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© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Presentation_ID.scr

© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1BRKAGG-201714499_04_2008_c1

Additional Information



WiFi Mesh Product Informationhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/products/ps6548/index.html

http://www.cisco.com/go/servicemesh

Cisco Mesh Networking Solution Configuration Guidehttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6548/products_technical_reference_book09186a008062b50e.html

AP1500 availability in different parts of the Worldhttp://www.cisco.com/application/pdf/en/us/guest/products/ps5861/c1650/cdccont_0900aecd80537b6a.pdf

Path Loss Calculator for Dual Radio MESH Access Point:http://www.cisco.com/application/vnd.ms-excel/en/us/guest/products/ps6548/c1225/cdccont_0900aecd803efc67.xls

Path Loss Calculator for Single Radio MESH Access Point:http://www.cisco.com/application/vnd.ms-excel/en/us/guest/products/ps6548/c1225/cdccont_0900aecd80573980.xls




WiMAX Brochures and White Papershttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns704/networking_solutions_solution.html

WiMAX Forumhttp://www.wimaxforum.org

Intelligent Services Gateway (ISG)http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6588/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html

Service Control Engine (SCE)http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6151/index.html


Q and A



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Appendix



WiMAX PrimersSome Basic Characteristics About WiMAX


Multiple Access Technologies

Power

Freq

uenc

y

Power

Freq

uenc

y

Power

Freq

uenc

y

Time

Power

Power

FDMA

CDMA

OFDM

TDMA

OFDMA

Sub-

Cha

nnel

(Gro

up o

fFr

eque

ncie

s)

Sub-

Cha

nnel

(Gro

up o

fFr

eque

ncie

s)



WiMAX—Time Dimension

The Sampling Rate is a basic concept in WiMAX. For the bandwidths that are multiple of 1.25 MHz (that is, 1.25, 5, 10, and 20 MHz) it is defined as 28/25 of the bandwidth, but for other bandwidth a different fraction is used. In the case of 5 MHz, the Sampling Rate is 28/25×5 MHz = 5.6 MHz.

The Symbol Period PS is a basic time unit defined as 4 × the inverse of the Sampling Rate: 4/5.6 MHz = 0.7143 µs. Base on the PS, the following time intervals are defined:

OFDM Symbol (or just “Symbol”, for short)= 144×PS = 102.86 µs

Useful Time Tu of a symbol = 8/9 of the Symbol duration = (8/9)×102.86 µs = 91.43 µs

Transmit-to-Receive Gap (TTG) = 148×PS = 0.105 ms

Receive-to-Transmit GAP (RTG) = 84×PS = 0.060 ms

Frame = 47×Symbol + 1×TTG + 1×RTG = 5.0 ms

The 47 symbols in a frame are subdivided into DL Sub-frame (with 35 to 26 symbols) and UL Sub-frame (with the reminding 12 to 21 symbols). The number of symbols in each sub-frame is configurable. Navini uses the combination of 32 symbols in the DL and 15 in the UL

32 symbols(3.292 ms)


(0.1

05 m

s)

(0.0

60 m

s)

One Frame (5.000 ms)

timeDL SUBFRAME UL SUBFRAMETTG

RTG

Primary limit to 8.5Km Range


WiMAX—Frequency Dimension

Tone (a.k.a. “sub-carrier”): a sinusoidal voltage, which is modulated with coded information and then converted to RF. This RF is radiated by the transmitting antenna and carries the information to the receiving antenna at the speed of light

There are 512 tones in 5 MHz of bandwidth

Tone Separation: 1/Useful Symbol Time = 1/Tu = 1/91.43 = 10.94 kHzTypes of tones:

Active TonesData tones–for data transmissionPilot tones–continuous signal for channel tracking and synchronization

Null tones–not used for transmissionGuard bandsDC carriers

Sub-Channel: a group of active tonesPermutation: a scheme for grouping active tones into sub-channels

Some of the tones in a sub-channel are pilot tones, others are data tonesWhich tones are used for data and which for pilot may change from one symbol to the next and depends on the permutation schemeThe tones making up a sub-channel may or may not be adjacent

•••

5 M

Hz

(512

tone

s)



