlbe ìdzldìkilff$ nmunznbnnffgndå$ å nq wåm ivik lq eznkèzfnk gnanqjeh he+ Kuâve qnvekz lwldÿìm knb e åvz`nz bnm emlqìk Eznk dåzn kådhôd$ l jidmih beåvz" aåvn nmunjôd lj`lz wìdlqz+



60

L ‛wedìmvl kuezizzìm‒ zn`ìz nmuvåqz l wldÿìm zndanåmåvn evì"ku~d$ bìvåqz ÷kblm~khvl$ jn lq nbfnv i`lnb ndåmqeh bnmqnvqnzz zlslqzldlzlewld$ nqåvz g÷dåfn blmlijeh dåz`nduqnzneknh$zìwidìmiz znvnbz blml å l jidmih h÷q÷zz$ å nq l mikjidhijì wl"

dlbe ‛slvzzldlkvl‒ ~zld l dåznq wedìmik zñd+ (Ej+ b$ ?6+ i+% Nq knbbì$ bekz l wåmn wedìmik zñd dnw wåmzndnkåm$ bì qÿwld l ‛qnb"h÷qze wldÿìm‒$ blml Eznk+ Kuâve bnmnbdâze$ ìmu l hdlqeh~ gedi"qÿgele lkzvisidÿmel knb a~z nd ejìem$ nqåvz knb e z~j wìdlqz ljkelvvl$ wldÿaìflk be lq nbfnv+ Olh dnâvke z~jal l z~dlajikìmlez$ jnkådhôd÷qe lqz l båvoåz$ lbek båv`nz lq nbfnv wendhnjån+ Olh lwlddìi lkzvisidÿmel zìval gnd nqz lqqld$ ìmu l weqmìdlzlez l qnkz"

âvìflk mu÷hnvnqznze+ Âmu l wedìmvl kuezizzìm knb bì$ bekz lq nb"fnv vì~zldzìml Eznkvn$ ziwìffì lq nbfnvknh lq l håsnåmn$ ìmu lhåvjåne zñdznvanjanknh l wedìmvÿd qnvqnzz zlslqzldlzlek+ Nqåvz lqnbfnvknh he hndd nmåqâznken h~dzñvìaìz$ bnvz lq olh l feidÿmele dåzåzå l blml ìdzld znvnbznzz wedìmiz blmulvìqql bnm+ Lq nbfnv l h~dzñ"vl dåkunmåz olh lhhiv ebnve gnd$ `l hnvnååfnk$ h~zlzììflk knb"olh l znvbåqnznk håvjnq zñd$ `lknb blmìk l h~dzñvìk e+ Nbfnveznvbåqnzôkh bnmhâwìkal$ ìmu nmu knb znvbåqnzn wedìmflk åd"

aôkh$ nqåvz wåm ku~mldb~khlz å vnkjndznzåôkhnz olh Eznk h÷qnd"åmåfnk zldìda~h bnm+ Nvvn lq e håqznz`nz fnkkôkhnz$ ìmu l h~dzñvlñalff zìwdlzih gndå weq$ lbndunh zñdznvanjknh lq åvqåhnd`nz$ zlslq"zldlzedlm ìzgim`lzÿ lkulme wedìmik+ Lq e feqikuâzal$ ìmu lq nbfn"vnhknh wlk nvvn emåkuôh$ ìmu lq ådbåkunehnz qebfÿd~bihhld gnan"qeh he$ nq snjem lqz andnkze$ ìmu lq nbfnve qnddnb håsn zñdnbnd"hnjke lq ‛ezz å biz‒ hivdìzlek$ dn`nzåmneknh l bnmdìzììwld+ Nvvnlq nbfnvz l kundw znqe håsnå+ L kundwknh h÷q÷k`nzaôh$ ìmu‛vnkjnqnzz zåv" å ejfnde wedìmflk ådôkh$ ìmu l bñdzfnde å l zåvfnkzìwide jidmih$ l wldlìd å wldlbehiv fìvìd å fìvbehiv bnmandnkâz"`nz å gnd`lqkìd`lzÿ+‒ (Ej+ b$ :>+i+% L h~dzñvl qnvhnqnzn qivivihikìmflk wlk l kundwwnd$ lbndu ~mulk knb wìdziqzlzal bnm lwldÿìmiz$ jn dn`nzwå znqe$ ìmu ‛ìzbnknzednm weqlwik~da~kh lwedìmzÿd‒+ (Ej+ b$ :7+ i+%



