broadcasting standards

BroadcastingBroadcastingStandardsStandards

amplitude and frequency amplitude and frequency modulationmodulation

BroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcasting is the distribution of is the distribution of

audio and/or video signals which audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young audience, such as children or young adults.adults.

Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation ( (AMAM) is a ) is a

technique used in electronic technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.wave.

- amplitude of the carrier is varied - amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant while its frequency remains constant

Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulation StandardsStandards

ParametersParameters Philippine Technical Philippine Technical Standards Standards

FCC Technical FCC Technical StandardsStandards

Occupied SpectrumOccupied Spectrum 535 -1605kHz535 -1605kHz 540 -1700kHz540 -1700kHz

Allocated BWAllocated BW 1070kHz1070kHz 1160kHz1160kHz

BW per stationBW per station 9kHz9kHz 10kHz10kHz

Number of StationNumber of Station 118 station118 station 116 station116 station

Spacing between Spacing between stationstation

36kHz36kHz 30kHz30kHz

Antenna Antenna polarizationpolarization

VerticalVertical verticalvertical

Amplitude Modulation Standards Amplitude Modulation Standards ContinuationContinuation

Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency ToleranceTolerance

±20Hz of the ±20Hz of the assigned frequencyassigned frequency


Guard bandGuard band ±500Hz±500Hz ±500Hz±500Hz

Intermediate Intermediate FrequencyFrequency

455kHz455kHz 455kHz455kHz

Modulation SchemeModulation Scheme AMAM AMAM

Type of EmissionType of Emission A3EA3E A3EA3E

Receiver Receiver CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Super heterodyneSuper heterodyne Super heterodyneSuper heterodyne

Audio Frequency Audio Frequency ResponseResponse

50 - 15000Hz50 - 15000Hz 50 - 15000Hz50 - 15000Hz

Service AreasService Areas Primary Service AreaPrimary Service Area - area in w/c the groundwave - area in w/c the groundwave

field of 1mv/m is not subject to objectionable field of 1mv/m is not subject to objectionable interference or objectionable fading.interference or objectionable fading.

Secondary Service AreaSecondary Service Area - area served by the - area served by the skywave and not subject to objectionable interference.skywave and not subject to objectionable interference.

Intermittent Service AreaIntermittent Service Area - area receiving service - area receiving service from the groundwave but beyond the primary service from the groundwave but beyond the primary service area and subject to some interference and fading.area and subject to some interference and fading.

Maximum Power Allocation in Maximum Power Allocation in kWkW

AREA LOW BAND(525-918 kHz)

MIDBAND(919-1312 kHz)

HIGH BAND(1313-1705kHz)

Metro Manila 10 20 30Metro Cebu 10 20 30Other areas 5 10 15

AM Broadcasting RatioAM Broadcasting Ratio Audio Frequency Signal-to-inteference RatioAudio Frequency Signal-to-inteference Ratio

the ratio (in dB) between the values of the voltage of the the ratio (in dB) between the values of the voltage of the wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, measured under specified conditions, at the audio measured under specified conditions, at the audio frequency output of the receiver.frequency output of the receiver.

Radio-Frequency Wanted-to-interference Signal Radio-Frequency Wanted-to-interference Signal RatioRatio the ratio (in dB) between the values of the radio the ratio (in dB) between the values of the radio

frequency voltage of the wanted signal and the frequency voltage of the wanted signal and the interfering signal, measured at the input of the receiver interfering signal, measured at the input of the receiver under specified conditions.under specified conditions.

Antenna SystemAntenna System1.1. Antenna Site ConsiderationAntenna Site Consideration

Location in relation to the population to Location in relation to the population to be served and to other installation and be served and to other installation and airports.airports.

Conductivity of the soil at and Conductivity of the soil at and immediately adjacent to the site.immediately adjacent to the site.

Conductivity of the path between the Conductivity of the path between the site and the target area.site and the target area.

Antenna SystemAntenna System2. Antenna Design Considerations2. Antenna Design Considerations

The transmitting antenna system shall The transmitting antenna system shall be vertically polarized and shall radiate be vertically polarized and shall radiate an effective field of not less than that an effective field of not less than that of a 60-degree vertical radiator.of a 60-degree vertical radiator.