FUSC, PUSC, and AMC Allocation Schemes

AMCDL and ULUsed with data burstsSupports adaptive coding and modulationProvides better protection against fading and interferencefor poor quality sub-carriersand better throughput for good quality sub-carriersIn 5 MHz system, has 24sub-channels in both the DLand UL

Allocation SchemesPermutation Types

ContiguousDistributed

Default DL and ULmethodReduces interferenceProvides robustnessUsed to send critical infosuch as preambles,allocation messages,and BS parametersIn 5 MHz system, has 15sub-channels in the DL and 17 sub-channels in the UL

PUSCOptional for DL onlyMaximizes throughputAll usable sub-carriers usedacross all cellsPower control is criticalSupports real-time and nonreal-time trafficIn 5 MHz system, has 8sub-channels in the DL

FUSC


DL sub-frame UL sub-frameTTG RTG

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47. . .. . .1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3

DL-

MA

P

DL

burs

t #1

(car

ryin

g th

e U

L-M

AP)

Prea

mbl

e

0123456789

101112131415161718

N

FCH

5 ms frame

DL burst #3

DL burst #9

DL burst #5

DL burst #6

DL burst #7

DL burst #8

DL burst #4

0123456789

101112131415161718

N

ACK-CH

Ran

ging

0123456789

101112131415161718

M

192021

Mobile WiMAX TDD Frame Structure

Fast Feedback(CQICH)

UL burst #1

UL burst #2

UL burst #3

UL burst #4

UL burst #5

UL burst #6

UL burst #7

UL burst #8

UL burst #9

DL burst #2

···

···

···

···

DL-

MA

PD

L bu

rst #

1 (c

arry

ing

the

UL-

MA

P)

FCH

Prea

mbl

e

···

···



FUSC, PUSC, and AMC Allocation Schemes

AMCDL and ULUsed with data burstsSupports adaptive coding and modulationProvides better protection against fading and interferencefor poor quality sub-carriersand better throughput for good quality sub-carriersIn 5 MHz system, has 24sub-channels in both the DLand UL

Allocation SchemesPermutation Types

ContiguousDistributed

Default DL and ULmethodReduces interferenceProvides robustnessUsed to send critical infosuch as preambles,allocation messages,and BS parametersIn 5 MHz system, has 15sub-channels in the DL and 17 sub-channels in the UL

PUSCOptional for DL onlyMaximizes throughputAll usable sub-carriers usedacross all cellsPower control is criticalSupports real-time and nonreal-time trafficIn 5 MHz system, has 8sub-channels in the DL

FUSC


Zones

OFDMA supports frames with multiple zones support more than one permutation scheme concurrently

Different types of modems can be supported at the same time (for example, Navini AMC modems and 3rd-party AMC modems)

DL zone boundaries are defined in the DL-MAP

UL zone boundaries are defined in the UL-MAP, which is contained in the first DL burst

Benefit of being able to switch between different permutation schemes: enables different frequency reuse factors to be deployed dynamically in a cell

Mandatory(must appear)

Optional(may appear)

TTG

RTGDL Sub-frame UL Sub-frame

Prea

mbl

e

PUSC

1stzo

ne c

onta

ins

FCH

and

DL-

MA

P

PUSC FUSC AMC PUSC AMC



(802.16e-2005, pp557-562)(802.16-2004, p574-576)

NOTE: The last two columns in the table reflect the typeof slot implemented by Cisco (2 bins x 3 symbols).

Three other types of slot are defined in the standard:1 bin x 6 symbols, 3 bins x 2 symbols, and 6 bins x 1 symbol

DCtone

Bins(9 adjacent

tones)= 1 pilot

tones+ 8 datatones

20 MHz

10 MHz

1.25 MHz

2048

1024

128

1

1

1

192

96

12

5 MHz 512 1 48

Guardtones

L R

160

80

10

40

159

79

9

39

1729

865

109

433

Usedtones

1728

864

108

432

Pilottones

+Datatones

Slot(1 Sub-channel

spanning3 symbols)

= 6 pilottone-symbols

+ 48 datatone-symbols

96

48

6

24

Sub-Channel(2 adjacent

bins)= 2 pilot

tones+ 16 data

tones

96

48

6

24

× 2

Bandwidth

The position of the pilot in a bin depends on the symbol where the bin appears in the slot