65

L zlslqzldlzihlz ìzgimÿ å ÷qnmnq qebfideh~ mikjidhijì lz~jibìkuflk$ l bwåqnzfnk å l wlddìflk z~jal olh emlqìk åvz`n"zwå znkke l wedìmiz$ hvnlzâw håsqndnzôkh nmâzåmåwnd+ L z~jibìkundznhekz lq nmunjeåmzd$ nqåvz knb lj wìdlqz lq nmuåk håvjånevn$

knb lj evìkuâzìz lq nvh÷doe svifdåbìhflk$ ‛knb z~j bnmfevhÿqkelq nmuåke ådnzvn dnndhnj wnqådunhhnd‒+ Nvvn olh l wlddì ldhldbl$lq nmâze lq nbfnvz+ L wldÿìm i`lnb åvz`nz bnm zndannk$ mulhvlkknb z~ja~h$ l wådnzdnk wlmu l qemivñ ihìm `lzìviqql"n bnm lq nn"båkunhnz+ Nqåvz fâqk~kh hndd nmu blmllff åvzndnbfnk$ lbndu bnm"`ldljal lq nbfnve åvzndbnz$ å wìdlqz lj bnmidjlzdlk håvjånekhvn+ Nqolh nmu wåmzndnk qnbådu dn`nz$ Eznk$ lhez knb hivdìziq lq ej å l

zåv weqikudlmiìml+ Olh lq evìkzl bnmkuedwìk~dÿ feqldibbld dn`nz÷kblm~khlz å l h÷vkunqnzôkhnz bnm`ldljke$ dìzÿh÷vôkhnz l wåmzndnkgndå hezìmâzlke+ Lq nbfnv ådnzn ‛qkke knb lhlvÿ$ l wedìmik ìz gndzlv"zÿqzlz`lzlzdlk~d Eznkvn evìku~dÿ biqmì‒+ (Ej+ b$ 5:+ i+% Lq nbfnvbåme mulhvlk bnmgndnjhnqeh Eznkvd$ ÷kblmìwld wlk ndgimdldwl ÷k"åvjnhn å lq ÷kblmìvÿd wldÿ mikjihijì qôhåmnåmn belzz+ Bl"mìvl evìkuâzizzìml lqikflk ‛gndidj`lzlzdlk nddnkzåzfnk ìdd wedìmvl kue"zizzìmìwld‒+ (Ej+ b$ 57+ i+% Bnm hndd åvznken zn`ìz$ ìmu l znvbåqn"

zåwnd nddnkhnqeh$ `l olh l andnkfnk åd+ Knb giaz`lzal nd blmìflk l a÷wvn evìku~dÿ åvjnhdjåz$ qìbâzìfl hndd wnkken$ ìmu l andnkdnme`nduqnzn ìwì gimal wnqnzke+ L zìwdlzihflk mikjidhijÿ nbfnvknhqôhåmn wlk l h~dzñvìvl$ nqnk zñd lvvl$ lbe lq ådnzåk zñd b~zlz+

Lq ådnz åvzndbåz åss nq l hezìv~dhiqì ljal bnm$ nqåvz l blmìflqìvhÿqÿ Åk fkz h÷wnz nd+ L z~jlzi ndqìvhÿqì Eznk ndd vnkjqnvekzndqìvhÿqì lq nbfnvnh ndd e$ wlmue ÷kqå$ lbndu lq ekjewej~ldezìndzivq~dìl+ Lq nbfnv ådnzn lhhiv zndan$ `l ìddlkjÿ hlsoidlzl wlkbì nbfnvnhhnd å Eznkknd$ dåzåknh zvlkqonkjnk dåkunmåwnd+ Ìd"dlkjÿlk he hndd dåsken ÷kblmìfÿd$ bnmåvzwn$ ìmu lhhiv wlk emlqìkblmìkìd$ `l nmuñzzld ‛bìkìd‒ e wlk+ (Ej+ b <36+ i+% Olh lq edunkhlsoidlzihflk dn`nz nmåqåmn å ås ådnznz ådke+ Lq nmuåkknh håzwiklzhiqìflk hndd hedåsken ÷kblmìfÿd1 qâwåwnd$ ìmu l qnvnznzå"wnd bìih gndå givj~daik$ wldlbekz l fnqåjåwnd$ l mikjidhijì å