The antenna, antenna lead-in, and The antenna, antenna lead-in, and counterpoise shall be installed so as counterpoise shall be installed so as not to present hazard not to present hazard

AM TransmitterAM Transmitter1.1. Transmitter Location and Layout Transmitter Location and Layout

ConsiderationsConsiderations Adequate spaceAdequate space Adequate ventilation and air Adequate ventilation and air

conditioningconditioning Adequate lightningAdequate lightning

AM TransmitterAM Transmitter2. Alternate Main Transmitter 2. Alternate Main Transmitter

ConsiderationsConsiderations The regular and alternate main The regular and alternate main

transmitter to be located in a single transmitter to be located in a single place.place.

Both transmitters shall maintain the Both transmitters shall maintain the same parameters especially with same parameters especially with regards to authorized operating regards to authorized operating frequency stabilityfrequency stability

AM TransmitterAM Transmitter3. Auxiliary Transmitter Considerations3. Auxiliary Transmitter Considerations

May be installed either in the same May be installed either in the same location as the regular main transmitter location as the regular main transmitter or in another locationor in another location

Its operating power may be less but Its operating power may be less but never greater than the authorized never greater than the authorized power of the regular main transmitterpower of the regular main transmitter

AM Broadcast Operating AM Broadcast Operating RequirementsRequirements

1.1. Operating ScheduleOperating Schedule Two thirds of the total hours that is Two thirds of the total hours that is

authorized to operate between 6AM to authorized to operate between 6AM to 6PM local standard time6PM local standard time

Two thirds of the total hours that is Two thirds of the total hours that is authorized to operate between 6PM to authorized to operate between 6PM to midnight local standard timemidnight local standard time

2. Program Log Entries2. Program Log EntriesAn entry of the time each station identification An entry of the time each station identification

announcement is made.announcement is made.An entry briefly describing each program An entry briefly describing each program

broadcastbroadcastAn entry showing that each sponsored program An entry showing that each sponsored program

broadcast has been announced as sponsoredbroadcast has been announced as sponsoredAn entry showing, for each program of network An entry showing, for each program of network

origin, the name of the network originating the origin, the name of the network originating the programprogram


3. Operating Log Entries3. Operating Log EntriesAn entry of the time the station begins to An entry of the time the station begins to

supply power to the antenna and the time supply power to the antenna and the time it stopsit stops

An entry of the time the program begins An entry of the time the program begins and endsand ends

An entry of each interruptionsAn entry of each interruptionsAn entry of the following every 30 minutes. An entry of the following every 30 minutes.

Operating constants and antenna currentOperating constants and antenna current


Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services (AM)(AM)

Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)BandBand Operating Operating

FrequencyFrequencyMaximum PowerMaximum Power

AA 300 to 315 MHz300 to 315 MHz 15W15W

BB 734 to 752 MHz734 to 752 MHz 15W15W

CC 942 to 952 MHz942 to 952 MHz 15W15W

Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..

Remote Pick-up Broadcast StationRemote Pick-up Broadcast StationBandBand Operating Operating

FrequencyFrequencyMaximum Maximum

PowerPowerAA 315 to 325 MHz315 to 325 MHz 35W35W

BB 450 to 451 MHz450 to 451 MHz 35W35W

CC 455 to 456 MHz455 to 456 MHz 35W35W


Communications, Coordination and Control LinkCommunications, Coordination and Control LinkBandBand Operating FrequencyOperating Frequency Maximum Maximum

PowerPowerAA 4 to 12 MHz4 to 12 MHz 100 W(SBS)100 W(SBS)BB 25.67 to 26.1 MHz25.67 to 26.1 MHz 160 W(ERP)160 W(ERP)CC 162.235 to 162.615 162.235 to 162.615

MHz 166.25 MHz, MHz 166.25 MHz, 170.15 MHz170.15 MHz

160 W(ERP)160 W(ERP)

DD 432.5 to 433 MHz432.5 to 433 MHz 437.5 to 438 MHz437.5 to 438 MHz

200W200W(for repeater)(for repeater)

AM Broadcast TerminologyAM Broadcast TerminologyDaytimeDaytime

-refers to that period of the time between 2100 GMT – -refers to that period of the time between 2100 GMT – 1000 GMT (5:00AM – 6:00PM local standard time)1000 GMT (5:00AM – 6:00PM local standard time)

Experimental PeriodExperimental Period-refers to that period of time between 1600 GMT – -refers to that period of time between 1600 GMT – 2100 GMT (12 midnight –5:00AM local standard time)2100 GMT (12 midnight –5:00AM local standard time)

