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BROADMEAD EXPANSION BRISTOL

QUAKERS FRIARS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

AND BUILDING RECORDING

THE COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY &

PRE-CONSTRUCT ARCHAEOLOGY (CAPCA)

CONSORTIUM

for

CA REPORT: 07052

BRISTOL ALLIANCE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

DECEMBER 2007

QUAKERS FRIARS BROADMEAD

BRISTOL CITY CENTRE EXPANSION

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND BUILDING RECORDING

CAPCA PROJECT: 2100 CA REPORT: 07052

Author: Tim Havard

Approved:

Signed:

Simon Cox

…………………………………………………………….

Issue: 02 Date: 21 DECEMBER 2007

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology

Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ Tel. 01285 771022 Fax. 01285 771033 E-mail: [email protected]

Quakers Friars, Broadmead, Bristol City Centre Expansion: Archaeological Evaluation and Building Recording © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 3

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4

The site ................................................................................................................ 4 Archaeological background.................................................................................. 5 Archaeological objectives .................................................................................... 7 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 7

2. EVALUATION RESULTS.................................................................................... 8

Cutlers Hall Western Room (TQF 2, 2a, 3, 4, 28 & 29, Figs 4-6)......................... 9 Cutlers Hall Eastern Room (TQF 20, 23 & 24, Fig. 5) ......................................... 11 New Hall (TQF 1, 10- 19 & 21, Fig. 16) ............................................................... 13 Bakers Hall (TQF 25-27, 30 & 31, Fig. 20) .......................................................... 17 Meeting House (TQF 5-9, Fig. 24) ....................................................................... 19 The Finds ............................................................................................................. 19 The Biological Evidence....................................................................................... 20

3. WATCHING BRIEF RESULTS ............................................................................ 20

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 20 Cutlers Hall .......................................................................................................... 21 Meeting House..................................................................................................... 22 Bakers Hall........................................................................................................... 22

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS................................................................... 23

Cutlers Hall and the east side of the Lesser Cloister ........................................... 23 Bakers Hall, The Cottage and Meeting House..................................................... 25

5. CA PROJECT TEAM ........................................................................................... 26

6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 27

APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS...................................................................... 28 APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ............................................. 38 APPENDIX 3: WATCHING BRIEF RECORDING ON BUILDING FABRIC ...................... 46

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:50,000)

Fig. 2 Quakers Friars location plan (1:1,250)

Fig. 3 Areas of demolition and ground reduction (1:200)

Fig. 4 Trench location plan (1:200)

Fig. 5 Cutlers Hall: plan of principal features (1:100)

Fig. 6 Cutlers Hall: sections (1:50)

Fig. 7 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 20: wall 2094 and remnant flagstone floor 2100,

looking north-east

Fig. 8 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 24: wall 2177 and wall 2094, looking north

Fig. 9 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 20: possible external buttress on east end of Cutlers

Hall, looking south-west

Fig. 10 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 24: millstone fragments, looking east

Fig. 11 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 23: wall footing 2177 and mortar floor 2245, looking

south

Fig. 12 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 2a: wall footing 1915, looking west

Fig. 13 Cutlers Hall: Photograph TQF 29: wall footing 2281, looking south

Fig. 14 Cutlers Hall: Photograph Opening 48 looking north

Fig. 15 Cutlers Hall: Photograph external curved north-west corner of Meeting House

Fig. 16 New Hall: plan of principal features (1:100)

Fig. 17 New Hall: sections (1:50)

Fig. 18 New Hall: Photograph TQF 15: buttress 1997 and walls 1995 and 2107, looking

west

Fig. 19 New Hall: Photograph TQF 18: walls2057 and 2059, looking north

Fig. 20 Bakers Hall: plan of principal features (1:100)

Fig. 21 Bakers Hall: sections (1:20)

Fig. 22 Bakers Hall: Photograph TQF 25: wall 2194 looking west

Fig. 23 Bakers Hall: Photograph Opening 47 looking south-west

Fig. 24 Meeting House: plan of principal features (1:100)

Fig. 25 Meeting House: Photograph Opening 41 looking west

Fig. 26 Location of watching brief recording on building fabric: ground floor (1:200)

Fig. 27 Location of watching brief recording on building fabric: first floor (1:200)

Fig. 28 Watercolour. East walk of the Lesser Cloister depicted by H. O'Neill in 1821, looking

north

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SUMMARY

Site Name: Quakers Friars, Broadmead

Location: Bristol City Centre Expansion

NGR: ST 5930 7322

Type: Evaluation and Building Recording

Date: 27 November 2006 to 26 February 2007

Planning Reference: 02/02929/P

SAM: SAM 102

Location of Archive: To be deposited with Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery

Accession no. 2006/45

Site Code: MQB 07

An archaeological evaluation and programme of building recording was undertaken by the

CAPCA Consortium between November 2006 and February 2007 at the request of the

Bristol Alliance Ltd Partnership at Quakers Friars, Broadmead, Bristol. The site was initially

subject to ground reduction in several locations, and subsequently to excavation of a number

of trenches in areas potentially subject to impact during redevelopment of the site. A

programme of building recording was also undertaken during enabling works on the

structures.

The investigations identified evidence for dumping and raising of ground levels from the

medieval period onwards, together with evidence for the original construction, use and

alterations to the complex of buildings now known as Quakers Friars. Of particular note were

structures relating to the original construction and later alterations to the east end of Cutlers

Hall, part of the Greater Cloister of the 13th-century Dominican Friary, a covered claustral

walk or passage around the east side of the Lesser Cloister, and possible evidence of a

former building or buildings relating to a former east range of the Lesser Cloister, one of

which may have been partly incorporated into the later Quaker Meeting House.

Evidence for further ground raising and construction of floor surfaces related to the Quaker

redevelopment of the site, including the 1747 Meeting House, The Cottage and

contemporary alterations to floor levels within Bakers Hall were also encountered.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between December 2006 and February 2007 Cotswold Archaeology and Pre-

Construct Archaeology (CAPCA consortium) carried out an archaeological

evaluation and a programme of building recording for the Bristol Alliance Limited

Partnership within the group of buildings collectively known as Quakers Friars

(centred on NGR: ST 5930 7322; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken as a

condition of planning consent for change in use of these buildings. The

archaeological works formed part of the enabling works for such a change in use

and were ‘used to assess the archaeological potential of the site and give guidance

to the practicality or otherwise of the enabling works proposed’ (BCC 2006, 2).

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with an overall Written Scheme of

Investigation for Archaeological Works, Bristol Broadmead (CAPCA 2005), approved

by Mr R H Jones, the Bristol City Council Archaeologist, and in accordance with a

Brief For Archaeological Works for Quakers Friars, Broadmead (BCC 2006)

prepared by Mr R H Jones, and with a Methods Statement and Health and Safety

Risk Assessment For Archaeological Evaluation Within Quakers Friars (CAPCA

2006), also approved by Mr R H Jones. The fieldwork also followed the Standard

and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation issued by the Institute of Field

Archaeologists (1999), and the Management of Archaeological Projects II (EH

1991). It was monitored by Mr R H Jones, including site visits on 8 and 21

December 2006, 3, 8, 15, 19, 30 January and 6 and 19 February 2007.

The site

1.3 The site includes the remains of a Dominican Friary (see para 1.7), and comprises

Cutlers Hall, Bakers Hall (including the later annexe ‘The Cottage’ to the east of

Bakers Hall), New Hall and Meeting House (Fig. 2), which are collectively known as

Quakers Friars and lie at the western end of the Bristol Broadmead area, which at

the time of writing was undergoing major redevelopment to form a western extension

to the existing retail shopping centre.

1.4 Cutlers Hall and Bakers Hall are the surviving remains of the Dominican Friary (see

paragraph 1.7) and are protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM 102)

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and grade II* listed buildings. New Hall is listed grade II and Meeting House grade I.

Until recently Meeting House served as the Bristol Registry Office.

1.5 The underlying geology of the area is mapped as Estuarine Alluvium of the

Pleistocene and Recent Era (BGS 1971).

Archaeological background

1.6 A list of relevant documentation concerning the historical and archaeological

background to the project is contained in the original CAPCA WSI (2005). The

following is a précis of the current state of knowledge regarding the history of

Quakers Friars, kindly supplied by Mr RH Jones, Bristol City Archaeologist.

1.7 The Dominican Friary was founded in 1227-8 by Maurice de Gaunt for an order of

Dominican Friars, commonly known as Black Friars after their black cloaks and

hoods. They were committed to teaching and preaching the gospel and to a life of

obedience, chastity and poverty. The friary church was situated on the northern side

of the complex, and its buried remains now lie largely under the building on the

south side of the street called Broadmead. There were two cloisters, the greater and

the lesser. The greater cloister lay immediately south of the church and the northern

of the two surviving buildings, now known as Cutlers Hall, formed the south side of

the greater cloister. This may have been the friary dormitory. It still contains a fine

late 14th or 15th-century roof. The east and west ranges of the great cloister have

not survived, but the west range may have contained the refectory and possibly the

prior’s lodging and guest hall. The east range may have housed the chapter house.

1.8 To the south was the lesser cloister, defined on its south side by the other surviving

friary building, now called Bakers Hall. This building has a superb late 13th-century

roof. Its original function is uncertain although it may have been the infirmary. There

would have been an east range to the lesser cloister, now on the site of the present

Meeting House. It is less certain whether there would have been a west range.

There would undoubtedly have been other buildings, such as a bakehouse,

brewhouse, kitchen and other functional arrangements. Some of these may have

been housed within the west or east ranges of the lesser cloister. The precinct was

probably defined by a boundary wall, the southern part of which may have been

5


uncovered during archaeological investigation in 2002 (BaRAS 2002) and again

during excavations by CAPCA in 2006, immediately to the north of the river Frome.

1.9 At the Dissolution of the monasteries, in 1539 the Friary was purchased by William

Chester, who was sheriff of Bristol in 1522, mayor in 1537 and 1552 and MP in

1555. It is likely that he largely adapted the existing buildings for his own use. In the

17th century, the site housed a number of lodges, used as places of retreat for the

wealthier citizens. These were also known as ‘garden houses’, an indication of their

function. It is probable that for the most part these were adaptations of the former

friary buildings. During this period some of the friary buildings were taken over by

three of the craft guilds, the bakers took over the southern range of the lesser

cloister, the cutlers the southern range of the great cloister and the tanners the now-

demolished west range of the great cloister.

1.10 In the mid 17th century, part of the former Dominican precinct was acquired by

Dennis Hollister, a wealthy grocer, Member of Parliament and member of the Baptist

congregation. Quakerism arrived in Bristol in 1654 and Hollister joined the Quakers,

with the earliest meetings being held in the former friary orchard (in the Penn Street

area). The first Meeting House was built around this time – Millerd’s map of 1673

shows a two-storey building with a roof lantern. It had a gallery and by 1676 the attic

over the Meeting House was used as a school room. To the south-east was the

Quakers’ burial ground. The Meeting House had associations with several prominent

Quakers – William Penn stayed in Bristol for two years from 1696 and in March of

that year was married in the Meeting House.

1.11 The Meeting House was rebuilt in 1747, opening in 1749. This building survives to

the present day, being used until 2006 as the City’s Registry Office. Both before and

during the period of its construction, the site was undergoing radical alteration. The

Quakers had bought several properties within the Friary precinct – the Men’s

Meeting Room was rebuilt and a covered way was constructed in front of the

Meeting House. Some time after 1728, a sugar house was built on the site of the

former friary church while in the 19th century a school was built over the east cloister

range. The construction of both these buildings involved the extensive removal and

reuse of building stone from the demolished friary buildings. The survival of the two

friary buildings is undoubtedly due to their continued use firstly by the craft guilds

and then by the Quakers from the 19th century. In 1869 the Quakers built a link, the

6


New Hall, between the Cutlers and Bakers Halls, to conform to the medieval style of

the adjoining buildings.

Archaeological objectives

1.12 The objectives of the evaluation as stated in the Brief for Archaeological Works

(BCC 2006) were as follows

• Establish the survival quality of structures, internal features and stratification

associated with the Dominican Friary, within Cutlers Hall, Bakers Hall, New

Hall and the Friends Meeting House;

• Establish the degree of impact of the proposed enabling works;

• Establish areas and extent of disturbance of the archaeological resource and

thereby characterise the survival quality of that resource;

• Where appropriate, given the primary objectives above, establish the survival

quality of artefacts and ecofacts and their ability to answer questions

regarding environmental conditions of the site, living standards, economy

and lifestyle of its inhabitants.

1.13 Investigation of exposures of standing building fabric was undertaken to determine:

• Whether previous openings or disturbance exist

• The date of the exposed walls

• Whether the walls exposed are original or rebuilt

Methodology

1.14 Initially internal structures were demolished and the ground level was reduced in the

areas shown on Fig. 3, under careful archaeological supervision. The ground

reduction involved the removal of existing floor slabs and sub-base. Any

archaeological features exposed at this level were hand-cleaned and planned.

Following the ground reduction, in consultation with the Bristol City Archaeologist

and the architects, Alec French, evaluation trenches were excavated in the locations

of proposed lift pits, mini piles and service trenches.

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1.15 Reduction of ground level was undertaken using a mechanical excavator under

constant archaeological supervision. Where archaeological deposits were

encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual

1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2005).

1.16 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential and, where

appropriate, sampled and processed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2:

The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other samples from

Archaeological Sites (2003). All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance

with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation

(1995).

1.17 In addition to the evaluation, investigations to assess the potential for creating new

openings, made in the standing building fabric by removal of existing plaster/render,

and also demolition of modern partition walls and removal of staircases, were

monitored by CAPCA staff (Figs 3, 26 & 27).

1.18 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their

offices in Kemble. A Post-Excavation Assessment will be undertaken by CAPCA to

form part of the overall assessment of the Bristol Broadmead Expansion works.

Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the site archive (including artefacts)

will subsequently be deposited with Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery under

accession number 2006/45.

2. EVALUATION RESULTS

2.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of

the recorded contexts, finds and biological evidence are to be found in Appendices 1

and 2, respectively, details of the building fabrics exposed during the building

recording works are to be found in Appendix 3. Trench results are grouped by

location within the site (Fig. 4). All trenches are referred to as TQF 1, TQF2 etc to

avoid duplication of trench numbers assigned during archaeological work

undertaken by CAPCA, BaRAS and Oxford Archaeology on previous works related

to the Bristol Broadmead Expansion project.

8


Cutlers Hall Western Room (TQF 2, 2a, 3, 4, 28 & 29, Figs 4-6)

2.2 Fieldwork in this room initially comprised the cleaning and recording of deposits

revealed after the removal of the concrete floor and wheelchair lift (area TQF 2a;

Fig. 4). Following this, deeper trenches (TQF 2, 3, 4, 28 and 29) were dug within

TQF 2a to evaluate the locations of drain runs, a lift shaft and a stair slab. As some

common deposits occurred throughout the area the results here are described

stratigraphically as far as possible for the whole of area 2a, rather than individually

by trench.

2.3 The earliest deposit encountered in this area was the probable natural substrate

1949, comprising red brown clay sand revealed by hand augering at a depth of

approximately 0.55m below the base of TQF 3.