nbfnve åvekzhnqå kundwe nqh÷qåwnd+ N hedåså lhhiv åvzåhn$ `l lq



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nmunznbnåmvn evìku~d$ lq nmåq ådnzvn heznvanj+ Nffnk l hlsoi"dlzflk dnq `lzìvi lq nbfnv zezhl Eznkåwnd+ Lq nbfnv qnddnbn n"mâzåmåwnd gnanq`nze he zvlkqonkjnk ådbåkunez$ zñddåswn ÷kblmìknda~z`lz zndan lqikiìmììq+ Nq lq nbfnv ‛zvlkqonkjnkoeìal‒ å

‛ebblknkoeìal‒+ L bnmebnvåfnk$ bnmåvzåfnk$ fndìzìflk$ âzådnz"ldhizìflk å vngdnpeÿflk hegnanqj qebfideh~ mikjidhijì gnd"qlfljâz å ÷kìddÿìmiz lj$ håsnå znq l andnkåmnh g÷d÷zze nqbnedåkunm bnmvlmljììvl$ hegnanqååvn+ Lq nbfnv qekzåqe1 ‛l wåmnåmå wåmzndnkåm$ lq ejfndeåm å ÷v÷hhåwldÿìm$ l qlfljìm å qôh"åmqnvåm blmllff gihik wldÿ nmunâzån‒+ (Ej+ b$ <35+ i+% ‧Lq nbfnve dåz wåmnåmåknh ìzådån$ qnddnbe ìveqikzaìklh l wåmzn"

dnk gndå z÷vzåk

hezìv~dìl z~dlajikhåss hivdìzdlk ìveqikziz lj$lbndufnk bnmwldÿ~d l ‛sìvfnqåj Eznkknd‒+ Nqåvz l wlddìi åvzn"dnbfnk wnzz lkzvisidÿmel qôhåmqnvnk nmåqôd he lq Eznkvd qÿdÿz~jibìkkuld$ l znidÿmeìwld+

KuâveZlbì bnmìddlsâzìlewld ÷q`lkmflk wlk lq$ lbez SenvvnZned`lvj jn O`lvjek âv ‛Lq nbfnve andnkåm‒ o+ bwåfnk+ (Mikjidlz"!Heljÿ$ <503% Wedìmhåsn ìzgimÿ znvbåqnzz~jibìkue ldlsvl åsôd$

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Nqnh lq nknvmeìh lq nbfnve ådnzfnk e bnmzldìd`lzÿh1 l znz å lqnddnbe nknvmeìal bekjnk ondnhnjnzfnk ÷qnhlsoidÿjeh nmubì"

ld$ jn l qnddnbe blmllff vnkj$ bnvz ‛ìdzldl z÷vzåkeh bnm l jid"



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mihklh å weqikuihklh z~jlzi å ìzådz fevzihfl wåzndn‒+ Lq nknvme"ìh h÷qze hôd÷kfåmnh henmunkdâzjån nmuvåqz l gihiqÿjÿ zlfedezìevìkuìflk `lz$ bìvåqz l fikuid~dzlffì wìdì h÷wnzhnqzåfnk l hn"wåfå wldÿqâk ìddlsizih gndå+ (Ej+ b ?36+i+% Bekzìmu l wedìm"

bekjnkåmfnk lq ~zÿffe `lzì nv÷jeh$ l gnadjå gndmuiv~d+ Ìb nqbåmnb wnqnz lq nmuåm qåznåå`nq$ bnvz l gnadjå ‛h÷qsikzi~"dì‒ e$ l fikuid~dzìmiz nmuvn nvnff nknvmel zlvzal ÷qn+ L vljeì"de nknvmeìflk `lzÿ qnddnbe nv hezìv~dìl nmu blmllff qekz qnd"dnbe h÷qsikz$ Eznk gndå zlvz$ lhe l gnadjå fnzndanôdån$ bnvz bek"jnk nknvmeìz blmììq wikq$ blmìflk nmunâz+ (Ej+ b ??7+ i+%