AM Broadcast TerminologyAM Broadcast TerminologyNighttimeNighttime

-refers to that period of the time between -refers to that period of the time between 1000 GMT – 2100 GMT (6:00PM – 1000 GMT – 2100 GMT (6:00PM – 5:00AM local standard time)5:00AM local standard time)

PHILIPPINE RADIO PHILIPPINE RADIO BROADCASTING BROADCASTING

HistoryHistoryThe first radio station was called KZKZ The first radio station was called KZKZ

set up by an American Henry Mann in set up by an American Henry Mann in Manila in 1922Manila in 1922

In 1929, radio as introduced into the In 1929, radio as introduced into the provincesprovinces

STATION IDENTIFICATIONSTATION IDENTIFICATIONFour letter call signs beginning with Four letter call signs beginning with

KZ were in the useKZ were in the use

The ITU however decided to give The ITU however decided to give Philippines the right to use the call Philippines the right to use the call letter D (Deutscheland- German letter D (Deutscheland- German name of Germany)name of Germany)

KZKZKZKZA 100 watt station with the call letter A 100 watt station with the call letter

KZKZKZKZOctober 4,1924 he sold it to the radio October 4,1924 he sold it to the radio

Corporation of the PhilippinesCorporation of the Philippines

NomenclaturesNomenclaturesDZ/DWDZ/DW

Established in LuzonEstablished in Luzon

DYDYEstablished in VisayasEstablished in Visayas

DXDXEstablished in MindanaoEstablished in Mindanao

Outside ManilaOutside Manila In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio

Cebu), a one-kilowatt experimental Cebu), a one-kilowatt experimental station in Cebu city.station in Cebu city.

Early Filipino BroadcastersEarly Filipino Broadcasters Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded

as the Father of Philippine as the Father of Philippine BroadcastingBroadcasting

REGULATIONREGULATIONEarly regulation of broadcasting was Early regulation of broadcasting was

begun in 1931 and thus passed the begun in 1931 and thus passed the Radio Control Law creating the Radio Radio Control Law creating the Radio Control BoardControl Board

The board examined applications for The board examined applications for licenses to operate radio, allocate licenses to operate radio, allocate band frequencies, and conducted band frequencies, and conducted inspectionsinspections

Martial LawMartial Law on September 21,1972, Martial law on September 21,1972, Martial law

was declared was declared Government control was instituted Government control was instituted

with the establishment of Broadcast with the establishment of Broadcast Media Council (BMC) and the Media Council (BMC) and the Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP)Pilipinas (KBP)

BMC AND KBPBMC AND KBPBMCBMC

Assists and supports the government in Assists and supports the government in developing the masses, through the developing the masses, through the massive dissemination of broadcast massive dissemination of broadcast informationinformation

KBPKBPAn assembly of media practitioners, which An assembly of media practitioners, which

seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the broadcasting industry.broadcasting industry.

KBPKBPFounded in 1972 for its general Founded in 1972 for its general

objectivesobjectivesTo unify broadcast pratitionersTo unify broadcast pratitionersTo formulate policies and standardsTo formulate policies and standardsTo represent broadcasters as their To represent broadcasters as their

spokesman regarding matters spokesman regarding matters concerning policies and legislation.concerning policies and legislation.

Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting OperationsOperationsBroadcast Media operators are categorized Broadcast Media operators are categorized

into:into: Commercial-private corporations/ associations, Commercial-private corporations/ associations,

private schools etc. they are business and profit-private schools etc. they are business and profit-orientedoriented

Non-commercial – civic or religious organizations Non-commercial – civic or religious organizations with specific target audiences for their programswith specific target audiences for their programs

Government sector- operated by a government, Government sector- operated by a government, department, agency etc. they provide public department, agency etc. they provide public service and also disseminate information on service and also disseminate information on government activitiesgovernment activities

FM Broadcasting StandardsFM Broadcasting Standards ParameterParameter Philippine Technical Philippine Technical

StandardsStandards

Occupied Occupied SpectrumSpectrum

88 – 108 MHz88 – 108 MHz

Allocated BWAllocated BW 20 MHz20 MHz

BW per stationBW per station In 200 kHz increment In 200 kHz increment from 88.1 MHz to 107.9 from 88.1 MHz to 107.9

MHzMHzSpacing between Spacing between

stationstation800 kHz800 kHz

FM Broadcasting Standards FM Broadcasting Standards Cont..Cont..

Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency ToleranceTolerance


Maximum Maximum Frequency Frequency DeviationDeviation

±75 kHz±75 kHz

Guard bandGuard band ±25 kHz±25 kHzPre-emphasisPre-emphasis 7575µµsec with break sec with break

frequency of frequency of 2122Hz2122Hz

Intermediate Intermediate FrequencyFrequency

10.7 MHz10.7 MHz

Receiver Receiver CharacteristicsCharacteristics

SuperheterodyneSuperheterodyne

Audio Frequency Audio Frequency ResponseResponse

50 – 15000Hz50 – 15000Hz

FM Broadcasting StandardsFM Broadcasting Standards Type of Type of

ModulationModulationFMFM

Type of EmissionType of Emission F3EF3E

Pilot SubcarrierPilot Subcarrier 19kHz19kHz

Antenna Antenna PolarizationPolarization

Horizontal or circular Horizontal or circular polarizedpolarized

Classes of StationsClasses of StationsStation Authorized Power

Class A Not exceeding 15kW

Class B Not exceeding 10kW

Class C Not exceeding 1kW

Class D Not exceeding 10W

FM Broadcast Frequency FM Broadcast Frequency AllocationAllocation

FM = FMFM = FM1 1 + (n-1)BW+ (n-1)BW (MHz)(MHz)

Where:Where:FM = channel frequency in MHzFM = channel frequency in MHz FMFM1 1 = frequency of the first FM channel= frequency of the first FM channeln = channel numbern = channel numberBW = channel bandwidthBW = channel bandwidth

FM Transmitter FM Transmitter ConsiderationsConsiderations

1.1. ConstructionConstruction The transmitter shall be constructed on The transmitter shall be constructed on

racks and panels or in totally enclosed racks and panels or in totally enclosed frames protected frames protected

2. Enclosure2. Enclosure The transmitter shall be enclosed in a The transmitter shall be enclosed in a

metal frame or grille separated from metal frame or grille separated from the operating space by a barrier or the operating space by a barrier or other equivalent meansother equivalent means


3. Grounding of Controls3. Grounding of Controls All external metallic handles and controls All external metallic handles and controls

shall be effectively groundedshall be effectively grounded No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any

part exposed to direct contactpart exposed to direct contact4.Interlocks4.Interlocks

All access doors shall be provided with All access doors shall be provided with interlocks which will disconnect all interlocks which will disconnect all voltages in excess of 350V when any voltages in excess of 350V when any access door is openedaccess door is opened


5. Bleeder Resistors5. Bleeder Resistors Proper bleeder resistors or other Proper bleeder resistors or other

automatic shall be installed across all automatic shall be installed across all capacitor banks to lower any voltage capacitor banks to lower any voltage which may remain accessible with access which may remain accessible with access door open.door open.

6. Wiring and Shielding6. Wiring and Shielding All instruments having more than 1000V All instruments having more than 1000V

potential to ground shall be protected by potential to ground shall be protected by a cage or cover.a cage or cover.

Broadcast Transmission Broadcast Transmission Services (FM)Services (FM)

Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)BandBand Operating Operating

Frequency Frequency (MHz)(MHz)

AA 310 to 315310 to 315

BB 734 to 752734 to 752860-880860-880942-952942-952


Remote Pick-up Broadcast StationRemote Pick-up Broadcast StationBandBand Operating Operating

Frequency Frequency (MHz)(MHz)

AA 305 - 310305 - 310

BB 450-451 450-451

CC 455 -456 455 -456


Communications, Coordination and Control LinkCommunications, Coordination and Control LinkBandBand Operating Frequency Operating Frequency

(MHz)(MHz)AA 4 to 124 to 12

BB 26.10 to 26.4826.10 to 26.48

CC 162.235 -162.615 162.235 -162.615 166.25 166.25 170.15 170.15

DD 880-890880-890

FM Broadcast TerminologyFM Broadcast TerminologyAntenna Height Above Average Antenna Height Above Average

TerrainTerrain It’s the height of the radiation center of It’s the height of the radiation center of

the antenna above the terrain 3-16km the antenna above the terrain 3-16km from the antennafrom the antenna

broadcasting standards

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