Totalnumberof tones

DL/UL AMC


WiMAX—Time Dimension

The Sampling Rate is a basic concept in WiMAX. For the bandwidths that are multiple of 1.25 MHz (that is, 1.25, 5, 10, and 20 MHz) it is defined as 28/25 of the bandwidth, but for other bandwidth a different fraction is used. In the case of 5 MHz, the Sampling Rate is 28/25×5 MHz = 5.6 MHz

The Symbol Period PS is a basic time unit defined as 4 × the inverse of the Sampling Rate: 4/5.6 MHz = 0.7143 µs. Base on the PS, the following time intervals are defined:

OFDM Symbol (or just “Symbol”, for short)= 144×PS = 102.86 µs

Useful Time Tu of a symbol = 8/9 of the Symbol duration = (8/9)×102.86 µs = 91.43 µs

Transmit-to-Receive Gap (TTG) = 148×PS = 0.105 ms

Receive-to-Transmit GAP (RTG) = 84×PS = 0.060 ms

Frame = 47×Symbol + 1×TTG + 1×RTG = 5.0 ms

The 47 symbols in a frame are subdivided into DL Sub-frame (with 35 to 26 symbols) and UL Sub-frame (with the reminding 12 to 21 symbols). The number of symbols in each sub-frame is configurable. Navini uses the combination of 32 symbols in the DL and 15 in the UL



(0.1

05 m

s)

(0.0

60 m

s)

One Frame (5.000 ms)

timeDL SUBFRAME UL SUBFRAMETTG

RTG

Primary limit to 8.5Km Range



(802.16e-2005, pp557-562)(802.16-2004, p574-576)

NOTE: The last two columns in the table reflect the typeof slot implemented by Cisco (2 bins x 3 symbols).

Three other types of slot are defined in the standard:1 bin x 6 symbols, 3 bins x 2 symbols, and 6 bins x 1 symbol

DCtone

Bins(9 adjacent

tones)= 1 pilot

tones+ 8 datatones

20 MHz

10 MHz

1.25 MHz

2048

1024

128

1

1

1

192

96

12

5 MHz 512 1 48

Guardtones

L R

160

80

10

40

159

79

9

39

1729

865

109

433

Usedtones

1728

864

108

432

Pilottones

+Datatones

Slot(1 Sub-channel

spanning3 symbols)

= 6 pilottone-symbols

+ 48 datatone-symbols

96

48

6

24

Sub-Channel(2 adjacent

bins)= 2 pilot

tones+ 16 data

tones

96

48

6

24

× 2

Bandwidth

The position of the pilot in a bin depends on the symbol where the bin appears in the slot

Totalnumberof tones

DL/UL AMC


Modulation Schemes Used in WiMAX (Adaptive)

QPSK QAM16

4 = 22 possible states(each state = 2 bits)


00, 01,10, 11

0000, 0001, 0010, 0011,0100, 0101, 0110, 0111,1000, 1001, 1010, 1011,1100, 1101, 1110, 1111

Q

I

Q

I


000000, 000001, 000010, 000011, 000100, 000101, 000110, 000111,001000, 001001, 001010, 001011, 001100, 001101, 001110, 001111,010000, 010001, 010010, 010011, 010100, 010101, 010110, 010111,011000, 011001, 011010, 011011, 011100, 011101, 011110, 011111,100000, 100001, 100010, 100011, 100100, 100101, 100110, 100111,101000, 101001, 101010, 101011, 101100, 101101, 101110, 101111,110000, 110001, 110010, 110011, 110100, 110101, 110110, 110111,111000, 111001, 111010, 111011, 111100, 111101, 111110, 111111

QAM64Q

I

Coding is also adaptive and uses a fraction of the symbols for error correction. Coding types are convolutional coding, and convolutional turbo coding at rates of 1/2, 3/4, and 5/6.