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gndåsâzååknh klmu `likdÿìml+ Zned`lvj bnmanmuqe$ ìmu bekjnkjidim hnqjnzn ìqqìgåv`nznzdnk qìb~khvl$ bnvz hefñaeh lq åvqåhezlslqzldlzfÿd$ l bekåme wìdziqì bekjem ìqlff gidulblzflk aìzqÿjeh dn+ L gnadjå lqikflk knbolh znze$ `lknb z~jlze e1 lqnbdìddlzih ejnmvnkjqnvåknh ìzldlh~dìl ljal lq ldlsiz$ å nq wìdehlq nbfnvfnk vngdnhzìdÿ$ l h÷vkunqnznz lhzâwlk zôhv÷q å ÷kblmìvle weql`lzÿ$ ÷kblmìz fevzihfl wnw z~jlzzì+ L hnqjnz ezz e bnmvl"mlj`lzlzdlk1 l håz dìfvl ìddìld$ l håq gndqlflj~dììwld$ l gna ìzldl"

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`nq `likdÿ andnkzåm+ Lq ndnbfnv bìv `lqkìdz slzzekzizz hnq"



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nbfnve qnddnb zlvz$ knb bì$ bekz lq nmunznbn qnddnb$ Eznk+ Lqnbfnve ldhizì å nkknh l qnddnbe h÷qsikzklh h÷q÷k`nz$ lkklh lz~jlze nknvmeìklh$ lbe ldhizìvl$ ñaâzìvl nvhnkz$ lbeknh l givvìlEznk+ Âmu lq nbfnv qnddnbe gnadjån e lq Eznkknd wldÿ qnddnbehlsoidlzzÿd gômm+ N hlsoidlziz zlmljal lqikflk lq åkh÷qsikzñìm$lq ndqemnzndjå l wedìm eznke dåkunmåzd+ @likdÿhåssnk `lz l z÷f"fe nbfnvzd wldÿ ndqìvhÿqì e1 ÷kblm~khlz bnmzldìdke$ hegnanqkeolh h÷q÷åmfnk dn`nz+ @l l qnddnbe nknvmel dåkunmn lq nvh qek"

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al bnmznkke$ ìmu fnkkn wlk bekjnk dåznqååfnk å bekjnk seddlklzì"



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fnqìvzìm å blajknb zndan biqmìhåszndnkåm bådu dndhe mu÷zvndbnhnz



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nd~zlâzizz widkl+ Bekz flvìz bnmwldÿâzizzl lq emlqe flvìzìm nqbåkuåz+Flvìzleåvz bekjnkz bnmznzz$ lbe zdn znddnzz+ Nqz blmlb e zlslqzldzlb$lheknh zldìk dnmaiff flvìzal widz++ Bekz gåva$ lsl$ klmulsl oldìjaìåvz åd$`åmn nbfnv `âvåfnk ìddz+ Bekjnkhewnd bnmzldìdzl lqz l qnvnznzzndan`lkmiz$ lbe bekjlkkue~kh ìdzld klmuvl fnoôdz$ zeqzndz å qnvnznzz nbfnv"vå znzzn+

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Lheh ebnvzåh i`l knb gimaìh ndgndnaznke qnvnznzvn bådzÿ nmuåkeåmåz+

Vn|~enolz e slon+ (Jv+Weikzle Aÿqng%



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VÌB AÅQ^_ WÌV

Kn bikjaìzih$ ìmu wlh wåmqnz wnqnz$

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Åk bekjnk vnmmnd nqqnd åfvnjnh1Fn qås kls nq$ wìv vìb bekjnkôzz,Vì mikjidih$ l kls fnkknb heôz1^vlb$ olh nd kn nkmnja$ qnkz dnqnh, ‟

_ `l nmuqnv$ bl wlmu ìdkls$ ndbnmunh

ijl$ lìkklk keko bìv weqlñz$kn gikalzih âvibvl hiqivñz$knb izz dnqnh$ kn izz hnvnnznh,

Vìb Aåq~ wìv$ bì oådz knb ebnvnh$åk ådwn"`ldwl Aåq~ìq bnmunh$‧ ‧‧ ‧ å ebìjhiqib åvznznh+



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NBDÅHNQQNZNH Å_ NBDÅHNQZN__NZNH,

_q÷wnzåmôkh F~jle Iqzìdul ihzÿfnv 67"ìk bnmhiqivñqzl lq ehidlbìvwìkuzìfdìaìz$ lbndu oeqznvoe bìvzâvih nbdåhåz vqe+

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_nejd Mìfiv fnqåjnz bikj l bìvwìkuzìfdl ndzz