2.4 The foundation, 2281, for the existing southern wall of Cutlers Hall was exposed at

the southern extent of TQF 29 (Section DD, Fig. 6 & Fig. 13). This comprised

roughly dressed coursed sandstone blocks with a lime render on the upper portion

of the footing. It was abutted by dumped deposit, 2283, which was sealed by a thin

layer, 2282, of compacted clay mixed with mortar and tile fragments.

2.5 Deposit 2282 was sealed by a levelling/dumped deposit 2278, a compacted mortar

surface 2261, another levelling/dumped deposit 2256, a thin silty deposit 2255 and a

compacted stone and gravel surface 2254. A small quantity of 15th to 16th-century

pottery was recovered from 2278, a single sherd of mid 13th to 15th-century pot

from 2261 and a large quantity of 14th to 15th-century pottery from 2256. The

uppermost of these deposits, 2254, was cut by the construction cut, 2259, for a

possible footing, 2258. Two sherds of 14th to 15th-century pottery were recovered

from this deposit which comprised irregularly arranged limestone blocks mortared

together and, although its full extent was not exposed, it was clearly abutted wall

2281.

2.6 Natural substrate, 1949, revealed in TQF 3 was sealed by a probable dumped

deposit, 1948, a thin layer of degraded mortar 1947, and another dumped clay

deposit, 1946. A short piece of sandstone wall 2105 was sealed by deposit 1946

which was cut at its eastern extent by a possible robber trench 2148 which also cut

away the eastern part of the underlying wall. The single exposed fill of 2148 was

sealed by the first layer, 1945, of a similar sequence (1945, 1944 and 1943) of

9


dumped deposits and surfaces to that observed in TQF 2. Twenty-two sherds of

medieval pottery of 14th to 15th-century date were recovered from 1943.

2.7 Deposit 2142, comprising dark grey brown silty sand, was exposed in the base of

TQF 2 and was cut by feature 2140 which was only exposed in section. The single

exposed fill, 2141, was sealed by a succession of levelling layers and floor surfaces

(1946, 1945, 1944 and 1934) similar to that recorded in TQF 3 which comprised

dumped clay deposits sealed by thin compacted sandy mortar layers. Two sherds of

13th to 15th-century pottery were recovered from 1946.

2.8 A single sherd of mid 17th to 18th-century pottery was recovered from the top of an

unexcavated sandy silt deposit 2152 in TQF 4. This was sealed by three

levelling/dumped deposits, 2153, 2138 and 2139. Seven sherds of mid 17th to 18th-

century pottery were recovered from 2138 and two sherds of 16th to 18th-century

pottery from 2139.

2.9 Floor surface 1934 (TQF 2) was sealed by levelling layer 1926 which in turn was

covered by a mortar surface 1910 (TQF 3)/1925 (TQF 2) from which a single sherd

of 17th to 18th-century pottery was recovered. It was overlain by a probable partition

wall, 1950, which comprised a single north-south aligned course of irregularly sized

sandstone slabs and was sealed by levelling deposit 1941.

2.10 Levelling layer 1926 was also cut by the construction cut, 1932, for a short stretch of

south-west/north-east aligned wall 1922 (Fig. 5). This comprised two courses of

roughly hewn limestone blocks bonded with pinkish grey mortar and was cut at its

northern extent by the construction cut, 1935, for a brick wall footing 1920. This was

aligned parallel to brick wall 1923, which abutted the existing northern wall of Cutlers

Hall. The structure formed by 1920 and 1923 (Fig. 5) was backfilled with a mixed

deposit, 1914, of sandy silt and large irregular lumps of sandstone from which finds

of glass, plaster and slate were recovered but not subsequently retained. The

eastern extent of this structure was not defined as it lay beyond the trench.

2.11 A possible offset foundation, 1915, of the existing western wall of Cutlers Hall ran

along the western side of the room (Figs 5 & 12). Only the upper course of this was

revealed which comprised roughly dressed limestone blocks bonded with grey/white

mortar. This was cut at its northern extent by the construction cut, 1935, for wall

1920.

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2.12 Possible footing 2258 (TQF 29; Section DD, Fig. 6) was sealed by a thin dumped

deposit, 2253 and two thin surfaces; 2246 and 2242/2243. A small quantity of

pottery of 19th-century date was recovered from 2242/2243 which was overlain by

brick partition wall 2241 (Fig. 5). This in turn was sealed by remnant brick and stone

surface 1911/2240.

2.13 The deposits described above were sealed by a levelling layer, 1913, for the existing

concrete floor, 1912.

2.14 All deposits recorded in TQF 28 had previously been observed and recorded in TQF

2 and TQF 3.

Cutlers Hall Eastern Room (TQF 20, 23 & 24, Fig. 5)

2.15 Fieldwork in this room initially comprised the cleaning and recording of deposits

revealed after the removal of the concrete floor and stairs (area TQF 20, Fig. 14).

Following this, deeper trenches TQF23 and TQF 24 were dug within TQF 20 to

evaluate the locations of two drain runs. Again, the sequence is described

stratigraphically as far as possible for area TQF 20, rather than by individual trench.

2.16 Wall footing 2094 (TQF 20, Fig. 7) was aligned north/south, comprised large roughly

dressed sandstone blocks and slabs and measured approximately 0.5m in width. An

east/west aligned return of 2094, footing 2177 (Sections BB & CC, Fig. 6; Fig. 8),

was recorded at the north-eastern end of TQF 24 (Fig. 8). Wall footing 2170 (Fig. 5,

Section AA, Fig. 6 & Fig. 11) lay at the south-eastern end TQF 23 and although the

base of the footing was not exposed, it appeared to be integral with 2171, the

existing southern wall of Cutlers Hall.

2.17 Wall footing 2094 was abutted to the east by a compacted surface of brown red

sandy clay, 2097 (Fig. 7).

2.18 Wall footing 2170 was abutted by two successive layers of levelling/dumping (2247

and 2244) and two mortar floor surfaces (2245 and 2169/2239, Sections AA & BB,

Fig. 6). A single sherd of 11th to 13th-century pottery was recovered from 2247 and

two sherds of mid 13th to 15th-century pottery from 2244. A sample <1900> was

taken from deposit 2244 because of the large quantity of fish bone visible to the

11


naked eye (see Appendix 2 below). Gadid (cod family), herring and eel were present

within the sample, along with frog/toad, rodent and bird bones. Lime plaster render

on the northern face of 2170 extended to the base of mortar floor 2245. Part of

footing 2170 over-sailed deposit 2247, and coupled with the presence of plaster on

its face, suggests that this, and possibly 'footing' 2177 on the north side of the hall,

formed a bench for seating around the edges of the hall, rather than a conventional

wall footing (P. Davenport Pers. Comm.).

2.19 Wall footing 2177 (Sections BB & CC, Fig. 6) was abutted by a mortar deposit 2176

which appeared to have been deliberately dumped against the footing. A similar

deposit, 2206, was recorded at the southern end of the trench, and in TQF 23,

where it had been dumped against wall 2170. Deposit 2176 also sealed mortar floor

2179 which was recorded in TQF 23 as 2239 and also abutted wall 2170.

2.20 These dumped mortar deposits were sealed by two dumped clay deposits, 2238 and

2168/2184 in TQF 23 and 2174 and 2181 in TQF 24, which raised the floor level

over the top of wall footings 2170 and 2177. Five sherds of 14th to 15th-century

pottery were recovered from 2168, a single sherd of 12th to 13th-century pottery

from 2184 and a single sherd of single sherd of 15th to 17th-century pottery from

2181. A similar deposit, 2098 (TQF 20), abutted the western face of wall 2094 (Fig.

5) and was sealed by a remnant flagstone floor 2100 (Fig. 7) which also abutted this

wall. This deposit was sealed by a mortar surface, 2103, which was cut by a large

rectangular pit, 2101, which was not excavated.

2.21 Deposit 2098 (TQF 20) was also covered by a short length of a curved stone wall

footing, 2095/2202 (Fig. 5), which lay centrally along the southern edge of the

trench. There was no visible relationship between this and wall footing 2094 and

floor 2100. The western extent of 2095/2202 was truncated by a robber cut recorded

in TQF 23 as 2164 and TQF 24 as 2207 (Sections AA & BB respectively, Fig. 6).

The single fill, 2208, of 2207 was sealed by a dumped layer, 2279, which was then

cut by another robber cut, 2203 (2166 TQF 23), which appeared to further truncate

wall 2095/2202.

2.22 Deposit 2181 (Section BB, Fig. 6) was cut by pit 2175, which in turn was cut by pit

2222, with a single fill, 2223, which contained two halves of a millstone which

originally would have measured approximately 1.5m in diameter (Fig. 15). This pit

12


was cut by a possible posthole, 2185 (Fig. 9), with a single fill, 2183, which

contained a single coin dated to 1719.

2.23 All deposits were sealed by a levelling layer, 2156, for the existing concrete floor

2155.

New Hall (TQF 1, 10- 19 & 21, Fig. 16)

2.24 This section will detail the sequence of deposits in the New Hall trench by trench

rather than stratigraphically as in the preceding section, as stratigraphic links could

not be established between trenches in this area. The trench results are ordered by

location (rather than numerically) below, as some were merely deeper excavations

at the end of a longer trench (e.g. TQF 13 and TQF 16 were deeper excavations in

proposed pile pit locations at the ends of a proposed ground beam location TQF 22).

TQF 1

2.25 The natural blue grey clay substrate, 2078 (Section EE, Fig. 17), was exposed

through use of a hand auger. This was sealed by four dumped layers, 2021, 1988,

1983 and 2091, of clay containing sandstone. Two sherds of mid 14th to 15th-

century pottery were recovered from 1988. The uppermost of theses layers, 2091,

was cut by an ovoid pit, 1989, containing a single silty clay fill 1990. This was sealed

by two more dumped clay layers, 1982 and 1953. A single sherd of mid 13th to 15th-

century pottery was recovered from 1982 and four sherds of early post-medieval

pottery of 16th to 17th-century date from 1953.

2.26 Dumped deposit 1953 was partially covered by a thin layer of crushed mortar, 1956,

and was cut by two possible postholes, 1957 and 1959, and was also cut by the

construction trench, 2046, for a heavily truncated wall footing 1961 (Section EE, Fig.

17). This comprised roughly dressed limestone blocks and slabs from which a single

sherd of 17th to early 18th-century pottery was recovered. These features were all

sealed by a mixed dumped deposit, 1909, which contained an assemblage of 19th-

century pottery.

2.27 A series of inter-cutting stone culverts, ceramic drains and a concrete slab sealed by

brick rubble were cut into the top of 1909.

13


TQF 14

2.28 A series of five clay and sand dumped deposits (2126, 2125, 2124, 2114, 2112 and

2113) were sealed by a compacted clay and mortar surface, 2055, from which two

sherds of late 12th to mid 13th-century pottery were recovered. This was sealed by

three more dumped clay and sand deposits, 2045/2054, 2013 and 2009. A single

sherd of 16th to 18th-century pottery was recovered from 2013. The uppermost of

these deposits, 2009, was cut by a copper water pipe and the construction cut for

the existing eastern wall, 2010, of New Hall.

TQF 15

2.29 TQF 15 was expanded due to stone wall footings being encountered in the proposed

location for mini piles.

2.30 An east/west aligned stone wall footing, 2143 (Section FF, Fig. 17), was

encountered in the base of the trench. The position of this suggests that it was an

offset footing of east/west wall 2107 which was encountered in the eastern part of

the trench. It appeared to be partially covered by a dumped/levelling deposit 2137

from which two sherds of 13th to 15th-century pottery were recovered. This was

overlain by buttress 1997 which comprised limestone blocks and slabs and

measured approximately 0.9m in width, 0.9m in length and 0.35m in height (Fig. 18).

It appeared to be contemporary with wall 1995 which was aligned east/west and

constructed on top of earlier wall 2107 (Section GG, Fig. 17 & Fig. 18).

2.31 Wall 1995 and buttress 1997 were abutted by levelling/dumped deposits, 2136 and

2106, of clay containing frequent stone and pennant sandstone tile, overlain by a

deposit, 1991, of clay with frequent fine mortar inclusions. Six sherds of 16th to 17th-

century pottery were recovered from this deposit.

2.32 The uppermost courses of buttress 1997 and part of wall 1995 were truncated by

pipe trenches, a stone culvert and the construction of the existing western and

northern wall of New Hall.

TQF 16

2.33 A dumped deposit, 1998, comprising sandy clay with fine mortar inclusions was

abutted by the southern edge of a culvert, 1999 (Fig 16 & Section HH, Fig. 17). This

was comprised tile and flat pieces of sandstone from which a single sherd of 14th to

16th-century pottery was recovered. Both the base, 2076, and capping, 2075, of the

14


culvert were constructed from sandstone slabs. It appeared that the culvert had

partially collapsed and/or been robbed.

2.34 The culvert was sealed by two thin layers, 2000 and 2002 of mortar and two more

substantial dumped clay deposits, 2001 and 2003. A single piece of 14th-century

roof tile was recovered from 2000, three sherds of mid 13th to 15th-century pottery

from 2002 and a single sherd of 14th to 15th-century pottery from 2001. The

uppermost of these layers, 2003, was cut by a probable pit, 2004, which was only

exposed in the south-western corner of the trench. The single fill of this, 2005,

contained abundant fragments of sandstone. It was sealed by two more dumped

clay deposits, 2292 and 2006. A single sherd of 16th to 17th-century pottery was

recovered from 2006 which was cut by the existing western wall of New Hall.

TQF 13

2.35 The top of an unexcavated deposit, 2093, exposed in the base of the trench, was

sealed by a sandy silt deposit, 2092, from which a small quantity of mid 13th to 15th

century pottery was recovered. This was covered by a surface, 2090, of compacted

limestone containing occasional mortar inclusions which in turn was covered by

three dumped/levelling deposits, 2062, 2061 and 2058 of sand and clay. A single

sherd of 15th to 17th century pottery was recovered from 2061. The uppermost of

these layers, 2058, was cut by the construction cut, 2059, for the existing eastern

wall of New Hall.

TQF 22

2.36 TQF 22 was situated to evaluate the location of a ground beam between two mini

pile pits (TQF 13 and TQF 16) and was not excavated to the same depth as these. It

revealed two dumped/levelling deposits, 2150 and 2151, very similar to those

already recorded.

TQF 21

2.37 TQF 21 was situated to evaluate the location of a drain run. A metalled surface,

2146 (Fig. 16), was exposed in a sondage in the middle of the trench. It comprised

tightly packed limestone fragments and was noticeably more worn on its eastern

side. It was sealed by a dumped clay deposit, 2145, very similar to 2134 (TQF 17)

and a mixed levelling/dumped deposit, 2144, very similar to 2133 (TQF 17).

15


TQF 18

2.38 A north/south aligned wall, 2079 (Figs 16, Section II, Fig. 17 & Fig. 19), comprising

sandstone blocks bonded with a lime-based mortar was exposed along the western

edge of TQF 18 and a similarly constructed east/west aligned wall, 2057, was

exposed along the northern edge of the trench (Fig. 19). Although the walls touched

they were not excavated, and the relationship between them remains unclear. Wall

2057 was faced on its southern side as far down as dumped clay deposit which

2108 which abutted the wall.