36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47. . .. . .1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3

DL-

MA

P

DL

burs

t #1

(car

ryin

g th

e U

L-M

AP)

Prea

mbl

e0123456789

101112131415161718

N

FCH

5 ms frame

DL burst #3

DL burst #9

DL burst #5

DL burst #6

DL burst #7

DL burst #8

DL burst #4

0123456789

101112131415161718

N

ACK-CH

Ran

ging

0123456789

101112131415161718

M

192021



UL burst #1

UL burst #2

UL burst #3

UL burst #4

UL burst #5

UL burst #6

UL burst #7

UL burst #8

UL burst #9

DL burst #2

···

···

···

···

DL-

MA

PD

L bu

rst #

1 (c

arry

ing

the

UL-

MA

P)

FCH

Prea

mbl

e

···

···


How to Calculate Physical Layer Capacity

6/5__4/3__

6___4/_

16___31___

384___200sec__

6___47__

dcrRateCodingDownlinkucrRateCodingUplink

dbssymbolperBitDownlinkubssymbolBitsUplink

usydsyspfframeperSymbolsUplinkdsyframepersymbolsDownlink

dtfframepertonesDatafpsondperFrames

msyMapforusedSymbolsspfframeperSymbols

====

====

==−===

====

====

400,286,13__000,600,9**)(**_

400,686,3****_

bpsCapacityMaxTotalbpsdcrdbsmsydsydtffpsCapacityDownlink

bpsucrubsusydtffpsCapacityUpink

==−=

==



Connection-Oriented

MAC Sub-layer is connection-oriented

It schedules data transmission based on connections

A connection must exist between Base Station and SS before Base Station can provide a service

Connection: Unidirectional link

Runs between peer MACs in Base Station and SS

Ripwave Supports Both Ethernet and IP Convergence Sublayers


Smart Antenna PrinciplesAn introduction to Smart Antennas and the benefits

?



Multipa

th

Inte

rfere

nce

Not All AAS Approaches Are Equal…

Switch Lobed Smart Antenna(Vendor X)

Cheap, but inflexible, Uses multiple small, immobile “sub sectors”. Base Station selects which sub sector to use based on strongest signal received. Suffers from limited gain.

Dynamically Phased Array/Beam Steering (Vendor Y)

Uses multiple small, immobile “sub sectors”. Base Station selects which sub sector to use based angle of arrival, and steers beam. Suffers from multipath interference.

Adaptive Antenna Array–CiscoBest performance. System measures angle, phase and strength of arrival from uplink sounding. Uses results to send downlink using all available multipaths to add constructively at the source.


Noise floor

DSP

Resultant signal integration before DSP

S/N

S/N

8-antennas

Resultant signal integration after DSP

U/L signal from CPE to BTS

+ + +++ +

+

++ ++ ++++++ ++

++

How Beamforming Works (Cont.)

The DSP engine applies complex algorithms on the I & Q portions of the signals such that they would add more “constructively” with the resultant U/L output signal being 9 dBs larger than a non-BF system.Similarly on the D/L in combination of the DSP engine & 8 PAs, the 8-signals coming from 8 different antennas add constructively within a couple of meters from the CPE resulting in a signal that is 18 dB larger than the CPE would have seen had the BTS had only 1 antenna.



Beamforming Basics

Makes Zero-install, plug-n-play, mobile, personal BB a realityDownlink performance improved by 18dB {20log(N)}–more capacity & building penetrationUplink performance improved by 9dB {10log(N)}–larger cell sizes

Additional capacity and better frequency reuse due to reduced interferenceUplink gain permits reduced radiated power by subscriber devices–size, cost and battery life

Energy Dispersed in All Directions Energy Directed to the Intended User

Non Beam-Forming Smart Beam-Forming + MIMO

Inefficient Spectral Use

Less Coverage

Efficient Spectral Use

Long Range


BTS-MX8

8-antennas

WiMAXCPE

How Beamforming Works

Signal from CPE bounces off of buildings & arrives at the 8-antenna system.

Each antenna “sees” the signal a bit differently.

All 8 signals are manipulated to have he equivalent effect of an antenna system with a very narrow beam pointing exclusively at that particular CPE.