L våqzwnwh n oi ivz l



?0

@ L D I Z Z L H K L S A Ì K

SEKZÅV ANK zlkhnv+ g emlmlzÿ ñv <56:"fnk ndvnkjndzn ‛nd`~kuz

klmualekh âvaleklh vnkjqnvn mikjiqììz å nbdåhôhknh ìddlkjÿ bnm"ôkknsdååz+‒ L _qnkz Ebvn Mebkìqe~bflk nzzd hnqjwn åd `lmuibìku"kuì$ dndhe qôhåmdnzzå wìdz nd`~kuz zlkìvleklh âvaìz bnmdìzimlzke+ Kls" alekhflk Svebìq Vÿfnvz lzul$ lq ehidl sevez~ìdel n hnmundnze qihìbådzÿ giduzlzÿal+ hôdj÷zz fnqìbidÿz lq ejne âvdìzimlzìihvÿd+

L f~jle Oeqznvoe _qnkz Ebvn Meb"

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Ôjw÷qdnzznd

Vÿfnvz

Fezznv Eddås$

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H × K U W N H

… L OE_QZNVOE VNKJ BLMULVIV_QÌMIK Å_ H×QÅS"N^VßSÌFLK oâbbnd andnkz bnm l633>+ kiwnbfnv 7‟="åk vnkjnqnzz z~"jibìkui hikgnvnkoel lkulml$ bndunz lh÷znz heljÿaìklh$ l Sìqbìku Såznv Hl"zideh~ Nmunznb F÷doåqnz"z~jibìkueHlvìklh qåh`nduåk$ Sedeolfìk b~zlz"zlh fn 6335+ ihzÿfnv <>"åk+

L h÷qnd >33 idjldl h÷znzfnk :3 zl"k~dbìku idwl`lz~kh+ Lq emnk qnvzn"ìmlqÿ zåbìhlz kåmu oisivzfl emunhn"qnzz ÷qnvnkjnqke l h÷znz qnvhnqz anM~ezblk Flvklfì$ lhe lkklh ejnaåk lhikgnvnkoel qnvwnq zezhìvl widz1 loeqznvoe dndheåmåvd$ l Vnkjknh lq

evijldibbld$ l bwåqnznhhnd wldÿhlsoidlzìvÿd$ wldlbekz l oeqznvoenhknh lq ndbñdz 033 åw ldlzze z÷vzåkn"zåvd edd+ Hìvsìz"bnjnkone qnvnsåvd idwl`lz~kh åvznhnqånhnz+

L qnvqh h÷q÷zz$ `ìd― Eznkknh$ båm z÷ff oeqznvoe lzul å kwåv ezldìd`lzÿ+ Idwl`lza~h Fljìd Njn Ìdbi$ Fìk Ndeqn~$ @nvwlu G+ Dn"wnkzn$ Dåhle A~qzek$ Biqmle Aÿqng Zìjå$ _~duih Emkìo$ Qlhlv Gnvnko

Sidehìvs oeqznvoe lzuìh å lq lhhiv båm hdnveh~ Fåvoqe Fnvkìz âvìlez+

Bnmwììvid`lzÿ

… _qnkz Fnvkìz Hnmuzìvmufidz$ Qevo… _qnkz Fiklwnkz~vl H÷kuwnfidz$ Sedeolfl



:3

@ÂVNH$ DNWNDNH$ ZÌAÅHIQZLZßH

He ômu$ snjem knb lq+ Lq nmueh dnmkâwÿlff f~jlsnze h÷qås"ehidle jeìhdlsflk nqz idwlz~h1‛Lq ejqìbâzì~kh ndzze :+ qìqljflk Lveqzizndåq‒‧ giduzlzÿjehziwìff l zlvzldbl oehh+ Feqzi bnmgndnjhnqznh vÿdl$ ìmu e+n+ 2 Hv+n+9Lìmu z÷ff bekz nqnv åwn knwnqzåh$ å lìmu bl ñavl èwlzldi+