2.39 Deposit 2108 was partially covered by a thin mortar lens, 2085, and then sealed by

dumped clay deposit 2084 which in turn was sealed by a probable surface 2056.

This comprised tightly packed irregular limestone pieces in a red brown clay matrix.

Deposits 2085, 2084 and 2056 all abutted wall 2057, the top of which was sealed by

a dumped orange brown sandy clay deposit, 2051. This was overlain by

levelling/dumped deposit, 2049, from which five sherds of 16th to 17th-century

pottery were recovered and a mixed dumped deposit 2034.

2.40 Deposit 2034 was cut by the construction cut, 2042, for the existing western wall of

New Hall, tile drain 2038 and the concrete base, 2040, of a metal drain pipe.

TQF 17

2.41 TQF 17 was situated to evaluate the location of a ground beam between two mini

pile pits (TQF 18 and TQF 11) and was not excavated to the same depth as these.

Wall 2135, the continuation of wall 2057 in TQF 18, continued 3.4m beyond the

eastern extent of TQF 18 (Fig. 16). It was not established whether the wall was

truncated beyond this point or if the wall turned, due to the limited nature of

excavation.

TQF 11

2.42 Deposit 2015 comprised dumped red brown clay containing irregular limestone

fragments. This was sealed by a similar dumped clay deposit, 2008, from which two

sherds of 14th to 15th-century pottery were recovered and another dumped deposit,

1987, from which a small quantity of mid 17th to 18th-century pottery was recovered.

This was cut by the construction cut, 1985, for the existing eastern wall of New Hall

and sealed by a mixed levelling layer, 2020, from which three sherds also of mid

17th to 18th-century pottery were recovered.

16


TQF 19

2.43 Deposit 2088 comprised sandstone rubble within a clay matrix. It was sealed by a

dumped red brown clay deposit, 2083, from which two sherds of 16th to 18th-

century pottery were recovered. This was sealed by another dumped clay deposit,

2068, which was cut by the construction cut, 2172, for the existing western wall of

New Hall and the construction cut, 2067, for a brick built culvert, 2066.

TQF 12

2.44 TQF 12 was situated to evaluate the location of a drain run and ground beam

between TQF 10 and TQF 19. A dumped brown/red clay deposit, very similar to

2048 (TQF 12) and 2083 (TQF 19) was sealed by a mixed levelling deposit, 2131,

very similar to 2068 (TQF 19) and 2029 (TQF 10).

TQF 10

2.45 Deposit 2050 comprised silty clay with frequent limestone and mortar inclusions

from which three sherds of 16th to 17th-century pottery were recovered. This was

sealed by two dumped clay deposits containing frequent limestone fragments, 2048

and 2029. A single residual sherd of mid 13th to 16th-century pottery was recovered

from 2029 which was cut by the construction cut, 2026, for the existing eastern wall

of New Hall and then sealed by a mixed levelling layer 2023.

Bakers Hall (TQF 25-27, 30 & 31, Fig. 20)

TQF 25

2.46 Wall 2194, located at the southern extent of the trench, consisted of randomly

coursed roughly hewn sandstone blocks (Figs20, Section JJ, Fig. 21 & Fig. 22).

There were traces of plaster on its northern face, which was also abutted by

probable sleeper wall 2197.

2.47 The eastern face of wall 2196, comprising roughly hewn sandstone blocks, lay at the

western extent of the trench. Plaster was clearly visible on this face.

2.48 A probable sleeper wall, 2195, lay towards the centre of the trench and was aligned

parallel to wall 2197. It was covered by a mixed levelling layer 2193 and 2189, the

latter of which covered wall 2197 and was sealed by the existing concrete floor

2188.

17


TQF 26

2.49 This trench was located within a small eastern annexe to Bakers Hall, known as The

Cottage (Fig. 20 & Section KK, Fig. 21). Wall 2201, located towards the north-

eastern end of the trench, consisted of roughly hewn regularly coursed sandstone

blocks. There were traces of render on its northern face, which was abutted by a

single pennant sandstone slab, 2221, bedded on mortar. This was abutted by a clay

sand deposit, 2220, from which two sherds of 17th to 18th-century pottery were

recovered. This was sealed by two mixed levelling deposits, 2219 and 2218.

2.50 Two dumped deposits, 2217 and 2216 were revealed at the southern end of the

trench. The latter of these was covered by two sleeper walls, 2198 and 2199. These

were both similar in form to sleeper wall, 2200, which was cut into the southern edge

of wall 2201. These sleeper walls were evenly spaced, survived to approximately the

same height and were abutted by levelling layer 2215. All deposits were sealed by a

levelling layer, 2214 for the existing concrete floor 2213.

TQF 27, TQF 30 and TQF 31 (Fig. 20)

2.51 TQF 27 was excavated to evaluate the location of a proposed lift pit in the

westernmost room of Bakers Hall, and immediately adjacent to this TQF 30 was

situated to evaluate the location of a proposed drain run which was found to

correlate with the location of stone culvert 2248.

2.52 A dumped clay and limestone deposit, 2235, was identified at the base of TQF 27.

This was cut at its western extent within the trench by the construction cut, 2280, for

stone culvert 2248. Deposit 2235 was also sealed by a probable mortar bedding

layer, 2233, for the overlying disturbed surface, 2234 which comprised irregular

limestone fragments set into 2233. This was covered by two layers, 2232 and 2237,

similar in form to 2333 which were likely to have been bedding layers for a now

truncated surface. These two deposits were sealed by three further mixed dumped

deposits, 2212, 2211 and 2236. Three sherds of 19th-century pottery were

recovered from 2212.

2.53 TQF 31 comprised the excavation of a small test pit which confirmed the

continuation of culvert 2248 in the passageway immediately to the north of TQF 27.

18


Meeting House (TQF 5-9, Fig. 24)

2.54 TQF 5 was excavated to examine the base of one of the existing columns in the

Meeting House. TQF 6, 7, 8 and 9 were excavated to evaluate the location of

proposed mini pile pits. A similar sequence was present in most trenches.

2.55 Excavation in TQF 5 demonstrated that the existing column had a square stone

footing, 2160, which was abutted to the east and west by a probable sleeper wall.

This ran parallel to a similar wall, 2158, exposed in the southern part of the trench.

2.56 Sleeper walls were also recorded in TQF 7 (1972), TQF 8 (1976) and TQF 9 (1967).

They were all of similar construction and survive to the base of the existing concrete

floor of Meeting House. No such wall was recorded in TQF 6.

2.57 A mixed dumped deposit, 2118, of dark brown sandy silt and stone rubble was

exposed along the eastern edge of TQF 6. Three sherds of mid 17th to 18th-century

pottery were recovered from this deposit which appeared to have been cut away

steeply by 2127 which was filled by a deep mixed deposit, 2117, of stone rubble and

sandy mortar.

2.58 Sleeper walls exposed in TQF 7, 8 and 9 were all abutted by dumped mixed

deposits which generally contained a high proportion of stone rubble. Two sherds of

18th-century pottery were recovered from dumped layer 1957 (TQF 8), two sherds

of late 17th to 18th-century pottery from dumped layer 1979 (TQF 9) and two sherds

of pottery of the same date from 1977 (TQF 9). No dating evidence was recovered

from TQF 7.

2.59 In all trenches in Meeting House, the latest dumped deposits were sealed by a

levelling layer for the existing concrete floor.

The Finds

2.60 Quantities of pottery, ceramic building material, clay tobacco pipes, glass, slate styli,

roof tiles, mammal, fish and bird bone, plaster, mortar, marine shell and metalwork

were recovered during the evaluation. The majority of pottery recovered dated to the

medieval and post-medieval periods. Earlier medieval pottery, probably dating to the

19


12th or 13th Centuries is poorly represented. Later medieval material (after c. 1250/

1300) is more abundant and includes Minety ware and Saintonge jug sherds,

although Bristol Redcliffe fabrics are most common. Post-medieval pottery types

include a tankard base in Bristol/Staffordshire Mottled brown ware and drug or

ointment pots in Tin-glazed earthenware. In addition a small quantity of German

stoneware of both Frechen and Westerwald types was recovered.

2.61 Medieval floor tiles were recovered from four contexts and are probably late 14th to

15th century in date. A quantity of clay tobacco pipe fragments were recovered

although no makers’ marks were present and the bowls range in date from c. 1600-

40 to c.1810-40. A copper farthing (2nd issue) from George I dating to 1714 was

recovered from context 2183. Nine slate styli were recovered

The Biological Evidence

2.62 Animal bone recovered included a range of species of domestic mammals and birds,

a small number of wild species and a small quantity of fish bones. A larger quantity

of fish bone was recovered from the processed bulk sample, which also contained

small mammal, amphibian and bird bone. The bones are generally well-preserved

with frequent evidence for butchery. The assemblage is likely to represent domestic

waste with much of the bone being re-deposited in the form of levelling and dumping

layers. Small quantities of charcoal and mollusc shell were also recovered, both

hand collected and from the sample.

3. WATCHING BRIEF RESULTS

Introduction

3.1 This section provides an overview of the more notable results of watching brief

during various investigations by other contractors of aspects of the building fabric;

summaries of the openings recorded are to be found in Appendix 3. All observed

exposures of building fabric (including those revealed by demolition) were assigned

opening numbers.

20


Cutlers Hall

Opening 50 (Figs 12 & 26)

3.2 Building fabric was exposed below the skirting board in the western room of Cutlers

Hall following the removal of the concrete floor slab. The northern part of the existing

wall, 2231, was largely obscured by render whilst the southern part, 2276,

comprised irregularly coursed roughly squared sandstone. A blocked opening, 2277,

of mixed stone rubble infilling lay between these two stretches of wall and appeared

to correspond with an area of infilling visible on the external western face of Cutlers

Hall.


3.3 Opening 48, in the north-east corner of Cutlers Hall showed an area of brick infill

abutting the existing northern stone wall of Cutlers Hall. This appeared to be infill

beneath a brick archway. The eastern jamb of this archway was probably removed

by the construction of the porch on the north-east corner of Cutlers Hall.

South-eastern corner of Cutlers Hall (Figs. 9, 15 and 26)

3.4 A possible former external buttress (Fig. 9) was revealed in the south-eastern corner

of Cutlers Hall following demolition of a staircase. This comprised large dressed

limestone blocks. Its position implies that it may be contemporary with wall 2094

(TQF 20).

3.5 Also recorded following demolition of the staircase was a large area of building

fabric on the internal face of the existing eastern wall of Cutlers Hall (Fig. 15). This

revealed that a pre-existing curved wall with a chamfered plinth course had been

incorporated into the existing eastern wall of Cutlers Hall and the northern wall of the

Quaker Meeting House. The plinth comprised dressed stone whilst the curved wall

was constructed of roughly squared regularly coursed stone. It was also evident

there were several episodes of stone and brick infilling immediately to the south of

the curved corner.

21


Meeting House


3.5 Opening 41 was located in the north-western corner of the Meeting House in an

existing blocked up archway. The lower part of the arch appeared to be infilled with

randomly coursed sandstone, 1903, of varying sizes. Above this were two

successive infills of brick, 1904 and 1905. The upper, 1904, appeared to be the

earlier and seemed to be a raising of 1903. The lower, 1905, was an area of thin

brick laid on edge in cement mortar as a patch. The latter was probably a repair to a

shallow recess in 1903/1904.

Bakers Hall


3.6 An area of building fabric, opening 47, was exposed following the demolition of stairs

and supporting brick partition walls in the westernmost room of Bakers Hall. In the

south-west corner of the room, two intersecting stone archways were revealed. The

eastern archway appeared to be infilled by stone but had been heavily truncated by

the insertion of a brick window jamb for the existing adjacent window. The western

archway was infilled by brick and its full extent was obscured by the existing western

wall of the room. The position of these two archways corresponded with two

archways which were visible on the external southern face of Bakers Hall.

3.6 The western wall of this room revealed stonework which appeared to be early fabric,

together with areas of brick infilling.

Openings 20 and 43 (Fig. 26)

3.9 Openings 20 and 43 were located either side of a large existing window in the

southern wall of the kitchen at the eastern end of Bakers Hall. Both openings

revealed the spring of stone built archways, but in both cases they had been heavily

truncated by the insertion of the window. The wall beneath the window was

observed to be a mixture of brick and stone infilling.

22


4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

4.1 The limited nature of these investigations, both above and below ground, make any

conclusions about the construction, development and use of the Quakers Friars

buildings necessarily tentative. In particular, the limited depth of the evaluation

trenches means we know no more about the use of the area prior to construction of

the friary. The difficulties of linking the evaluation trenches, and limited dating

evidence, also means that whilst we can see some evidence for modification to the

buildings over time we do not have a precise phasing and chronology for these

alterations. However, the evaluation works demonstrate that a well-stratified and

preserved sequence comprising walls, partitions, layers of dumping to raise ground

levels, and successive floor surfaces, survive close to the underside of the sub-

base for the existing floors of Bakers, Cutlers and New Hall. Pottery ranging in date

from medieval to modern was recovered, along with a range of faunal remains

representing domestic waste, from these buildings. However, the provenance of the

faunal remains is unknown, coming as it did from dumped deposits, and therefore

these remains can tell us nothing further about the living conditions and economy

within the friary complex.

Cutlers Hall and the east side of the Lesser Cloister

4.2 The trenches and fabric investigations within Cutlers Hall and New Hall provide

limited evidence for the alteration of the east end of Cutlers Hall, the passage, or

claustral walk, on the east side of the Lesser Cloister, and the origins or

predecessor of the Quaker Meeting House. Coupled with historical information and

depictions of the friary it is possible to make some tentative observations regarding

these elements of the friary complex.

4.3 The passage or covered walkway along the east side of the Lesser Cloister

originally ran beneath the New Hall, and the northern end of the walk is depicted by

the artist H. O'Neill in 1821 (Fig. 28). This shows the passage originally had a high-

pitched, lean-to roof which had been removed, leaving only a scar on the south wall

of Cutlers Hall, and that it entered the east end of Cutlers Hall through an arched

entrance, above which was a lancet window set midway between ground floor and

first floor. To the east the passage was bordered by the back of the Meeting House,

with later buildings, infilling the courtyard of the Lesser Cloister, built onto the face

of the south wall of Cutlers Hall, bordering it to the west. Of note also in this

23


depiction is the cornice below the roofline, which ends level with the western edge

of the passage

4.4 Armstrong's plan of the Lesser Cloister, reproduced as Fig. 37 in the Conservation

Plan (Keystone Historic Buildings Consultants 2005, 32), depicts the conjectured

line of the passage, and shows also that this passage entered the east end of

Cutlers Hall, and then turned eastwards to exit beside the north wall of Meeting

House. This plan also depicts what looks like a small porch on the north-east corner

of Cutlers Hall, entered by a doorway from the west, which appears to correspond

with a possible threshold at the northern end of wall 2094 in TQF 20 (Fig. 5).

Notably, there was no wall footing in TQF 14 in New Hall, which corresponds with

the position of the arched opening from the passage into Cutlers Hall. This, coupled

with the 13th-century character of the arch and lancet window above (P. Davenport

pers. comm.), suggests that the covered passage continuing under the east end of

Cutlers Hall is an original feature, an interpretation supported by the presence of an

external buttress on the south-east corner of wall 2094. This relatively thin wall

seems unlikely to have formed the end wall of the hall, although the discontinuation

of the cornice at roof level, and the more typically 15th-century five-cusp cinquefoil

windows on the first floor at this end of Cutlers Hall (P. Davenport pers. comm.),

may suggest that the original construction did not possess a first floor level, or

alternatively that this had been rebuilt by the time the windows and late 14th or

15th-century roof were added (although if the latter were the case we might have

expected some evidence of an original wall-footing in TQF 14).