BTS-MX8

8-antennas

WiMAXCPE

Signal from CPE bounces off of buildings and arrives at the 8-antenna system

Each antenna “sees” the signal a bit differently

All 8 signals are manipulated to have he equivalent effect of an antenna system with a very narrow beam pointing exclusively at that particular CPE

How Beamforming Works


Beamforming Basics

Makes Zero-install, plug-n-play, mobile, personal BB a realityDownlink performance improved by 18dB {20log(N)}– more capacity & building penetrationUplink performance improved by 9dB {10log(N)} – larger cell sizes

Additional capacity and better frequency reuse due to reduced interferenceUplink gain permits reduced radiated power by subscriber devices–size, cost and battery life

Energy Dispersed in All Directions Energy Directed to the Intended User

Non Beam-Forming Smart Beam-Forming + MIMO

Inefficient Spectral Use

Less Coverage

Efficient Spectral Use

Long Range



Key Results:Downlink Beamforming

Distribution of CPE Results During Drive Testing

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

16 <=

x < 17

17 <=

x < 18

18 <=

x < 19

19 <=

x < 20

20 <=

x < 21

21 <=

x < 22

22 <=

x < 23

23 <=

x < 24

24 <=

x < 25

25 <=

x < 26

26 <=

x < 27

% o

f sam

ples

1 Average per Drive Site1 Sample per Sec at each site

Average Downlink beamforming gain was 21 dB92% of Non Line Of Site (NLOS) locations had a Downlink beamforminggain of 18dB or better

1 Average per Drive Site

1 Sample per Sec at each site

16 <= x < 17 0% 1%17 <= x < 18 0% 4%18 <= x < 19 5% 10%19 <= x < 20 18% 20%20 <= x < 21 14% 18%21 <= x < 22 41% 24%22 <= x < 23 18% 10%23 <= x < 24 5% 6%24 <= x < 25 0% 2%25 <= x < 26 0% 1%26 <= x < 27 0% 1%

Total 100% 97%Samples 22 3908Average 21.1 21.1


Key Results:Uplink Beamforming

Uplink Beamforming

was greater than 11 dB

Site 1, Uplink Beamforming GainBeam

Forming Gain All 8 only Ant 1 only Ant 2 only Ant 3 only Ant 4 only Ant 5 only Ant 6 only Ant 7 only Ant 8

CPE to BTS Tx Power -12.3 2.8 -2.0 -4.9 -7.6 -0.5 7.7 5.1 3.4Gain vs All 8 15.1 10.3 7.5 4.7 11.9 20.0 17.4 15.7Average Gain 12.8

Site 2, Uplink Beamforming GainBeam

Forming Gain All 8 only Ant 1 only Ant 2 only Ant 3 only Ant 4 only Ant 5 only Ant 6 only Ant 7 only Ant 8

CPE to BTS TX Power -5.5 1.6 5.3 12.0 8.2 8.6 6.1 6.3 -0.8Gain vs All 8 7.1 10.8 17.6 13.7 14.1 11.6 11.9 4.8Average Gain 11.4

Uplink Beamforming Gain (CPE Output power proportional to BTS Receiver Sensitivity)

(BTS Receiver Sensitivity Increase proportional to log(Number of Antennas))

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15:0

2:42

15:0

3:32

15:0

4:24

15:0

5:14

15:0

6:04

15:0

8:04

15:1

0:22

15:1

1:12

15:1

3:18

15:1

5:41

15:1

6:31

15:1

8:13

15:1

9:14

15:2

1:40

15:2

2:30

15:2

3:20

15:2

5:49

15:2

8:25

15:2

9:15

15:3

2:00

15:3

2:50

15:3

3:41

15:3

4:31

CPE

Out

put P

ower

(dB

)

All 8only Ant 1only Ant 2only Ant 3only Ant 4only Ant 5only Ant 6only Ant 7only Ant 8Tx Power



Frequency Reuse for WiMAX and 3G

Smart WiMAX enables lowest Frequency Reuse Factor due to beamforming

Frequency Reuse for Smart WiMAX & 3G

0.9

0.7

2.0

1.3

1.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5Fr

eque

ncy

Reu

se F

acto

r (N

)

Smart WiMAX Std. WiMAX EVDO HSxPA

Std. WiMAX

EVDO/HSxPA

Smart WiMAX

Suburban Urban

N* (normal) = ({i0*C/I}2/α) / 3N+ (w/ BF) = ({β*i0*C/I}2/α) / 3, β is the beam-form factor* Theodore S Rappaport, Principles of Comm systems+ Hang Jin et al, C/I improvement with adaptive array