Zivklznvbnz lwlzzlh lq nmve Mìvjikue Måql oeqznvoe mebkì"qe~bflk 6335+ ihzÿfnv 6<"åk+ Håz åwwnd nqndzz ekj~dz l Mìvjikue MåqlOeqznvoe Mebkìqe~b ña zivklznvbåknh åsâzån$ lbez biz ôkknsådun

hnvnznh h÷q÷zz wn`nznzz ìz lq ehidl h÷q÷åmn+ L våme$ <53<"fnk åsôdznmuqekzn zivklznvnb `nduåz nmu zndannk ña$ håzqekzn znzknwndåehibsdnp~b wnzzn ìz$ bnduknh g÷djqekzaåk zivkl$ bâm lq nbndnznk ldlfjlaìzåhih hls`lzklh `ndunz+ Lq ôkknsådun ìzljììk lq ekzåqbåkuwnqnzek$ widz å andnkdnme zlkìvlek å jeìhalek hâwôd våqz wnzznh z÷ffnhh÷q÷zz jv+ Znvkuìh Olfl nmve åvnh$ Bl~vi Nznwl Ldekl oeqznvoemnknvìde lsìz å l såoe$ qåhngn`åvwìve å l f~jle oeqznvoe znzwåv"mebkìqe~bih emlqmlzÿe e+ L zivklznvbnz jv+ Qlhlv Gnvnko Sidehìvs

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(Idì` Mu~dl%

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`ldlqz`lzlzdlk å ôvm, Znbsdib~kh qnkne ådnzn snjem hewìdÿ+

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Bå`n Lzzedìz <5>7+ kiwnbfnv ="åk l Kås`ljnvnm nmu ldnqvnjnnoldzl l qiwanz hlzikìh hnqåvn$ lheh givvljldbìvhåkz hewåmnqzåh+ @idz"znzåz håff ehnvôdz gnddndke å Glvhlvåznk ndznbnzznzke+ L qiwanznhoekhiìfÿd snjem onsnde b~khìv slvlkokih dnzz+

Kiwnbfnv ="åk l zlvzldåhi hlzikìh knwåfnk Zÿz` Qidzìk `ndunqnzz ndhiqivñz$ å nmuhive jeìhzìv~khvÿd vihikl$ _qekzn Mìfiv bikjizz nb"dåhfnqåjnz+ (j+ o+%

Qevovd andnkzeh1 _qnkz Fnvkìz Lzuìkh ôkknsåk 6335+ l~m~qz~<5+ Qlhlv G+ Sidehìvs g lsìz ñv fn÷dz÷qznzzn l kiwâoe~ih gn`åv v~`ìaìfl Kåbnz` Jìkend and÷dznz Lkqndb vnkje kåwwnd+ Klmu Kìkjiv Dåkìvj znz"

wåvôkh dnznzzn nd

gimljldbìz$ Jlbaìk å Mnvmndu znzwåvnekh snjembnmìqlffâzizzìh gimljldb~hlz lq ôkknse qnkzben hnvnzåfnk+

L Blkgndj Såznvvd ndknwnqnzz <?+ zlk~dbìkue nbdåhwnvnkuj÷kz aåvn kiwnbfnv :"åk hnvôdz iv+ Lq <5>7"i givvljldib å qlflj"ìm`lvo nnbåkuneknh å wedìmz÷vzåkndbe `lzììklh ebnvnzåvd qÿdÿwnzådhnj j÷kz aåfnk `lzlk wnvnkunqznh lq ldlsâzÿ å qsikqivìdÿ÷vnmjeìh flvìz~kh$ Zìslu Behdÿ ìdzld gndlaìkdizz jâalhåvz+

L wnvnkuqhknh ìzgimÿlk hnddnzz ebnvkeôh l givvljldib nmun`nduqâknez$ lq ljizz `nduqâknk z÷vzåknznhnz$ qnbådunhnz$ ejsikzihlz$lq nnbåkunhhnd ÷qngômm gimldblhlz$ ziwìffì l wedìmz÷vzåkndbe÷qngômmånhhnd å l hivlfnde evijldbe ldhizìihvl wldÿ `lzìihlz+

Lq ndq åwe Nbdåhwnvnkuz ÷qn`likdâzwl blmllff qâkwikldñwidz l j÷kz Sìvjìkue Behdÿ emlqmlzÿ ñv ìqqìqÿdìhåkz lq >7"i giv"vljldib wedìmz÷vzåkndbe `lzììvÿd zlvzizz v÷wej ebnvznzåz$ henbndwnìmu blmulv givvljldib lq nmåq wedìmik bnmvnkjâznzzn l hibb~kezlejnidÿmeìz+ L wnvnkuz @nvoqnm Dìqdÿ 5+o+ iqz+ zlk~dÿ kunvzn+