4.5 The exposure of building fabric exposed in the south-east corner of Cutlers Hall, a

curved-wall effectively forming the back of the Meeting House, adds further to this

story. Although undated, elements of this wall could certainly have been medieval in

origin, and its curving nature may hold a clue to the positioning of the lancet window

depicted above the passage into Cutlers Hall on the O'Neill illustration (Fig. 28).

One possible explanation of this curving wall is that it housed a stair turret, and that

there was an entrance off this stair to a landing above the passage through the east

end of Cutlers Hall, lit by the lancet window, which then led on up to the first floor of

Cutlers Hall. If correct, this interpretation would suggest that this north-western

corner of the Meeting House incorporates remains of a building in the east range of

the Lesser Cloister which is at least likely to be contemporary with, or pre-date, the

addition of the 15th-century windows and roof at the east end of Cutlers Hall, and

24


could potentially be part of an original 13th-century east range, linked to Cutlers Hall

by a 1.5 storey covered passage with stair over.

4.6 In general, structural remains encountered within the New Hall were confined to the

western portion of this building, with the eastern portion kept clear of structures and

containing only dumped material and surfaces, suggesting the presence of the

passage referred to above. The structural remains encountered here are

fragmentary and difficult to interpret, but appear to suggest some medieval and later

structures infilling the courtyard within the Lesser Cloister. As elsewhere within the

Friary Precinct a considerable depth of dumped material dating from the medieval

period onwards suggests ground levels were raised to counter problems of damp

and/or flooding.

Bakers Hall, The Cottage and Meeting House

4.7 Within Bakers Hall probable original medieval masonry survives, and arched

openings were encountered at the west end following removal of a staircase. Wall

2201, situated within The Cottage, is of particular note (Fig. 20). This substantial

wall clearly pre-dates the construction of the The Cottage, and appears similar in

construction to wall 2194 in Bakers Hall. The position of the latter suggests it forms

the original south wall of Bakers Hall, through which a later opening has been

made, and implies that 2201 may also be a medieval wall. It seems unlikely, given

its position to the east of both the line of Bakers and Cutlers Hall and the east walk

of the Lesser Cloister, that this represents a continuation of Bakers Hall. It seems

more likely, given its similar width to the external walls of Bakers Hall, that this

represents a load-bearing element of a (potentially contemporary) building in the

east range.

4.8 Both within Bakers Hall and The Cottage sleeper walls had been constructed at a

later date (probably 18th or 19th-century), presumably to support the later floor

surfaces. Evidence from the Quaker Meeting House, whilst limited, suggests floor

levels were deliberately raised well above surrounding levels, most probably during

the 1747 construction, with a series of sleeper walls set along the line of, and at

regular intervals between, the internal stone columns of the Meeting House,

presumably to support timber joists for a wooden floor.

25


5. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Tim Havard and Alistair Barber, assisted by Kathy

Aston, Jon Bennett, Dave Cudlip, Kate Cullen, Peter Davenport, Andy Loader, Pippa

Mitcheson, Emily Rowe, Rachel Scales, Steve Sheldon, Sam Thorogood and

Franco Vartuca. The report was written by Tim Havard, assisted by Kate Cullen. The

illustrations were prepared by Jemma Elliott. The archive has been compiled by Tim

Havard, and prepared for deposition by Teresa Gilmore. The project was managed

for CA by Simon Cox.

26


6. REFERENCES

BCC (Bristol City Council) 2006 Quakers Friars, Broadmead: Brief for Archaeological Works

(including enabling works and external drainage)

British Geological Survey 1971 England and Wales Solid and Drift Bristol Sheet 264

CAPCA (The Cotswold Archaeology and Pre-Construct Archaeology Consortium) 2005

Bristol Broadmead Archaeological Works: Written Scheme of Investigation

CAPCA 2006 Methods Statement and Health and Safety Risk Assessment For

Archaeological Evaluation Within Quakers Friars Bristol City Centre Expansion

Keystone Historic Buildings Consultants 2005 A Conservation Plan for the Quakers Friars,

Broadmead, Bristol Typescript Report

Oswald, A. 1975 Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist in Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist pp. 36-

43. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Leighton, W. 1934 'The Black Friars, Now Quaker's Friars, Bristol' Transactions of the

Bristol and Glos. Arch. Soc. 55, 151-190 Ponsford, M.W. 1988, ‘Pottery’, in Williams 1988, 124–45

Ponsford, M.W. 1998, ‘Pottery’, in Price with Ponsford 1998, 136–56

Price, R. with Ponsford M.W. 1998, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Bristol: The Excavation of a

Medieval Hospital 1976–8 York, Council for British Archaeology Research Report

110

27


APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

TQF 1 New Hall 1906 Existing concrete floor, 0.12m to 0.18m depth. 1907 Sub-base/levelling layer for 1906: mid yellow brown sandy clay and gravel, 0.02m to 0.15m depth. 1908 Demolition rubble spread: mid yellow brown sandy silt with frequent brick, stone and concrete fragments,

maximum 0.2m depth. 1909 Levelling deposit prior to construction of drains: dark grey brown clay silt with frequent building rubble

inclusions, 0.44m depth. 1916 Existing wall at south end of New Hall: stone footing with brick wall, 0.45m width. 1917 Concrete footing for wall 1919, 0.15m depth, 1.08m width, at least 1.18m length. 1918 Concrete lining of foundation trench 1924, 0.1m width, 0.25m surviving height. 1919 Wall footing: mixture of bricks and stone fragments, 0.19m depth, 0.5m width, at least 0.8m length. 1924 Foundation trench for 1917, 1918 and 1919: rectangular in plan, vertical sides, flat base, 0.38m depth,

1.08m width, at least 1.18m length. 1927 Ceramic drain and brick/stone soakaway. 1928 Fill of construction cut 1951 for drain 1952: dark grey brown mortar and silt. 1929 Construction cut for drain 1927. 1930 Construction cut for lead water pipe and backfill 1931. 1931 Lead water pipe and associated backfill, dark grey brown silt clay and gravel. 1938 Construction cut for drain 1939. 1939 Ceramic drain, continuation of 1927. 1942 Layer: thin mortar deposit covering part of 1909, 0.12m maximum depth, 0.8m width, at least 1m length. 1951 Construction cut for drains 1952 and 1954. 1952 Culvert, brick sides, capped by limestone and sandstone slabs, 0.5m depth, 0.5m width, at least 1.7m

width. 1953 Levelling/dumped deposit: yellow brown silty (gritty) clay with frequent mortar fragments and occasional

charcoal and clinker inclusions, 0.28m depth. 1954 As 1952. 1955 Silting/infill of culvert 1952: dark brownish black clay silt, 0.18m depth. 1956 Thin layer of orange brown crushed mortar, 0.08m depth, 0.3m width, at least 0.54m length. 1957 Cut for possible posthole, rectangular in plan, steep sides, concave base, 0.18m depth, 0.18m width,

0.38m length. 1958 Single fill of 1957: dark grey brown clay silt. 1959 Cut for possible posthole: circular in plan, shallow sides and concave base, 0.1m depth, 0.26m diameter. 1960 Single fill of 1959: dark grey brown clay silt 1961 Wall footing: limestone slabs and roughly dressed blocks, mortar bonded, 0.3m depth, at least 0.2m

width and 0.85m length. Severely truncated by later drains. 1980 Backfill of construction cut 1981: mid grey brown mortar, sand and rubble. 1981 Construction cut for now demolished wall of former document store, 0.25m depth, 0.5m width and 6.5m

length. 1982 Levelling/dumped deposit: light yellow orange silty clay with occasional irregular limestone fragments,

maximum 0.25m depth. 1983 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid orangey brown silty clay with occasional irregular limestone fragments

and very occasional charcoal flecks, 0.18m to 0.24m depth. 1988 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid reddish brown silty clay with occasional irregular sandstone fragments,

0.19m depth. 1989 Cut for probable pit: probable oval in plan, vertical sides, base not established, at least 0.35m depth, at

least 0.5m width at least 1.05m length, full extent lying beyond trench. 1990 Single exposed fill of 1989: dark grey silt clay with occasional sandstone fragments. 2021 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark blackish grey silty clay with frequent sandstone inclusions, 0.37m depth,

at least 0.5m width, at least 0.5m length. 2030 Demolition cut for wall footing 1919, rectangular in plan, vertical sides with flat base, 0.15m depth, at

least 1.6m width, at least 1.2m length. 2031 Construction cut for drain 2032: only seen in section, steep sides and flat base, 0.29m width, at least

0.65m width, at least 1m length. 2032 Fill of 2031, ceramic pipe (0.18m diam) and mid grey brown sandy silt fill. 2046 Construction cut for wall footing 1961, linear in plan, vertical sides and flat base, 0.3m depth, at least

0.2m width, at least 0.85m length. 2052 Silting/infill of drain run 1954, mid brownish grey clay silt, 0.35m depth. 2053 Construction cut for wall 1916: linear in plan, vertical sides and flat base, 0.57m depth.

28


2070 Construction cut for existing (retained) wall of document store, continues as 2053. 2071 Construction cut for drain/culvert 2072: only visible in section, 0.55m depth. 2072 Brick and stone built culvert, only visible in section, 0.55m depth, at least 1.6m width. 2073 Backfill of 2071: irregular sandstone pieces mixed with mortar and charcoal in a silt clay matrix, 0.4m

depth, 1.1m width. 2074 Existing western wall of New Hall, mixture of limestone and sandstone blocks and fragments. 2078 Natural substrate: mid blue grey silty clay, at least 0.15m depth. 2091 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown silty clay matrix with frequent irregular limestone and

sandstone inclusions, maximum 0.17m depth, at least 0.78m width, at least 1.25m length. TQF 2a Cutlers Hall 1910 Surface: compacted light grey white mortar, 0.06m to 0.09m depth, maximum 1.1m width, at least 4.2m

length. 1911 Probable surface: heavily disturbed brick and flagstone surface. 1912 Existing concrete floor, 0.25m depth. 1913 Levelling layer for 1912: dark brownish black sandy silt, 0.08m depth. 1915 Wall footing: roughly dressed randomly coursed limestone blocks, at least 4.8m length. Offset of western

wall of Cutlers Hall. 1920 Brick wall: possible cellar wall, 0.34m width, at least 2.1m length, at least 0.42m depth. 1922 Wall footing: rough hewn, randomly coursed limestone blocks aligned NE-SW, 0.15m height, 0.3m to

0.4m width, 1.32m length. 1923 Brick wall: butts north wall of Cutlers Hall 2016, aligned E-W, 1.04m length, 0.14m to 0.34m width, at

least 0.5m depth. 1941 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey black sandy silt with occasional mortar, slate and brick inclusions. TQF 2 Cutlers Hall 1912 Existing concrete floor, 0.25m depth. 1913 Levelling layer for 1912: dark brownish black sandy silt, 0.08m depth. 1914 Backfill of structure formed by 1920 and 1923, mixed grey black sandy silt with large lumps of stone,

brick slate and mortar. 1920 Brick wall: possible cellar wall, 0.34m width, at least 2.1m length, at least 0.42m depth. 1922 Wall footing: rough hewn, randomly coursed limestone blocks aligned NE-SW, 0.15m height, 0.3m to

0.4m width, 1.32m length. 1923 Brick wall: butts north wall of Cutlers Hall 2016, aligned E-W, 1.04m length, 0.14m to 0.34m width, at

least 0.5m depth. 1925 Surface: compact light grey white mortar, 0.1m depth, at least 0.32m width, at least 0.7m length. Same

as 1910 (TQF 2a & TQF 3). 1926 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown sandy silt with very occasional brick, slate and mortar flecks,

0.07m maximum depth, at least 0.88m width, at least 1.12m length. 1932 Construction cut for 1922: linear in plan, aligned NE-SW. 1933 Backfill of 1932: dark grey brown sandy silt. 1934 Probable surface: compacted light grey brown sandy silt with frequent mortar flecking, 0.1m depth, at

least 0.9m width, at least 1.1m length. 1935 Construction cut for wall 1920: linear in plan, at least 0.74m depth. 1936 Backfill of 1935: mid grey brown sand and mortar. 2016 Northern wall of Cutlers Hall: roughly dressed regular coursed limestone blocks. 2140 Cut, unknown function: only observed in section, vertical side, at least 0.15m depth, at least 0.05m width. 2141 Backfill of 2140: mid red brown sandy clay. 2142 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey brown silty sand, top of deposit revealed at base of excavation. TQF 3 Cutlers Hall 1910 Surface: compacted light grey white mortar, 0.06m to 0.09m depth, maximum 1.1m width, at least 4.2m

length 1912 Existing concrete floor, 0.25m depth. 1941 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown mixed deposit of tile, tone, mortar, ash, 0.1m maximum depth, at

least 2.5m width and length. 1943 Surface: black grey mortar sand, 0.01m maximum depth, at least 2.5m width and length. 1944 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown mortar sand clay, 0.12m maximum depth, at least 2.5m width and

length.

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1945 Possible surface or bedding for a since removed floor: mid white yellow degraded mortar, maximum 0.02m depth, at least 2.5m width and length.

1946 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown sandy mortar clay, average 0.03m depth. Exposed with hand augur.

1947 Thin mortar lens: yellow brown degraded mortar. Exposed with hand augur. 1948 Probable dumped deposit: grey brown stony mortar clay. Exposed with hand augur. 1949 Natural substrate: red brown clay sand. Exposed with hand augur. 1950 Wall footing: single course of irregularly sized sandstone slabs, aligned N-S, 0.1m height, 0.4m width, at

least 1m length. Probable internal partition wall. 2105 Wall: roughly dressed regularly coursed sandstone, 0.38m width, 0.4m length, at least 0.3m depth. 2147 Probable backfill of 2148: light grey brown sand and mortar, with frequent small limestone fragments, at

least 0.5m depth. 2148 Cut for probable pit: only exposed in narrow sondage. TQF 4 Cutlers Hall 1910 Surface: compacted light grey white mortar, 0.06m to 0.09m depth, maximum 1.1m width, at least 4.2m

length 1912 Existing concrete floor, 0.25m depth. 1920 Brick wall: possible cellar wall, 0.34m width, at least 2.1m length, at least 0.42m depth. 1935 Construction cut for wall 1920: linear in plan, at least 0.74m depth. 1936 Backfill of 1935: mid grey brown sand and mortar. 1941 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown mixed deposit of tile, tone, mortar, ash, 0.1m maximum depth, at

least 2.5m width and length. 1946 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown sandy mortar clay, maximum 0.13m depth. 2138 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey sandy silt with frequent mortar flecks, at least 0.3m depth, at least

0.6m width, at least 2.5m length. 2139 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown clay with frequent mortar flecks. 2152 Unexcavated deposit: dark grey sandy silt with occasional mortar flecks. 2153 Possible dumped deposit: irregular sandstone fragments in sandy mortar matrix, at least 0.05m depth. 2161 Fill of 2161: light grey brown sandy mortar matrix. 2162 Cut for modern intrusion: sub-circular in plan, moderately sloped sides, flat base, 0.14m depth, 0.5m

width, 0.5m length. TQF 5 Meeting House 2120 Modern concrete floor, 0.18m depth. 2121 Levelling layer for 2120: mixed gravel, 0.13m depth. 2122 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid orange brown gravel and stone matrix, 0.15m depth. 2123 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown grey irregular stone rubble, 0.34m depth. 2149 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey black sandy silt with very occasional irregular stone fragments, at

least 0.05m depth. 2157 Cut feature: circular in plan, unexcavated. Filled by 2123 slumping into feature. 2158 Wall: roughly hewn randomly coursed sandstone, at least 0.1m height, 0.4m width, at least 0.95m length.