Link-Budget MATTERS

Most/All Vendor’s RF-Link Budget ≈ 150-160 dBNavini’s Smart Antenna ≈ 160-165 dB

Δ ≈ 5~15 dB

Increased Capacity Shannon’s Law C= BW x Log2(1+S/N)

BiggerCoverage

Expanded NLOSOperation

Enabled Zero-Installand True Plug-n-play

Easier Indoor Operation

PCMCIASmaller Form Factor/

Lower Power

MobilityLarger Fading Margins

RegulatoryEasier to meet

How to spend extra dB$



*2s−

1h

2h

*1s

2r

MIMO Math—It’s Just Math…

Detection for two consecutive symbols s1 and s2

Perform regular soft-demodulation with effective channel H

2*12

*212

122111

)( nshshrnshshr++−=

++=

22

21

11221*1

22*211

*2

|||| hhH

nHsrhrhnHsrhrh

+=

+=++=−

1h

2h1s

2s

1r

eventoddt


Uplink MIMO–SDMA

a.k.a. “Collaborative MIMO”

SDMA requires 5dB channel isolation

Beamforming provides 9dB+ isolation

2 antennas only give 3db

Beamforming provides the channel isolation to allow UL MIMO SDMA to work!

SDMA = Spatial Diversity Multiple AccessTwo Devices Use the Same Frequency (ODFMA Tone) Simultaneously



Smart WiMAX Capacity Gains

0

5

1 0

S IS O M IM O O n ly B e a m fo rm in g B F + M IM O

U p lin k

5 MHz OFDMA carrier, 802.16e-2005 WiMAX with N=3:

Wave 1 Rev E

(SISO)

2x2 MIMO

(no BF)

8 element BF

(AAS)

Smart WiMAX(BF+MIMO)

Range (20kbps at cell edge) 0.8 km 1.1 km 1.5 km 1.5 kmDownlink Capacity - Payload (Mbps) 3.74 4.71 6.73 8.85Uplink Capacity - Payload (Mbps) 1.31 1.50 1.96 1.96Sector Spectral Efficiency (Goodput)

(Bits/Sec/Hz)

1.01 1.24 1.74 2.30

Simulation based on: • 21 sector network• 200 users per sector• Mixture of VoIP, Video, and Data• 5 MHz OFDMA carrier• Equal total power / system• N=3 reuse• 2:1 DL/UL Ratio• 20kbps min. at cell edge • 2.5 GHz TDD• 3GPP mobility (SCM)

87%

mor

e th

an M

IMO

alo

ne

Note: Results are based on specific assumptions and are intended to demonstrate relative performance. Actual performance will vary based on conditions of use.


Comparison of Gain(s) in WiMAX Std.

AAS is in WiMAX Std.–but not how to implement it•Benefits Uplink, Downlink. Improves desired signal, reduces “noise”

H-ARQ is in WiMAX std.–an intelligent retransmission Scheme•Applied by most vendors to “improve” link budget – but does not improve SNR•Increasing transmission scheme will impact delay and bandwidth

Total gain = UL or DL + Interference Margin (H-ARQ assumptions held constant)

8 Element has at least 5dB over 4 element8 Element has at least 11dB over 2 element

8 Element BF

4 Element BF 2 Element Diversity

Delta of 8 and 4

Delta of 8 and 2

DL Gain 18 12 6 6 12

UL Gain 9 6 3 3 6

Interference -1 -3 -6 2 5



Q and A


Recommended Reading

Continue your Cisco Live learning experience with further reading from Cisco Press

Check the Recommended Reading flyer for suggested books

Available Onsite at the Cisco Company Store



Complete Your Online Session Evaluation

Give us your feedback and you could win fabulous prizes. Winners announced daily.

Receive 20 Passport points for each session evaluation you complete.

Complete your session evaluation online now (open a browser through our wireless network to access our portal) or visit one of the Internet stations throughout the Convention Center.

Don’t forget to activate your Cisco Live virtual account for access to all session material on-demand and return for our live virtual event in October 2008.

Go to the Collaboration Zone in World of Solutions or visit www.cisco-live.com.


brkagg-2017 4-4.ppt [read-only] - city colleges of …faculty.ccc.edu/mmoizuddin/cisco live...

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