(_qnde Måql%

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oldìje h÷vfnk ndz÷dz÷zz ìdjizz hlvìoikuz hâwìk~kh,



:6

×VNM GEÑH ‚ BLVMEZI_ HE_DÌKUIH,

Ezz l glvlkm$ hnqjjeh l zìko$ bekjnkheknh qlflj l wìdlqzì,Lìmu l vnqhnznm znhekznz vìbnmu n håsvn1 emnk$ vÿd~kh wlk qÿ$

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L h÷qnd `nzwnk nqznkj lqåvz knb idulk klmu ej$ ìmu he"he gndkn ebnvkå nmuhive slvzknvåz$ kn dìzkì ñafÿd l ih wejìb znhekznznz $bndu n mu÷kmåohn håsknh e l dnmklmuiff åvzåhn$ bnvz ìmu l qås

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Lheh l F^JLE GN@ÅVGNHNZÅZ håqâzeh1

lq ~zidÿ gìqe$ l oiblmidì+

Ìdd _QNDE MÅQL$ _q÷wnzåmôkh såkqômubekeqznvn$ andnk znwåhnku"åmn l 0>3 jlvlf FGG ndìqlzldl l kuibjìfÿd (be~zìk geqnznzz% ejn$ lqehidl ebsiqìk hd~faìfl$ l oiblmidì evìkuâzìl$ blaj sizìvl qìddâ"zì+ Lq ôd qnbådunh (fldvÿd aiffvl%1 WL_FÌKULE GNVNKO$ lhe lqnvhnqzåfnk nmâz$ JÅHÌKU O_LFL$ ljb+ zezhìv~kh$ lhe`nq lq ljl"

zih fng~zklh$ zlvzal håqfnk l _q÷wnzåm ômunez8 gådem `ìzzld ôd _QE GNVNKO$ lhe l qnvhnqzå å l qìbâzÿmåsn kuibjle ndhåqâzåb~khìaìz wåmqe$ `l ndgimu l z~jibìkul$ nmâz IDÌ@ MU^DL$ lhe kekol håsnk$ lq nmve jeìhdls qnvhnqz an+

Bekz lìmu dls~kh nb ñaìm$ l håqâzh nb qnvhnqzfeqizzìm$olh l Oeqznvoe Jeìhq÷wnzåm kuidowlkik gndôde$ wlmu l`ìq eslvhijÿnmuhive oeqznv geñh$ ñmu e bikj`lza~h$ ÷v÷bbnd b~khìdhijÿ jâazldlkklsejâalih+



F~jle iqzìdu~kh svimvlbal 63<3 nd knmunjåvn

Hd~fjåd~zìkalekh ndljìlevl qnvnznzznd wìva~h zlmalekhlz å bekjnkåvjnhdjz+ @nduqâk l _qz+ Ebvn mebkìqe~b+ Ejsikzih1 bekjnk `ÿbìijeh `åzg aåk1

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L hd~fjåd~zìkih <= ÿvlhiv hnqj jknh$ nd zzn <7$?3"hiv ndebìjhiqq~h lOibsdnzive~biz lq nd nbndnze hìsidkìflk+ Bekjnkhez wìv~kh+

! ! !

_qibivñ qâwwnd lj~kh zìaåhiqzlzìz lvvÿd$ `imu dnm~zÿffe qìb~kh ÿzll h÷wnzhnq jeìhzìv~khvÿd hlsz~kh muìq`âvz1Fnhn Zefiv å+ <5>6Oqnvblk Aìki å+ <5:0Jv+ Ebvnu Aìki å+ <5:3Alhlf Mu÷vmu å+ <5:>Jv+ Båqìvi Dìqdÿ å+ <5:>Jv+ _lge Ebvn å+ <5:>_o`bejz Qidzìk å+ <5?=_åddnu"Vl~nv L~våd å+ <5?=_ÿh~z`u Hìvidu å+ <5:>

Zisidìkqhu Såznv å+ <5>dWnvnoqhnu Veo`ìvj å+ <5:7

V N \ ^ E N _ O L K Z E K S L O N ,

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYL F~jle Gn`åvGnhnzn ejqlhi$ ekmunkn zìaåhiqzlzÿ nmunôdnze zlmalekh våqåvn+Bnmandnkeh `ñwåzhiv$ Wnke _lkozn ejnaåk å hlvìoikuhiv+

budai fehérfekete 2009 - karácsony

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