Sleeper wall for suspended floor. 2159 Wall: roughly hewn randomly coursed sandstone, at least 0.3m height, 0.45m width, at least 2.8m length.

Sleeper wall for suspended floor. 2160 Base of existing column in Meeting House: large stone blocks, mortar bonded. TQF 6 Meeting House 2115 Modern concrete floor, 0.26m depth. 2116 Levelling layer for 2116: mid orange brown sandy gravel, 0.08m depth. 2117 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown stone rubble and sandy mortar matrix, 0.4m to 0.7m depth. 2118 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey brown stone rubble and silt matrix, at least 0.32m depth. 2119 Levelling/dumped deposit: compacted sandy mortar, 0.15m depth. 2127 Possible terracing cut: linear in plan aligned N-S, vertical sides, base not established, at least 1m length,

at least 0.5m width, at least 0.25m depth. TQF 7 Meeting House 1968 Modern concrete floor, 0.19m depth. 1969 Levelling layer for 1968: mid yellow brown sandy gravel, 0.05m depth. 1970 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey loose mortar and stone rubble, 0.12m depth.

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1971 As 1970. 1972 Wall: top course brick, other exposed courses roughly shaped randomly coursed sandstone, at least

0.7m height, 0.3m width, at least 1m length. Sleeper wall for suspended floor. 2109 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown mortar and stone rubble, 0.15m depth. 2110 Levelling/dumped deposit: yellow grey sandy mortar and stone rubble, 0.3m depth 2111 Levelling/dumped deposit: light brown grey mortar and stone rubble, at least 0.23m depth. 2128 As 2109. 2129 As 2110. 2130 As 2111. TQF 8 Meeting House 1973 Modern concrete floor, 0.2m depth. 1974 Levelling layer for 1973: mid grey gravel, 0.07m depth. 1975 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark red brown sandy silt with occasional irregular stone inclusions, at least

0.32m depth. 1976 Wall: roughly hewn randomly coursed sandstone, at least 0.35m height, at least 0.11m width, at least

0.85m length. TQF 9 Meeting House 1962 Modern concrete floor, 0.07m depth. 1963 Levelling layer for 1962: mid grey gravel, 0.13m depth. 1964 Ceramic drain. 1965 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark black grey silty clay and ash, 0.05m depth. 1966 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark red brown silty clay with frequent stone rubble, 0.35m depth. 1967 Wall: roughly hewn randomly coursed sandstone, at least 0.7m height, at least 0.82m length, at least

0.3m width. Sleeper wall for suspended floor. 1977 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey black silty clay and ash, 0.25m depth. 1978 Levelling/dumped deposit: light pink white mortar and plaster, at least 0.21m depth. 1979 Levelling/dumped deposit: light brown white mixture of mortar, plaster and silty clay, at least 0.3m depth. TQF 10 New Hall 2023 Deposit: dark grey black silty clay with frequent brick and stone rubble, 0.19m depth, at least 1m length

and width. 2024 Concrete setting for demolished pipe, 0.3m depth, 0.35m width and 0.7m length. 2025 Concrete footing for demolished wall of document store, 0.06m depth, 0.23m width, 0.41m length. 2026 Construction cut for wall 2027: linear in plan, aligned N-S, steep sides, flat base, 0.15m depth, 0.09m

width, at least 0.52m length. 2027 Footing for eastern wall of New Hall, coursed brick and sandstone, 0.38m depth, at least 0.1m width,

0.64m length. 2028 Backfill of 2026: dark grey black silty clay and ash. 2029 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark red brown silty clay with frequent irregular stone and mortar inclusions,

0.19m depth. 2048 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown red silty clay with frequent irregular limestone fragments, 0.22m

depth. 2050 Levelling/dumped deposit: light pink brown silty clay with frequent mortar and irregular limestone

inclusions, at least 0.21m depth. TQF 11 New Hall 1984 Footing for existing eastern wall of New Hall: random coursed limestone and brick, 0.3m depth, at least

0.1m width, at least 1m length. 1985 Construction cut for 1984: linear in plan aligned N-S, steep sides, flat base, 0.24m depth, at lest 0.18m

width, at least 1m length. 1986 Backfill of 1985: dark grey black silty clay and ash. 1987 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark red brown silty clay with frequent mortar inclusions and occasional

irregular limestone fragments, 0.15m depth. 2008 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark red brown silty clay with frequent irregular limestone fragments and

mortar inclusions, 0.2m depth. 2015 Levelling/dumped deposit: light red brown silty clay with frequent irregular limestone fragments and

mortar inclusions, at least 0.15m depth.

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2020 Deposit: dark grey black silty clay with frequent charcoal inclusions, 0.1m depth. TQF 12 New Hall 2131 Levelling deposit: as 2068 TQF 19 and 2029 TQF 10, 0.45m depth. 2132 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2083 TQF 19 and 2048 TQF 12, at least 0.05m depth. TQF 13 New Hall 2058 Levelling deposit: dark grey blue silty sand, 0.08m depth. 2059 Construction cut for wall 2063: linear in plan aligned N-S, steep sides, flat base, 0.16m depth, at least

0.22m width, at least 1m length. 2060 Backfill of 2059: dark grey brown silty sand. 2061 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown silty sand and clay with occasional mortar flecks, 0.23m depth. 2062 Levelling/dumped deposit: well compacted light grey red silty sand with frequent irregular limestone

pieces, 0.15m depth. 2063 Wall footing of existing east wall of New Hall: limestone and brick random coursed, 0.3m depth, at least

0.1m width, at least 1m length. 2090 Surface: well compacted limestone with occasional mortar inclusions, 0.24m depth. 2092 Deposit: mid grey brown sandy silt, 0.15m depth. 2093 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown silty clay with frequent mortar inclusions, not excavated. TQF 14 New Hall 2009 Levelling deposit: mid grey brown clay silt, occasional irregular limestone and rare brick fragments,

maximum 0.3m depth. 2010 Footing for existing eastern wall of New Hall: random coursed brick and limestone, 0.38m max depth, at

least 0.1m width, at least 1.1m length. 2011 Construction cut for copper water pipe. 2012 Pipe and backfill of 2011. 2013 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown clay silt with occasional irregular limestone fragments and

mortar inclusions, 0.2m maximum depth. 2014 Construction cut for wall 2010: linear in plan, aligned N-S, 0.34m depth, at least 0.12m width, at least

1.1m length. 2019 Backfill of 2014: dark grey brown sandy silt. 2045 Levelling/dumped deposit: light grey red silty sand, with very occasional mortar and slate inclusions,

0.17m maximum depth. 2054 Same deposit as 2045. 2055 Possible surface: mid blue grey silty clay with upper mortar lens, maximum 0.04m depth. 2112 Levelling/dumped deposit: compact red brown silty sand with frequent irregular limestone inclusions,

0.16m depth. 2113 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown silty sand with occasional irregular limestone inclusions,

maximum 0.1m depth. 2114 Possible surface: compacted light beige brown sandy mortar, 0.02m depth. 2124 Levelling/dumped deposit: red brown clay silt with frequent limestone and occasional mortar, at least

0.05m depth. 2125 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown red silty sand with frequent limestone and occasional mortar, at

least 0.05m depth. 2126 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey brown clay with occasional stone and mortar inclusions,

unexcavated. TQF 15 New Hall 1991 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 1953 (TQF 1), 0.41m depth. 1992 Cut for metal pipe. 1993 Metal pipe and backfill of 1992. 1994 Cut for pipe trench. 1995 Offset wall footing for existing northern wall of New Hall: Limestone and sandstone blocks and

fragments, random coursed, at least 0.8m depth, at least 1m length and 0.2m width. 1996 Backfill of 1994. 1997 Stone buttress: limestone and sandstone slabs and blocks, including one course of chamfered blocks, at

least 0.32m depth, at least 0.9m width and length. 2017 Cut for modern pipe trench. 2018 Pipe and backfill of 2017.

32


2022 Levelling/dumped deposit:: as 1909 (TQF 1), 0.2m to 0.25m depth. 2080 Construction cut for stone drain/culvert 2081, only seen in section, 0.3m depth, at least 0.1m width and at

least 0.76m length. 2081 Stone drain/culvert: roof tile base, brick and sandstone sides and capping. 2082 Existing northern wall of Cutlers Hall: sandstone and limestone blocks and slabs, roughly dressed and

irregularly coursed, at least 0.86m width. 2086 Construction cut for buttress 2086: rectangular in plan, vertical sides, base not exposed. 2106 Dumped deposit: mid grey brown sandy clay with frequent pennant sandstone tile inclusions, at least

0.33m depth. 2107 Wall: roughly hewn limestone blocks, at least two exposed courses, aligned E-W, at least 0.2m height, at

least 0.8m length, at least 0.66m width. 2136 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid orangey brown clay with frequent stone tile and mortar fleck inclusions, at

least 0.4m depth. 2137 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown clay with frequent mortar inclusions and occasional irregular

sandstone fragments, at least 0.23m depth. 2143 Offset footing probably for 2107: Probable sandstone construction, at least 0.8m length, at least 0.1m

width. 2154 Existing concrete floor of New Hall, 0.21m depth. 2163 Existing concrete steps from New Hall into Cutlers Hall. TQF 16 New Hall 1998 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown mortar flecked sandy clay, at least 0.15m depth. 1999 Southern side of collapsed/robbed tile and stone built culvert/drain, linear in plan aligned E-W, 0.3m

width, at least 0.95m length and at least 0.12m depth. 2000 Levelling/dumped deposit: creamy white gritty mortar, 0.1m maximum depth. 2001 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown gritty sandy clay, 0.3m depth. 2002 Levelling/dumped deposit: orange grey mixed degraded mortar and charcoal, 0.08m maximum depth. 2003 Levelling/dumped deposit:: orange brown gritty mortar clay, 0.2m depth. 2004 Cut feature of uncertain function: near vertical sides and flat base, not fully exposed in plan, 0.25m

depth, at least 0.25m width, at least 1m length. 2005 Single fill of 2004: grey brown soft silty clay with frequent sandstone fragments. 2006 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown gritty sandy clay, 0.24m depth. 2007 Footing for existing west wall of New Hall: randomly coursed sandstone, 0.22m depth, at least 0.15m

width, at least 1m length. 2075 Remnant stone capping of 1999: sandstone tiles, 0.03m thickness. 2076 Remnant sandstone slab base of 1999: sandstone flags approx 0.2m width, 0.03m thickness. 2077 Infill of 1999: grey brown gritty clay and mortar, 0.15m depth. 2292 Levelling/dumped deposit: orange brown sandy clay with occasional mortar flecking and sandstone

fragments, 0.13m depth. TQF 17 New Hall 2133 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2049 (TQF 18) and 1987 (TQF 11), 0.35m depth. 2134 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2051 (TQF 18) and 2008 (TQF 11), at least 0.05m depth. 2135 Wall: continuation of wall 2057 (TQF 18), roughly hewn limestone, at least 0.22m width, 2.4m length. TQF 18 New Hall 2033 Offset footing for existing western wall of New Hall: irregularly coursed stone, 0.27m depth, at least

0.13m width, at least 1m length. 2034 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown silty sand with frequent irregular stone rubble, 0.14m depth. 2036 Culvert formed by upturned roof tiles, 0.05m depth, 0.23m width, at least 0.8m length. 2037 Single fill of 2036: dark grey black sandy silt, 0.03m depth. 2038 Preparation layer for 2036: mid brown grey crushed mortar and ash, 0.06m depth. 2039 Construction cut for 2040 and 2041. 2040 Concrete base for pipe 2041. 2041 Iron water pipe. 2042 Construction cut for 2033: linear in plan aligned N-S, 0.25m depth, at least 0.2m width, at least 1m

length. 2043 Insertion cut for pipe through wall 2033, 0.2m depth, at least 0.1m length, at least 0.15m width. 2044 Backfill of 2043. 2047 Backfill of 2039. 2049 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown sandy clay and stone and mortar rubble, maximum 0.23m

33


depth. 2051 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid orange brown sandy clay with frequent irregular stone fragments, 0.22m

depth. 2056 Probable surface: small sub-angular limestone pieces in red brown clay matrix, 0.1m depth. 2057 Wall: aligned E-W stone built, mostly covered by lime based mortar, at least 0.6m height, at least 0.15m

width, at least 1m length. 2079 Wall: aligned N-S, stone built, mostly covered by lime based mortar, at least 0.5m height, at least 0.28m

width, at least 1m length. 2084 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown silty clay with very occasional irregular stone fragments, 0.08m

depth. 2085 Mortar lens, 0.06m depth. 2108 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid brown orange silty clay with very occasional irregular limestone

fragments, at least 0.3m depth. TQF 19 New Hall 2064 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown sandy silt with occasional irregular limestone and brick

fragments, maximum 0.07m depth. 2065 Backfill of 2067: dark grey brown sandy silt. 2066 Brick culvert with sandstone capping: linear in plan, aligned N-S, 0.24m depth, at least 0.5m width, at

least 1m length. 2067 Construction cut for 2066: linear in plan, aligned N-S, 0.24m depth, at least 0.5m width, at least 1m

length. 2068 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey black silty clay with very occasional mortar and plaster inclusions,

0.37m maximum depth. 2069 Infill of 2069: light white grey silty clay with occasional tile and stone fragments, 0.2m average depth. 2083 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown silty clay with occasional sandstone and tile inclusions, 0.25m

to 0.35m depth. 2088 Levelling/dumped deposit: 50% dark red brown silty clay 50% sandstone rubble, at least 0.15m depth. 2089 Footing for existing western wall of New Hall: roughly dressed randomly coursed sandstone blocks,

aligned N-S, 0.42m depth, at least 0.06m width, at least 1m length. 2172 Construction cut for 2089: linear in plan, aligned N-S, vertical sides, flat base, 0.43m depth, at least

0.07m width, at least 1m length. 2173 Backfill of 2172: dark grey black mortar. TQF 20 Cutlers Hall 2094 Wall: roughly dressed sandstone blocks (from 0.1mx 0.15m to 0.25m x 0.45m), aligned N-S, at least

0.1m height, 0.5m width, at least 7.2m length. 2095 Curved wall footing: roughly dressed sandstone and limestone blocks with occasional slate tile, 2.6m

length, approx 0.4m width, at least 0.1m depth. Same as 2202 (TQF 24). 2096 Deposit: dark grey black sandy silt, maximum 1.3m width, at least 2.4m length, unexcavated. 2097 Probable surface: compacted dark brownish red sandy clay, at least 2.4m width, at least 7.2m length,

unexcavated. 2098 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown clay with frequent mortar and charcoal and occasional irregular

pieces of limestone. Not excavated. Same as 2168 (TQF 23), 2184 (TQF 23) and 2174 (TQF 24). 2099 Fill of pit 2190: mid white grey sandy silt with frequent charcoal and tile. Not excavated. 2100 Flagstone floor: sandstone and limestone blocks and slabs up to 0.15m x 0.15m x 0.45m, heavily

truncated in places, survives as 0.66m width, at least 2.4m length. 2101 Cut for pit: rectangular in plan, unexcavated, 2.4m width, at least 6.5m length. 2102 Single exposed fill of 2101: dark grey brown sandy silt with frequent brick, stone and tile inclusions. Not

excavated. 2103 Possible surface: grey white sandy mortar, at least 1.75m width, at least 6.5m length, unexcavated. 2104 Single exposed fill of 2191: dark grey silt and ashy mortar, not excavated. Same as 2183 (TQF 24). 2155 Existing concrete floor, 0.18m depth. 2156 Levelling layer for 2155. TQF 21 New Hall 2144 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2133 (TQF 17). 2145 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2134 (TQF 17). 2146 Metalled surface: mid yellow tightly packed limestone fragments, at least 0.9m width, at least 1.4m

length.

34


TQF 22 New Hall 2150 Levelling dumped deposit: as 2006 (TQF 16) and 2038 (TQF 13), o.3m depth. 2151 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2008 (TQF 16) and 2061 (TQF 13), at least 0.05m depth. TQF 23 Cutlers Hall 2164 Cut for pit: oval in plan, steep sides with concave base, 0.47m depth, 0.62m width, at least 0.34m length.

Same as 2207. 2165 Single fill of 2164: mid brown silty clay with frequent brick and stone rubble inclusions. 2166 Probable robber cut for 2095 (TQF 20): linear in plan aligned E-W, almost vertical sides with concave

base, 0.38m depth, 0.49m width, at least 0.6m length. Same as 2203 (TQF 24). 2167 Fill of 2166: mid brown silty clay with frequent mortar and irregular stone rubble inclusions. 2168 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown clay with frequent mortar and charcoal and occasional irregular

pieces of limestone, 0.3m depth, at least 0.6m width, at least 5m length. Same as 2184, 2098(TQF20) and 2174(TQF 24).

2169 Floor surface: compacted light yellow brown mortar, unexcavated, at least 0.6m width, at least 4.6m length. Same as 2239.

2170 Offset footing/bench for 2171: large roughly hewn sandstone blocks, heavily mortared and rendered, 0.45m width, at least 0.87m depth, at least 0.6m length.

2171 Existing southern wall of Cutlers Hall. 2184 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2168. Same as 2098 (TQF 20) and 2174 (TQF 24), 0.24m depth. 2210 Dumped deposit butting 2170: light yellow brown mortar and irregular stone rubble, 0.25m maximum

depth, 0.85m length, at least 0.6m width. Same as 2206 (TQF 24). 2238 Levelling/dumped deposit: as 2174, 0.13m depth. 2239 Floor surface: same as 2169, 0.03m depth, at least 0.48m length, at least 0.6m width. Same as 2169. 2244 Levelling/dumped deposit: compacted mid yellow brown silty clay, 0.15m depth. 2245 Floor surface: mid yellow white sandy mortar, 0.03m depth. 2247 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown silty clay with very occasional irregular stone fragments, at least

0.22m depth. TQF 24 Cutlers Hall 2174 Levelling/dumped deposit: same as 2238 (TQF 23), 0.2m depth. 2175 Cut for possible pit: rectangular in plan, steep sides and flat base, 0.34m depth, at least 0.6m width, 2.1m

length. 2176 Dumped deposit butting 2177: light pink beige mortar, 0.23mm depth, at least 0.6m width. 2177 Offset footing/bench for 2178: unevenly coursed limestone/sandstone blocks, aligned E-W with N-S

return, at least 0.16m depth, 0.46m width at least 0.6m length. 2178 Existing northern wall of Cutlers Hall. 2179 Floor surface: compacted light yellow brown mortar, unexcavated, at least 0.6m width. Same as 2169

(TQF 23). 2180 Dumped deposit: dark grey black sandy silt, maximum 0.16m depth. Same as 2096 (TQF20). 2181 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown clay with frequent mortar and charcoal and occasional irregular

pieces of limestone, 0.28m depth. Same as 2098 (TQF 20). 2182 Single fill of pit 2175: dark grey black sandy silt, same as 2099 (TQF 20). 2183 Single fill of 2185: dark grey black sandy silt with frequent mortar and ash inclusion. 2185 Cut for possible posthole: rectangular in plan, steep sides and concave base, 0.28m depth, 0.35m width,

0.4m length. 2186 Cut for possible posthole: circular in plan, vertical sides and flat base, 0.2m depth, 0.11m diameter. 2187 Single fill of 2186: mid orange brown clay with very occasional mortar and charcoal flecking. 2202 Curved wall footing: roughly dressed sandstone and limestone blocks with occasional slate tile, 2.6m

length, approx 0.4m width, at least 0.1m depth. Same as 2095 (TQF 20). 2203 Probable robber cut for 2202: linear in plan aligned E-W, almost vertical sides with concave base, 0.38m

depth, 0.49m width, at least 0.6m length. Same as 2166 (TQF 23). 2204 Fill of 2203: mid brown silty clay with frequent mortar and irregular stone rubble inclusions. 2206 Dumped deposit butting 2170: light yellow brown mortar and irregular stone rubble, 0.25m maximum

depth, 0.85m length, at least 0.6m width. Same as 2210 (TQF 23). 2207 Cut for pit: oval in plan, steep sides with concave base, 0.47m depth, 0.62m width, at least 0.34m length.

Same as 2164. 2208 Single fill of 2207: mid brown silty clay with frequent brick and stone rubble inclusions. 2222 Cut for pit: uncertain shape in plan, moderately sloped concave sides and flat base, 1.65m length, at

least 0.6m width, 0.32m depth. 2223 Single fill of 2222: mixed brown sandy clay and irregular stone fragments, includes two large millstone

35


pieces. 2279 Levelling/dumped deposit: grey brown clay silt with occasional building rubble (brick, stone, tile, mortar)

inclusions, 0.17m depth. TQF 25 Bakers Hall (kitchen) 2188 Existing concrete floor, 0.04m to 0.23m depth. 2189 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey sandy silt with frequent mortar and stone, at least 0.56m depth. 2192 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey sandy silt with frequent mortar flecking, at least 0.2m depth. 2193 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey sandy silt with frequent sandstone rubble inclusions, at least 0.35m

depth. 2194 Wall: randomly coursed irregular roughly hewn sandstone blocks, at least 0.6m depth, at least 0.54m

width, at least 0.56m length. Aligned E-W. 2195 Probable sleeper wall: roughly hewn coursed sandstone pieces, 0.3m width, at least 0.54m depth, at

least 0.8m length. Aligned E-W. 2196 Footing of existing western wall of kitchen, roughly hewn sandstone, at least 0.6m depth, at least 0.5m

length. Only eastern face exposed. Aligned N-S. 2197 Probable sleeper wall: bricks and roughly hewn sandstone, 0.25m depth, 0.26m width, at least 0.2m

length. 2198 Construction cut for 2199. 2199 Existing concrete ground beam. TQF 26 Bakers Hall (cottage) 2198 Footing for existing south wall of cottage: irregularly coursed limestone and sandstone, 0.4m depth, at

least 1m length. Aligned E-W. 2199 Probable sleeper wall: irregularly coursed limestone, sandstone and brick, at least 0.38m depth, 0.3m

width, at least 0.85m length. Aligned E-W. 2200 Probable sleeper wall: irregularly coursed limestone and sandstone, at least 0.18m depth, 0.28m width,

at least 0.7m length. Aligned E-W. 2201 Wall footing: mostly roughly hewn regularly coursed sandstone, at least 0.3m depth, at least 0.7m length,

0.7m width. 2213 Existing concrete floor, 0.1m depth. 2214 Levelling layer for 2214, 0.1m depth. 2215 Dumped deposit: mixed stone, concrete and brick rubble, 0.35m depth. 2216 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown humic clay silt with frequent mortar inclusions, 0.2m depth. 2217 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark grey black humic clay silt, at least 0.12m depth. 2218 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown silty sand with occasional mortar flecking, 0.27m depth. 2219 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey white mortar and stone mix, 0.18m depth. 2220 Levelling/dumped deposit: brown red clay sand with frequent mortar inclusions, 0.1m depth. 2221 Single pennant sandstone slab butting wall 2201 and bedded on mortar, 0.18m x 0.25m x 0.11m. TQF 27 Bakers Hall 2211 Demolition/dumped deposit: dark grey black silty clay with abundant brick, stone, mortar, charcoal,

0.04m depth. 2212 Demolition/dumped deposit: dark grey brown silty clay with frequent stone rubble and mortar inclusions,

0.08m depth. 2232 Probable preparation for removed surface: soft yellow pink mortar with common flecks of charcoal,

0.09m depth. 2233 Probable bedding layer for 2234: mid white pink soft mortar with common charcoal flecks, 0.1m depth. 2234 Disturbed surface: irregular limestone pieces set into 2233, some dark grey silty ash inclusions, 0.07m

depth. 2235 Levelling/dumped deposit: light black grey silty clay with frequent limestone and charcoal inclusions, not

excavated. 2236 Demolition/dumped deposit: dark black grey silty clay with frequent brick and concrete inclusions,

average 0.1m depth. 2237 Same as 2232. 2274 Deposit: dark brown black silty clay with common stone and mortar flecks, not excavated. Cut by 2280

(TQF 30). TQF 28 Cutlers Hall 2224 Wall, as 1922 (TQF 2a).

36


2225 Wall, as 1920 (TQF 2a). 2226 Rubble infill as 1914 (TQF 2a). 2227 Construction cut for 2225. 2228 Backfill of 2227. 2229 Deposit, as 1946 (TQF 3). 2230 Construction cut for 2224. 2231 Existing western and northern wall of Cutlers Hall, as 2016 (TQF 2a). TQF 29 Cutlers Hall 2240 Deposit used to raise floor level: as 1911 (TQF 2a), 0.1m maximum depth. 2241 Brick partition wall: single surviving stretcher bond course, 0.07m height, 0.13m width, 1.66m length.

Parallel with 1950 (TQF 3). 2242 Surface: compacted mid grey silty sand and mortar, 0.02m depth. Lies to north of 2241. 2243 As 2242, lies to south of 2241. 2246 Probable surface: mid grey silty sand with frequent mortar and occasional charcoal flecking, maximum

0.04m depth. 2253 Deposit, dark grey black sandy silt with very occasional charcoal flecking, maximum 0.03m depth. 2254 Probable surface: mid white yellow crushed stone and gravel, 0.06m depth. 2255 Deposit: dark grey black silty sand with occasional charcoal flecking, maximum 0.03m depth. 2256 Levelling/dumped deposit: red brown sandy clay with 10% mortar and stone fragment inclusions, 0.1m

depth. 2257 Levelling/dumped deposit: same as 2256. Unexcavated. 2258 Probable footing: irregularly arranged limestone blocks mortared together, 0.28m depth, 0.95m length, at

least 0.6m width. 2259 Construction cut for 2258: probably linear in plan, steep sides and flat base. 2260 Levelling/dumped deposit: same as 2256 and 2257, not excavated. 2261 Surface: compacted light pink beige mortar, 0.09m depth. 2278 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark red brown sandy silt with frequent mortar flecks and occasional irregular

stone fragments, 0.24m depth. 2282 Possible surface: firm orange brown sandy clay with frequent small fragments of mortar, brick and tile,

0.03m depth. 2283 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid grey brown clay mixed with abundant sandy mortar, at least 0.3m depth. TQF 30 Bakers Hall 2248 Stone culvert: sides of dressed stone (c 0.2m x 0.1m x 0.1m), v shaped base, capped by 2251, aligned

N-S, 0.3m depth, 0.25m width, at least 4.45m length. 2249 Primary fill of 2249: mid grey silty clay with occasional irregular stone fragments,, 0.17m depth. 2250 Secondary fill of 2248: dark black grey silty clay with abundant brick, plaster and mortar inclusions,

0.13m depth. 2251 Stone capping of 2248: light grey limestone slabs. 2252 Backfill of 2280 under existing wall of Bakers Hall, dark grey brown silty clay with abundant stone, 0.33m

depth. 2275 Deposit: mid grey black silty clay with ash inclusions, 0.09m depth. 2276 Deposit: dark brown black silty clay, unexcavated. 2280 Construction cut for 2248: linear in plan aligned N-S. TQF 31 Bakers Hall 2284 Stone culvert: regularly coursed roughly dressed limestone, aligned N-S, at least 0.3m width, at least

0.5m width, unexcavated. Same as 2248 (TQF 30). 2285 Concrete bedding of 2286, 0.12m depth. 2286 Existing flagstone flooring in Bakers Hall passage,. 2287 Construction cut for 2284. 2290 Levelling/dumped deposit: dark brown black silty clay with occasional irregular limestone fragments,

0.38m depth. 2291 Levelling/dumped deposit: mid red brown silty clay, not excavated.

37


APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Artefacts were recovered from 84 contexts and consisted of pottery, ceramic building material, clay tobacco pipes, glass, slate styli, roof tiles, mammal, fish and bird bone, plaster, mortar, marine shell and metalwork. Pottery fabrics have been matched against the Bristol Pottery type series (Ponsford 1988; Ponsford, 1998). See tables 1—2. A total of 242 sherds of pottery, weighing 3963 grams were recovered. Earlier medieval pottery, probably dating to the 12th or 13th centuries was poorly represented. This material comprised a few sherds in cooking pot fabrics including Ham Green coarsewares from deposit 2055 and Bath A type from deposit2184. Later medieval material (after c. 1250/ 1300) is more abundant and includes Minety ware from deposits 2008, 2083, 2168 and 2278 and South-West French Saintonge jug sherds from contexts 1999 and 2029. Most common are Bristol Redcliffe fabrics; included are jugs with wide strap handles, some with knife slash decoration, which are present in deposits 1987, 2008, 2168 and 2260. Forms present among post-medieval pottery types include a tankard base from 1975 in Bristol/Staffordshire Mottled brown ware and drug or ointment pots from 1979 and 2210 in Tin-glazed earthernware. German stoneware of both Frechen and Westerwald types were present in three contexts 1996, 2049 and 2220. Part of a kiln furniture spacer made out of white china was present in 2243. Forty-one clay tobacco pipe fragments, weighing 239 grams were recovered, of which 6 bowls were present and consist of Oswald types 4 (context 2270), 5 (contexts 1909 and 2270), 22 (contexts 1977 and 2123) and 24 (context 2242). No makers’ marks were present and the bowls range in date from c. 1600-40 (Oswald type 4) to c.1810-40 (Oswald type 24; Oswald 1975). A variety of building material is present including ceramic roof tiles, slate roof tiles and stone roofing tiles. Medieval floor tiles were present from four contexts, 1991, 2165 and 2167 and 2181 and are probably late 14th to 15th century in date. Three fragments of window glass, one modern (context 1909) and two post-medieval (1991 and 2138). A modern glass paint pot was recovered from 1914. Three items of worked stone are present, window edging from 2174 plus a column base and a lathe-turned cylindrical object from 2181. Eight fragments of ironworking slag debris, weighing 622g, was present in five contexts (1946, 2118, 2168, 2250 and 2261) and demonstrates that iron was being worked in the area. The metalwork consists of iron nails, copper-alloy sheet fragments and unidentifiable iron objects. A copper farthing (2nd issue) from George I provide a terminus post quem of 1714 for context 2183. Nine slate styli were recovered from six contexts (1909, 1927, 1941, 1953, 1955 and 2243). These together with a clay marble from 1944, date to the 19th century or early 20th century. BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE A total of 383 fragments of animal bone weighing 3.8kg was recovered from 48 deposits. The sieved bone totalled 3015 fragments, from 3015 bones, weighing 54g of which 327 could potentially be identified to species. This included a range of species of domestic mammals and birds; horse, cattle sheep/goat, pig, cat, goose and chicken. A small number of wild species were also present; rabbit and blackbird/thrush. Some fish bones were also present mostly unidentified to species. An otolith (ear bone) from a member of the cod family was found in deposit 2092. The sieved animal bone was recovered from a single sample <1900> taken from deposit 2244 a dumped layer between two mortar surfaces. The sample was taken due to the large quantity of small fish bones visible to the naked eye. Upon processing the sample proved to be extremely rich in fish bone. The taxa identified were Gadid (cod family), herring and eel. Other species are undoubtedly present but not identified. Amphibian bones and were present identified as frog/toad. Mouse, other rodent skulls and tooth fragments were also present. Fragmented bird bone was present but was not identified to species. The bones are generally well-preserved. Evidence for butchery is frequent. This assemblage is likely to represent domestic waste. The nature of the deposits is such that much of the animal bone may be redeposited in the form of levelling and make-up layers. Oyster shell was also recovered from a number of deposits; this is likely to represent domestic waste. The only other shell fish identified is a small fragment of cockle from deposit 2242. The flot from sample <1900> from deposit 2244 also contains some small land snails. Fragments of charcoal were recovered from 1988, 2029, 2138 and 2184. Small fragments of charcoal were also present in sample <1900> from 2244. Charcoal is also present in the flot.

38


Table 1: Bristol pottery type series Bristol Pottery Type series Name / Description BPT 32 Ham Green BPT 84 Minety BPT 95 Westerwald Grey stoneware BPT 99 Tin-glazed earthernware BPT 100 Yellow slipware BPT 108 North Devon Scraffito BPT 112 North Devon Gravel Tempered BPT 118 Bristol Redcliffe BPT 156 Saintonge Polychrome BPT 160 Saintonge unglazed ware BPT 186 English Stoneware BPT 197 Malvernian Red BPT 202 China BPT 211 Bristol / Staffordshire mottled brown glazed ware BPT 218 Miscellaneous glazed earthernwares BPT 278 Transfer printed white china BPT 282 Merida type ware BPT 285 Somerset glazed earthernwares BPT 286 Frechen German stoneware BPT 334 Somerset scraffitio BPT 360 Medieval cooking pots Table 2: Finds Concordance Trench No

Context Artefact type Count Weight (g)

Spot-date Bristol Pottery Type

TQF 1 1909 Pottery – china, North Devon gravel tempered, North Devon Scraffito, Yellow slipware, English stoneware, somerset glazed earthernwares Ceramic Building material Glass Clay tobacco pipe – Oswald type 5 Slate stylus Slate roof tile Animal bone; cattle, sheep/goat, cow-sized, sheep-sized

12 2 1 4 1 1 6

180 274 2 28 2 17 71

C18-C19; C19-C20 (c.1640-60)

100, 108, 112, 186, 202, 285

TQF 2a 1910 Pottery – misc glazed earthernware Animal bone; cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized

1 4

5 18

C17-C18 218

TQF 2a 1914 Glass Plaster Slate roof tile

1 6 1

86 598 3

C19+

TQF 1 1927 Pottery – White salt-glazed stoneware, North Devon Gravel Tempered, Somerset glazed earthernware Clay tobacco pipe Slate stylus Worked bone object Animal bone; rabbit

3 4 2 1 1

57 24 4 2 3

M18 112, 186, 285

TQF 2a 1941 Pottery – English stoneware Clay tobacco Pipe Ceramic Building material Stone roof tile

1 2 2

10 4 24

C20 186

39


Slate stylus Cork tile Rawlplug Bird bone; chicken-sized

1 1 1 1 1

148 4 2 6 1

TQF 1 1942 Pottery – Somerset scraffitio, Devon scraffitio, misc glazed earthernwares

3 27 LC17-C18 108, 218,

TQF 3 1943 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe (late), Somerset glazed earthernware Ceramic Building material Animal bone; sheep-sized

22 1 1

111 39 3

C14-C15 ; C16

118 late, 285

TQF 3 1944 Pottery – transfer printed china, Bristol Redcliffe Plaster Marble Iron object Oyster shell Animal bone; sheep-sized

3 1 2 1 2 2

33 7 14 3 14 3

C20 118, 278

TQF 4 1946 Pottery - Bristol Redcliffe Burnt stone Slag Mortar Oyster shell Mussel Shell Bird bone; chicken, chicken-sized Animal bone; sheep, , cow-sized, sheep-sized,

2 2 2 4 1 9 2 8

11 125 219 132 8 23 4 92

MC13-C15 118

TQF 1 1953 Pottery – Malvernian Red, Misc glazed earthernware Animal Bone; horse, cattle, sheep/goat, cow-sized, sheep-sized Bird Bone Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell Plaster Slate Stone tile Slate Stylus

4 27 3 10 19 2 3 1 1

165 618 4 823 318 35 90 297 6

C16-C17 197, 285

TQF 1 1955 Slate Stylus 1 3 TQF 1 1960 Clay tobacco pipe 1 4 TQF 1 1961 Pottery – Yellow slipware,

Somerset glazed earthernware

2 21 C17-EC18 100, 285

TQF 8 1975 Pottery – North Devon Gravel tempered, Mottled brown ware Animal Bone; shep/goat Ceramic Building Material Clay pipe

2 1 1 3

51 26 95 20

C18 112, 211

TQF 9 1977 Clay pipe – Oswald type 22 Pottery – Mottled brown ware, Tin-glazed earthernware, Yellow slipware

4 5

21 135

(c. 1730-80) LC17-C18

99, 100, 211

TQF 9 1979 Pottery – Tin-glazed earthernware Animal Bone; sheep/goat Iron Nail

2 1 1

128 32 8

LC17-C18 99

TQF 1 1982 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; sheep/goat, cow-sized, sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material Oyster Shell

1 5 3 3

4 113 54 58

MC13-C15 118

40


Slate 1 4 TQF 11 1986 Pottery 1 4 TQF 11 1987 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe,

South Somerset glazed ware, North Devon Gravel Tempered Animal Bone; sheep/goat Clay pipe

6 1 3

280 14 20

MC17-C18 112, 118

TQF 1 1988 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; sheep/goat Charcoal

2 2 3

17 34 2

MC14-C15 118

TQF 1 1990 Oyster shell Stone tile

1 1

7 10

TQF 15 1991 Pottery - Malvernian Red, Merida type, Somerset glazed earthernware Animal Bone; cattle, pig, chicken, cow-sized, sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material –floor tile, roof tile Glass Oyster shell

6 13 2 1 1

110 100 233 2 13

C16-C17 197, 282, 285

TQF 15 1996 Pottery – China, westerwald, Somerset glazed earthernware

3 29 C16-C18 ; C19-C20

95, 202, 285

TQF 16 1999 Pottery – Saintonge unglazed Slate roof tile Stone tile

1 1 2

22 47 470

C14-C16 160

TQF 16 2000 Ceramic building material - tile Stone tile

1 2

15 944

C14

TQF 16 2001 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe (late)

1 25 C14-C15 118 late

TQF 16 2002 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe 3 14 MC13-C15 118 TQF 16 2003 Mortar

Slate tile Stone

1 2 3

85 209 1135

TQF 16 2005 Stone roof tile 1 414 TQF 16 2006 Pottery – Somerset glazed

earthernware 1 73 C16-C17 285

TQF 11 2008 Pottery – Minety, Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell Stone tile

2 1 1 3 3

73 13 94 16 732

C14-C15 84, 118

TQF 14 2013 Pottery – Somerset glazed earthernware Animal Bone; sheep/goat, cow-sized

1 8

6 113

C16-C18 285

TQF 11 2020 Pottery – North Devon yellow slipware Ceramic Building material Clay pipe Wood

3 2 2 1

44 81 5 1

MC17-C18 108

TQF 10 2029 Pottery – Saintonge Polychrome Animal Bone; sheep, goat Charcoal

1 1 1

40 7 1

MC13-C16 156

TQF 18 2049 Pottery – Frechen stoneware, Somerset glazed earthernware Clay pipe

5 1

110 8

C16-C17 285, 286

41


TQF 10 2050 Pottery – Malvernian Red Animal Bone; cattle, sheep/goat Ceramic Building Material Clay pipe

3 6 1 1

130 132 67 7

C16-C17 197

TQF 14 2055 Pottery – Ham Green Animal Bone; sheep-sized Oyster shell

2 7 2

7 6 20

LC12-MC13 32

TQF 13 2058 Animal Bone; cattle, sheep/goat, cow-sized, sheep-sized Copper Alloy Object Plaster Stone

9 1 1 1

147 12 17 13

TQF 13 2061 Pottery – Malvernian Red Animal Bone; cow-sized Ceramic Building Material

1 2 1

13 29 13

C15-C17 197

TQF 13 2062 Animal Bone; sheep/goat, cow-sized, sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell Slate

11 3 4 1

49 147 68 21

TQF 16 2076 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; cow-sized, chicken-sized Oyster shell

3 2 2

39 9 91

C14-C15 118

TQF 18 2079 Mortar 2 5 TQF 19 2083 Pottery – Minety, Somerset

Glazed earthernware Animal Bone;sheep/goat Ceramic Building Material Slate

2 1 2 1

21 20 275 6

C16-C18 84, 285

TQF 13 2092 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; sheep/goat, gadid, sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material

3 3 2

7 9 59

MC13-C15 118

TQF 15 2106 Animal Bone; cattle, cow-sized Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell

2 2 2

49 83 38

TQF 18 2108 Ceramic Building material 1 37 TQF 7 2110 Pottery – Tin-glazed

earthernware, Mottled brown ware

2 90 C18+ 99, 211

TQF 14 2112 Animal Bone; chicken-sized Oyster shell

2 1

1 7

TQF 14 2113 Mussel Shell 1 3 TQF 6 2117 Iron Nail

Slate roof tile Stone

1 1 1

26 20 342

TQF 6 2118 Pottery – North Devon Gravel tempered, Masc. glazed earthernware Animal Bone; goose Plaster Slag slate roof tile

3 3 16 2 2

297 6 277 69 243

M17-C18 112, 218

TQF 5 2123 Pottery – Tin-glazed earthernware Animal Bone; pig, cow-sized, sheep-sized Clay pipe – Oswald type 22 Iron Nail

8 5 3 1

60 9 11 15

C18 (c.1730-80)

99

TQF 15 2137 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe 2 16 C13-C15 118

42


TQF 4 2138 Pottery – North Devon scraffitio, Somerset scraffitio, trailed slipware, Bristol Redcliffe, North Devon earthenware Animal Bone; cattle, sheep/goat, chicken, cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized, bird Ceramic Building Material Charcoal Clay pipe Iron Nail Fish Bone Glass Oyster shell Slate

7 20 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 1

258 93 137 2 9 45 1 17 21 22

MC17-EC18

108, 118, 334

TQF 4 2139 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe, Misc glazed earthernware Animal Bone; pig, cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized, fish Iron Object

2 10 1

22 35 22

C16-C18 118, 218

TQF 5 2149 Pottery – Yellow slipware, Mottled brown ware Animal Bone; cow-sized, sheep-sized Clay pipe Oyster shell

6 8 1 1

75 14 6 80

LC17-C18 100, 211

TQF 4 2152 Pottery – North Devon Gravel tempered

1 11 MC17-C18 112

TQF 23 2165 Animal Bone; sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material – floor tile

1 3

4 668

LC14-C15

TQF 23 2167 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; cattle, sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material – floor tile, pantile Iron Object Oyster shell

1 2 4 1 1

24 22 328 22 14

C14-C15 118

TQF 23 2168 Pottery – Minety, Cotswold oolitic limestone, Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; horse, cattle, sheep/goat, cow-sized Oyster shell Slag

5 24 1 1

154 1064 112 50

C14-C15 84, 118

TQF 24 2174 Animal Bone; horse, chicken, cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized Iron Nail Oyster shell Worked stone

14 1 2 1

88 24 32 4889

TQF 24 2180 Ceramic Building material 1 112 TQF 24 2181 Pottery – Malvernian Red

Animal Bone; horse, cattle, cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized Ceramic Building Material – floor tile Oyster Shell Plaster Stone tile Worked Stone

1 24 1 3 1 1 2

3 227 93 194 6 550 3000

C15-C17 197

TQF 24 2182 Animal Bone; sheep/goat, 2 26 C16+

43


sheep-sized Ceramic Building Material Clay pipe

5 1

778 2

TQF 24 2183 Copper Alloy Coin – George I Farthing

1 1 1719

TQF 23 2184 Pottery – bath A Animal Bone; cattle, cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized Charcoal

1 27 1

16 162 2

C12-C13

TQF 24 2208 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; cattle, sheep/goat, cow-sized, sheep-sized

1 7

9 103

C14-C15 118

TQF 23 2210 Animal Bone; cattle, chicken Plaster

2 1

36 39

TQF 27 2212 Pottery – transfer printed china, misc glazed earthernware Ceramic Building Material Clay pipe stem Iron Nail

3 1 1 1

26 37 3 11

C19 218, 278

TQF 26 2218 Clay tobacco pipe stem 1 2 C16+ TQF 26 2219 Iron Nail 1 8 TQF 26 2220 Clay pipe stem

Pottery – Westerwald, North Devon Gravel tempered

1 2

5 33

C17-C18 95, 112

TQF 27 2233 Clay tobacco pipe stem 1 9 TQF 29 2242 Pottery – English stoneware,

Transfer printed china Clay tobacco pipe – Oswald type 24 Iron Nail Shell; cockle

2 2 2 1

14 14 14 1

C19 (c. 1810-40)

186, 278

TQF 29 2243 Pottery - china Clay pipe Copper Alloy Button Copper Alloy Object Iron object Stylus

1 1 1 1 2 3

3 3 1 4 41 11

C19 202

TQF 23 2244 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Fish Bone

2 31

6 2

MC13-C15 118

TQF 23 2244 SAMPLE 1900 Animal/fishbone Charcoal mollusc

3015 150 10

54 7 0.5

TQF 23 2247 Pottery – Misc medieval cooking pot Animal Bone; cat, sheep-sized

1 6

4 14

C11-C13 360

TQF 30 2250 Clay pipe – Oswald types 4, 5 Slag

3 2

34 76

c. 1600-1660

TQF 29 2256 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; cattle, sheep/goat, chicken, song bird, cow-sized, chicken-sized Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell Plaster

31 8 2 1 1

269 32 104 3 18

C14-C15 118

TQF 29 2257 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe Animal Bone; chicken, cow-sized

7 7

103 11

C14-C15 118

44


Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell

1 2

83 5

TQF 29 2258 Pottery Animal Bone;sheep-sized

2 1

27 4

C14-C15 118

TQF 29 2260 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe 7 109 C14-C15 118 TQF 29 2261 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe

Animal Bone; sheep-sized Oyster shell Slag

1 4 1 1

8 14 31 208

MC13-C15 118

TQF 29 2278 Pottery – Bristol Redcliffe, Malvernian Red, Minety, Tin-glazed earthernware Animal Bone; cattle, sheep/goat, pig goose, chicken, cow-sized, sheep-sized, chicken-sized, fish Ceramic Building Material Oyster shell Plaster Stone

29 27 5 9 2 1

311 163 247 102 79 11

C15-C16 ; C17-C18

84, 99, 118, 197

TQF 29 2283 Ceramic Building Material Stone tile

1 1

68 305

45


APPENDIX 3: WATCHING BRIEF RECORDING ON BUILDING FABRIC

Opening 1: Grey sandstone blocks with ash and charcoal flecked mortar. At least 10 courses of red brick partially visible suggesting infilling of a previous opening.

Opening 2: Yellow and grey sandstone courses with grey mortar. 1-2mm of pink mortar skim in places on

stonework. Opening 3: Grey sandstone blocks with ash and charcoal flecked mortar. Opening 4: Grey and red coursed sandstone blocks with grey mortar. Opening 5: Grey and red coursed sandstone blocks, grey and white mortar with some ash and charcoal

flecking. Opening 6: Drill holes through clear joints between grey sandstone blocks. Opening 7: Drill holes through clear joints between grey sandstone blocks. Opening 8: Red brick built wall. Opening 9: Grey sandstone blocks with creamy white to grey mortar containing some ash/charcoal

inclusions. Opening 10: Grey sandstone blocks with creamy white to grey mortar containing some ash/charcoal



inclusions. Opening 13: Yellow sandstone blocks and dark grey mortar/cement. Opening 14: Yellow sandstone courses with grey mortar containing ash/charcoal inclusions. Opening 15: Red brick courses with hard grey cement. Opening 16: Yellow and red sandstone courses, ash and charcoal flecked mortar. Opening 17: Grey and red sandstone blocks with ash and charcoal flecked grey white mortar. Opening 18: Uppermost part of exposure comprises grey sandstone blocks with ash and charcoal flecked

mortar. Remainder of exposure is red brick and modern cement. Opening 19: Red brick courses with modern cement. Opening 20: Grey sandstone courses with pinkish white mortar and spring of western side of removed

archway. Red brick infilling. Opening 21: Yellow grey sandstone courses to 1.6m above existing floor level, then mixture of ashy grey

cement and brick infill. Opening 22: Mixture of ashy grey cement, brick and small grey sandstone pieces. Opening 23: Grey sandstone courses with grey mortar. Opening 24: Red brick construction except one grey sandstone course at base of exposure. Opening 25: Grey sandstone blocks with creamy white to grey mortar containing some ash/charcoal


inclusions.

46


Opening 27: Grey sandstone blocks with creamy white to grey mortar containing some ash/charcoal


inclusions. Opening 29: Mixture of brick fragments and modern mortar and brick with grey sandstone. Appears to be

two different phases of infilling. Opening 30: Yellow and grey sandstone with grey mortar. Opening 31: Roughly coursed grey sandstone, disturbed by insertion of modern door jamb. Opening 32: Grey sandstone with grey mortar up to 0.65m above existing floor, then red brick courses. Opening 33: Grey sandstone exposed in one corner of small opening. Opening 34: Coursed red brick exposed in one corner of small opening. Opening 35: Coursed red brick exposed in one corner of small opening. Opening 36: Grey sandstone with grey mortar exposed on E-W aligned wall, abutted by N-S red brick

coursed wall. Opening 37: Mixture of red brick and grey sandstone infill. Position probably corresponds to blocked

opening on exterior of building. Opening 38: Red brick coursed wall butting onto existing northern wall of Cutlers Hall. Opening 39: Grey sandstone blocks, obscured by brick surround for insertion of RSJ. Opening 40: Red brick construction with possible stone infill. Opening 41: Expansion of opening 29. Appears to show three distinct episodes of infilling. Opening 42: Small opening shows grey sandstone. Opening 43: Base of spring of eastern side of removed archway exposed. Above this truncated by

insertion of RSJ for existing windows. Opening 44: Opening under sink in kitchen, shows mixed brick and stone infill in between opening 43 and

opening 20. Opening 45: Red brick courses exposed in small opening. Opening 46: Removal of bricked up doorway from 1960’s, coursed grey sandstone with grey mortar

exposed in either side of doorway. Opening 47: Exposed fabric of western and southern walls of western interior extent of Bakers Hall

following removal of stairs. Opening 48: Exposed fabric of north-eastern corner of Cutlers Hall following removal of stairs. Opening 49: Exposed fabric of north-western corner of Cutlers Hall under existing skirting board following

removal of concrete floor. Opening 50: Exposed fabric of western wall of Cutlers Hall under existing skirting board following removal

of concrete floor.

47

Bristol

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

N

SCALEDRAWN BY PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO.

0 5km

Site

Quakers Friars enabling worksBristol

Site location plan

Reproduced from the 1993 Ordnance Survey Landranger map with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109 c

1:50,000@A4 2100JE 1

PE

NN

ST

RE

ET

BROAD WEIR

QU

AK

ER

S' F

RIA

RS

QUAKERS' FRIARS

PHILADELPHIA COURT

ME

RC

HA

NT

ST

RE

ET

BROADMEAD

592

592

593

593

594

594

595

595

596

596

597

597

732732

733733

734734

735735

736736

1 731 48m

359100m

1 736 39m

359100m

1 736 39m

359701m

1 731 48m

359701m

SP

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


N


0 100m


Quakers Friars location plan

Reproduced from the 2006 Ordnance Survey Superplan Data with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109 c

1:1,250@A4 2100JE 2

Cutlers Hall

Bakers Hall

New Hall

Meeting House

site

The CottageBoilerFueltank The Garden

Office Manager’s Office

Office 1 Office 2

Public Reception

Office 6 Office 5 Office 4 Office 3

William Penn Suite

Callowhill Room

Entrance Hall

Female WC Male WC

Documents Store

QU

AK

ER

S F

RIA

RS

areas of demolition and ground reduction carried out under archaeological supervision

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N



Quakers Friars enabling works Bristol

Areas of demolition and ground reduction

1:200@A3 2100JE 30 20m

TQF 6

TQF 7

TQF 8

TQF 9

TQF 5

TQF 26

TQF 1

TQF 12

TQF 17

TQF 21

TQF 22

TQF 2

TQF 3

TQF 4

TQF 23TQF 24

TQF 30

TQF 27TQF25

TQF 15 TQF 14

TQF 2a

TQF 29

TQF 28 TQF 20

TQF 16TQF 13

TQF 11TQF 18

TQF 19TQF 10

TQF 31see Fig. 6

see Fig. 5

see Fig. 8Fig

see g 6Fig. see Fig. 6

see Fig.7

area of reduced ground level

evaluation trench

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N


SCALEDRAWN BY PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO.0 25m


Trench location plan

1:200@A3 2100JE 4

Cutlers Hall

New Hall

partition wall2241

wall2095

bench2177

wall2094

remnantflagstone floor

2100

TQF 6

TQF 7

TQF 8

TQF 9

TQF 5

TQF 3

TQF 23

TQF 24

TQF 2a

TQF 29

TQF 20

wall1922

brick wall1920

wall footing1915

brick wall1923

TQF 2

TQF 4

TQF 28

D

D

A

C

B

C

auger hole

partition wall1950

mortar floor2179

bench2170

millstone

mortar dump2176

area of reduced ground level

evaluation trench

medieval

post-medieval

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N




Cutlers Hall: plan of principalfeatures

1:100@A3 2100JE 5

2168

2138

motar floor 2169

21652164 2184

2166

2167

2210

2244

2247

mortar floor2239

mortar floor2245

mortar lenses

footing continues

wall2170

lime plaster

existing south wallof Cutlers Hall

2171NW SE

8mAOD

Section AA

2271

2207

2208

wall2202

2279

2181mortar dump

22062244

2247mortar floor

2239 mortar floor2245

2181

2174mortar floor

21792174

millstone

22232182

mortar floor2179

21762174

pit2175

2181

existing north wallof Cutlers Hall

2178

footing 2177

2180pit

2222stone

NE8m

AOD

SW

Section BB

22082181

2207

2174

2183

2179

2223

2185

2174

millstone

2222 2180

2182

2179

21762174

pit2175

2181

wall footing2177

2178

SW8m

AOD

NE

Section CC

2283

2278

2261

2256

2240

2258

2259

2255

2254

2246

22422253

Section DD

wall footing2281

South wall of Cutlers Hall

N8m

AOD

Slime plaster

2282

medieval

post-medieval

lime plaster

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE




Cutlers Hall Sections

1:50@A3 2100JE 6


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGYPROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

7 Cutlers Hall: TQF 20: wall 2094 and remnant flagstone floor 2100 looking north-east

8 Cutlers Hall: TQF 24: wall 2177 and Wall 2094 looking north


Photographs

8

7

n/a 2100JE 7&8

remnant flagstone floor2100

surface2097

wall2094

wall2177

wall2094



FIGURE TITLE

9 Cutlers Hall: TQF 20: possible external buttress on east end of Cutlers Hall looking south-west

10 Cutlers Hall: TQF 24: millstone fragments looking east


Photographs

10

9

n/a 2100JE 9&10



FIGURE TITLE

11 Cutlers Hall: TQF 23: wall footing 2170 and mortar floor 2245 looking south

12 Cuters Hall: TQF 2a/opening 50: wall footing 1915 looking west


Photographs

12

11

n/a 2100JE 11&12

curved wall footing2202

wall footing2170

mortar floor2245

blocked opening2277

wall footing1915

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY13 Cutlers Hall: TQF 29: wall footing 2281 looking south


Photograph

13

n/a 2100JE 13

wall footing2281

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY14 Cutlers Hall: opening 48 looking north


Photograph

14

n/a 2100JE 14

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY15 Cutlers Hall: external curved north-west corner of Meeting House Quakers Friars enabling works

Bristol

Photograph

15

n/a 2100JE 15

Cutlers Hall

New Hall

Meeting House

TQF 6

TQF 7

TQF 8

TQF 9

TQF 5

TQF 15 buttress 1997

wall1995

wall 2107

wall1961

TQF 1

wall2079

wall2057

wall footing 2033

TQF 18

wall2135

TQF 17

metalled surface2146

TQF 21

TQF 12

TQF 14

TQF 16 TQF 13

TQF 11

TQF 19

TQF 10

G

G

F

H

I

I

E

E

F

TQF 22drain infill

2077

collapsed drain1999

H

evaluation trench

medieval

post-medieval

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N




New Hall: plan of principalfeatures

1:100@A3 2100JE 16

southern wall of New Hall

1961

1909

2074 reinforced concrete wall1906

footing for wall1916

2070

1907

1909

1953

1982

1990

pit1989

19881983

20911983

1988

1990

natural2078

20521954

1951

2046

N S8m

AOD

S

8mAOD

N

existing western wall of New Hall

2154

2022

2017

pipe trench2018

1991

2137

offset wall footing2143

buttress1997

2136 pipe trench1996

2022

20801994

wall footing1995

2082

2081

north wallof New Hall

2103

wall footing1995

wall2107

2106

1991

1992 2022

1993

N8m

AOD

S

8mAOD

NS

200720062292

20032005

pit2004

2001

tile1999

2002

1998

drain cap stone2075

drain base2076

2077

SN

8mAOD

pipe20412047

concrete2040

2039205620842108

mortar lens2085

2057

2049

2034

Section IISection HHSection GG

Section FFSection EE

hand-augered

wall2057

medieval

post-medieval

modern

natural

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE




New Hall: sections

1:50@A3 2100JE 17

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY18 New Hall: TQF 15: buttress 1997 and Walls 1995 and 2107 looking west Quakers Friars enabling works

Bristol

Photograph

18

n/a 2100JE 18

wall footing1995

wall2107

buttress1997

offset wall footing2143



FIGURE TITLE

19 New Hall: TQF 18: walls 2057 and 2079 looking north


Photographs

19

n/a 2100JE 19

wall2057 wall

2079

Bakers Hall

The GardenThe Cottage

TQF 26

TQF 25

sleeper wall2195

sleeper wall2197

wall2194

wall2201

sleeper wall2200

sleeper wall2199

TQF 27

TQF 30

culvert2248

TQF 31

J

J

K

K

sleeper wall2198

evaluation trench

medieval

post-medieval

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N




Bakers Hall: plan of principalfeatures

1:100@A3 2100JE 20

SW NW8m

AOD

concrete floor2188

wall2194

2192

2189

sleeper wall2197

2189

2193 sleeper wall2195

wall2196

plaster

plaster

2215

2216

2217

2214

2213

sleeper wall2198

sleeper wall2199

2215

2216

concrete floor

wall2201

sleeper wall2200

2218

2219

2220

lime plaster

Section JJ

Section KK

N9m

AOD

S

NE SE

2221

medieval

post-medieval

modern

lime plaster

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE




Bakers Hall Sections

1:20@A3 2100JE 21



FIGURE TITLE

22 Bakers Hall: TQF 25: wall 2194 looking westQuakers Friars enabling worksBristol

Photographs

22

n/a 2100JE 22

wall2194

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY23 Bakers Hall: opening 47 looking south west


Photograph

23

n/a 2100JE 23

New Hall

Meeting House

TQF 6

TQF 8

sleeper wall1976

TQF 9

sleeper wall1967

TQF 7

sleeper wall1972

TQF 5

sleeper wall2159

sleeper wall2158

2160

evaluation trench

post-medieval

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N




Meeting House: plan of principalfeatures

1:100@A3 2100JE 24

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY25 Meeting House: opening 41 looking west


Photograph

25

n/a 2100JE 25

The CottageBoilerFueltank

The Garden

Office Manager’s Office

Office 1 Office 2

Public Reception

Office 6 Office 5 Office 4 Office 3

William Penn Suite

Callowhill Room

Entrance Hall

Female WC Male WC

Documents Store

QU

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S F

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RS

47

49

50

48

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

25

101126

12

13

14

15

16

1718

24

23

2221

2019 44

43

33

46

2829

41

42

3940

proposed damp sample site

proposed exposure works

additional exposure site

additional exposure area

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N




Location of watching brief recording on building fabric: ground floor

1:200@A3 2100JE 260 20m

The Meeting HouseNew Hall

Cutlers Hall

Bakers Hall

Cottage

A B C D E

45

36

32

31

30

38

37

observed exposure worksat roof level

proposed exposure works

additional exposure site

E

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

N




Location of watching brief recording on building fabric: first floor

1:200@A3 2100JE 270 20m

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY28 East walk of the Lesser Cloister depicted by H. O'Neill in 1821, looking north. Copyright Bristol's Museums, Galleries and Archives.


Watercolour

28

n/a 2100LG 28